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The present review will discuss gaps in the current state of knowledge about virtopsy in the Middle East and its practical application during the covid-19 Pandemic. Published literature in different journals with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria was extensively reviewed using PubMed search engine to elucidate applications and implications of the virtual autopsy. The present review is based upon literature survey covering a period of 17 months (June 2019 – October 2021) using the key words “Forensic Science, Virtopsy, Middle East, Radiology, Post-Mortem, Covid-19, Covid-19 pandemic”. Studies using virtopsy in the Middle East are minimal and confined to four countries: Israel (56%) followed by Turkey (27%), Iran (9%) and UAE (5%). In terms of radiological modalities applied in virtopsy in the Middle East, computerized tomography (CT) was used the most (52%), followed by X-ray (38%), ultrasound (5%) and MRI (5%). The application of virtopsy in the postmortem investigations during the current Covid-19 pandemic was documented in four reports originating from a total of 32 corona-associated deaths. Of these 32 deceased, virtopsy alone was used in 19 deceased, while 13 deceased cases were examined by traditional autopsy combined with virtopsy. The mean age of the deceased was 68 (33-94) years. There were 69% males and 31% females. In combination with traditional autopsy, virtopsy can be very effective in identifying the cause, mode, and the state of health a person was in before he died. However, virtopsy alone is shown to be less sensitive than traditional autopsy and, therefore, requires further research to replace traditional autopsy. It is hoped that the present paper will elucidate further the practical significance of virtopsy in the Middle East.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of topical fluoride application and diode laser-irradiation on the hardness of demineralized enamel and to evaluate the esthetic improvement of the white spot lesions (WSLs) using a visual analog scale (VAS). Materials and Methods: Artificial WSLs (3x3 mm) were created on the enamel surface of 45 human third molars. The teeth were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 15): group A, fluoride only; group B, combined therapy of fluoride and diode laser; and group C, control. Vicker’s hardness number (VHN) was measured at baseline, after demineralization and after treatment. To evaluate the esthetic improvement after treatment, 14 raters evaluated each group’s photographs using a 100-millimeter VAS. A one-way ANOVA or Brown-Forsythe and Games-Howell post hoc procedure were performed for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05 for all tests. Results: Group A mean VHN was significantly higher than groups B and C, and group B was significantly higher than group C (P

A series of molecular basket sorbents (MBSs) consisting of SBA-15 loaded with ethylene glycol (EG) derivatives and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are developed and investigated for sulfur dioxide (SO2) capture from industrial tail gas streams. The EG derivatives and DMSO are successfully immobilized on the support via surface interaction with the silanol groups as evidenced by DRIFTS analysis. The mesoporous structure of SBA-15 is preserved after loading with different compounds, with no major morphology changes. The SO2 sorption capacity increases with decreasing the molecular weight of EG derivatives. Furthermore, changing the terminal group of EG derivatives from hydroxyl (-OH) to methoxy (-OCH3) improves SO2 sorption capacity. DMSO-based MBS exhibits much higher SO2 affinity (64 mg-SO2/g-sorb.) than EG-based sorbents (

Effectively converting CO2 into fuels and value-added chemicals remains a major challenge in catalysis, especially under mild conditions. In this study, we report a one-step plasma-enabled catalytic process for CO2 hydrogenation to C2+ hydrocarbons operated at low temperature and atmospheric pressure in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) packed-bed reactor. Plasma without catalyst produces mainly CO (over 80% selectivity), while CH4 becomes the main product when plasma is coupled with the alumina-supported Co catalyst. Interestingly, by simply changing the catalyst-bed configuration within the plasma discharge zone, more C2+ hydrocarbons are selectively produced. High C2+ hydrocarbons selectivity of 46% at ca. 74% CO2 conversion is achieved when operated at the furnace temperature of 25 °C and 10 W DBD plasma. The possible origin of C2+ formation and the significance of catalyst-bed configuration are discussed.

This study is an in-depth analysis on the association between the anxiety experienced known as Foreign Language Reading Anxiety (FLRA) and the proficiency in reading exhibited by the preparatory year students. The Saudi learners from the science and arts stream and the gender were also considered as the moderator variables for this study. A mixed group of 84 students from both the genders of the preparatory year studying English at the Institution of Languages from the University of Jeddah were considered as the variables for this research. The participants were measured on as 20-item Likert-style Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale and examined by undergoing a 20-item proficiency test in reading a comprehension and a demographic questionnaire. The data was analyzed by applying The Pearson product moment correlation, t-Test, and descriptive analysis. The results indicated that the anxiety level while reading had varied values from moderate to high most of the respondents in the test were found to be in the moderate anxiety group. In addition, a notable negative relationship was found to be existing between the FLRA and the reading proficiency. The association existing between the foreign language reading anxiety and the group field was identified in this study. Analyzing the concept considering the gender, the female students were identified to experience more anxiety compared to the male students involved in the study. The findings of this study are advantageous to the language teachers and the curriculum planners too. It enables them to decrease the deteriorating and weakening factors in the classroom and thereby improve the reading ability of the language learners’. Reducing the reading anxiety amongst the learners can be achieved by exposing the language learners to understandable reading texts and familiarize them with cultural texts. This in turn develops the learners’ self-confidence and motivates them to be better readers.

Herein, we report on low-temperature sulfur dioxide (SO2) reduction to elemental sulfur via the coupling of nonthermal plasma (NTP) with supported transition metal sulfide catalysts in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. The transition metals include Mo, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. Combining NTP with supported metal sulfide catalysts significantly promotes low-temperature reduction of SO2 by 148–200%, with over 98% selectivity to elemental sulfur. Over FeS2/Al2O3 catalyst at low temperatures (

The low-temperature conversion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to elemental sulfur in a single catalytic step remains elusive. Here we report a one-step, low-temperature, plasma-enhanced catalytic process ...

Bronchial asthma is a major public health problem. The Saudi Initiative for Asthma (2012) reported that the prevalence of asthma in Saudi adults is not well known, but the overall prevalence in Saudi children ranged between 8 to 25%. The current study aimed to assess prevalence, identify triggers and risks and evaluate degree of control among Saudi children. A cross sectional study was conducted among secondary school students in the Al Majaridah governorate, Aseer region, Saudi Arabia using a structured questionnaire.. Responses were received from 792 students of both genders. Asthma prevalence was found to be 9.7%. Many asthmatic students report smoking and contact with animals as major triggers of asthma symptoms and more than two thirds of students had poor asthma control. In conclusion, most asthmatic students are not controlled and further studies of current health education available for students and families are required to explore why this is the case. Objectives: The current study aimed to estimate the prevalence, to identify triggers and risk factors of asthma and to assess the degree of control among Saudi children in the Al Majaridah governorate. Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire which was distributed to all secondary school students in the Al Majaridah governorate during 2021. The questionnaire consisted of many parts; socio-demographics, risk factors, triggers of asthma and asthma control test questions. Data entry and analysis were made using SPSS. Results: Out of a total 1490 secondary school students, 792 students participated in this study giving a response rate of 53%. The mean age of the participants was 17 years and the majority of them were male (62.9%). The prevalence of bronchial asthma was 9.7%. Risk factors of asthma at home were animals or birds (7%), cockroaches (14%), heavy exercise (32%) and smoking (8%). More than two thirds of participants had poorly controlled asthma . Conclusion: The prevalence of bronchial asthma among students in the Al Majaridah governorate was similar to that in previous national studies. Most asthmatic students have poor control of their condition and intensive health education of students and their families is needed. Further studies are suggested to explore the reasons behind poor control of asthma among asthmatic students. Key words: Bronchial asthma, Aseer, Risk factors, Control

Novel palladium (Pd)-loaded titanium (Ti) devices with high biocompatibility and catalytic activity were prepared using a range of fabrication methods such as powder metallurgy (i.e. sintering with and without space-holder), sputtering, pulsed laser deposition and supersonic cluster beam deposition. The surface of the Ti-[Pd] devices were physico-chemically characterised to confirm the non-alloyed state of the Pd coating onto the titanium substrate. The Pd thickness was optimised to achieve maximum surface area (i.e. maximumcatalytic effect) using the minimum amount of material in each method for cost effective production. The catalytic response of the different Ti-[Pd] devices was evaluated under biocompatible conditions by employing an off-on Pd-activatable fluorescent probe. The most robust coating of Pd was produced by an optimised magnetron sputtering method. The sputtered Ti-[Pd] devices were selected to induce the bioorthogonal uncaging of the anticancer drug Vorinostat from a pharmacologically-inactive Pd-activatable precursor in cancer cell culture, demonstrating the capacity of these devices to mediate a local anti-tumour effect via in-situ release of a clinically approved drug. This approach is the first step towards surgically implantable devices that could facilitate targeting affected areas with high spatial selectivity, improvingpharmacological activity and reducing systemic side effects through localised treatment directly at the cancer site.

In recent times, the way of learning as well as teaching in educational institutions and organizations has undergone a significant transformation. With the outbreak of the Covid-19, Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Education (higher education sector) has shifted the English language learning via Blackboard. Therefore, it prompts the need to understand the technology and its antecedents better. This paper aims to evaluate the use of Blackboard as a learning tool concerning its usefulness and effectiveness along with learner satisfaction and behavioural intention. This study takes an activity theory approach to develop a research model to assess learner attitudes toward the new technology, Blackboard. The data used in this study were obtained from 156 undergraduate students using Blackboard technology at the University of Jeddah through a comprehensive questionnaire. All data analyses were performed using the structural equation modelling technique through SPSS 22 and AMOS 22. The study involved the calculation of descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation). Structural equation modelling was used to confirm the standardized factor loading and analyze the hypotheses of the study. The convergent validity was determined using composite reliability and average variance extracted along with standardized factor loading. Perceived self-efficacy, self-regulation, anxiety, autonomy, and ease of use, as well as interactive learning environments, are expected to have a positive effect on the perceived usefulness and satisfaction of Blackboard as learning tools. These are important factors to determine learner behavioural intention that consequently promote learning effectiveness. The study contributes a significant part in the adoption of technology and e-learning, which can help an institution identify the factors that motivate the students to adopt e-learning.

Intellectual developmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and ptosis is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by delayed psychomotor development, intellectual disability, delayed speech, and dysmorphic facial features, mostly ptosis. Heterozygous mutations in bromodomain and plant homeodomain (PHD) finger containing one (BRPF1) gene have been reported. In this study, whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed as a molecular diagnostic test. Bioinformatics of WES data and candidate gene prioritization identified a novel variant in heterozygous state in the exon 3 of BRPF1 gene (ENST383829: c.1054G > C and p.Val352Leu). Autosomal dominant inheritance in the family affected individuals and exclusion of non-pathogenicity in the ethnically matched healthy controls (n = 100) were performed by Sanger sequencing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence of BRPF1 variant in a Saudi family. Whole exome sequencing analysis has been proven as a valuable tool in the molecular diagnostics. Our findings further expand the role of WES in efficient disease diagnosis in Arab families and explained that the mutation in BRPF1 gene plays an important role for the development of IDDFP syndrome.

Context Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common neonatal endocrine disorder, affecting one in 3000 to 4000 newborns. Since the introduction of a newborn screening program in 1988, more than 300 cases have been identified. The underlying genetic defects have not been systematically studied. Objective To identify the mutation spectrum of CH-causing genes. Methods Fifty-five patients from 47 families were studied by next-generation exome sequencing. Results Mutations were identified in 52.7% of patients (29 of 55) in the following 11 genes: TG, TPO, DUOX2, SLC26A4, SLC26A7, TSHB, TSHR, NKX2-1, PAX8, CDCA8, and HOXB3. Among 30 patients with thyroid dyshormonogenesis, biallelic TG mutations were found in 12 patients (40%), followed by biallelic mutations in TPO (6.7%), SLC26A7 (6.7%), and DUOX2 (3.3%). Monoallelic SLC26A4 mutations were found in two patients, one of them coexisting with two tandem biallelic deletions in SLC26A7. In 25 patients with thyroid dysgenesis, biallelic mutations in TSHR were found in six patients (24%). Biallelic mutations in TSHB, PAX 8, NKX2-1, or HOXB3 were found once in four different patients. A monoallelic CDCA8 mutation was found in one patient. Most mutations were novel, including three TG, two TSHR, and one each in DUOX2, TPO, SLC26A7, TSHB, NKX2-1, PAX8, CDCA8, and HOXB3. SLC26A7 and HOXB3 were novel genes associated with thyroid dyshormonogenesis and dysgenesis, respectively. Conclusions TG and TSHR mutations are the most common genetic defects in Saudi patients with CH. The prevalence of other disease-causing mutations is low, reflecting the consanguineous nature of the population. SLC26A7 mutations appear to be associated with thyroid dyshormonogenesis.

The gas permeability performance of thermally rearranged polypyrrolone (PPL-450) membranes have been experimentally evaluated under similar industrial conditions of gas mixtures, pressures, and stage-cuts. The membranes were synthesized from 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and 3.3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB). The thermal treatment of the PPL-450 was accomplished under vacuum at 450 °C. Several gas mixtures (binary, ternary and quaternary) were utilized to study the performance of the PPL-450 membranes for CO2 removal and helium recovery from natural gas streams. The quaternary feed gas-mixture was composed of 59% CH4, 30% N2, 10% CO2 and 1% C2H6, which represent a low quality natural gas. Three pressures (400, 600, and 800 psig) and five stage-cuts (1.2, 2.8, 4.2, 6.4, and 9.8%) were considered for the study. It was observed that the permeability values of all gases were decreased for mixed-gas experiments when compared to that of the single-gas permeability. On the other hand, CO2/CH4 permeability ratio was increased from 29, for pure gas, to 45 for quaternary gas-mixture. Likewise, the He/CH4 permeability ratio was increased from 33, for pure gas, to 46 for ternary gas-mixture. Furthermore, at 800 psig and 9.8% stage-cut, PPL-450 was able to remove 80% of CO2 from the quaternary gas-mixture. In another study of a very dilute helium-concentration (0.14%) more than 80% helium was recovered at 800 psig and 5% stage-cut. Moreover, in all gas mixtures containing CO2, the PPL-450 membrane demonstrated an outstanding resistivity to CO2-induced plasticization at high pressures.

The present study investigates the synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) for their antibacterial potential against Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumonia by modified disc diffusion and broth agar dilution methods. DLS and XRD results revealed the average size of synthesized Fe3O4-NPs as 24 nm while XPS measurement exhibited the spin-orbit peak of Fe 2p3/2 binding energy at 511 eV. Fe3O4-NPs inhibited the growth of K. pneumoniae and B. cereus in both liquid and soild agar media, and displayed 26 mm and 22 mm zone of inhibitions, respectively. MIC of Fe3O4-NPs was found to be 5 μg/mL against these strains. However, MBC for these strains was observed at 40 μg/mL concentration of Fe3O4-NPs for exhibiting 40–50% loss in viable bacterial cells and 80 μg/mL concentration of Fe3O4-NPs acted as bactericidal for causing 90–99% loss in viability. Hence, these nanoparticles can be explored for their additional antimicrobial and biomedical applications.

Complex processes take place when coupling nonthermal plasma with heterogenous catalysis, obscuring mechanistic understanding of the plasma–catalysis synergy. Simultaneous homogenous plasma-phase reactions and heterogenous surface catalytic reactions occur in the system, which makes distinguishing the plasma’s contributions very challenging. In this work, we perform a careful and rigorous evaluation of surface reactions under plasma conditions. We use SO2 hydrogenation as a probe reaction to examine plasma-induced surface reactions, desorption, and dissociation of SO2 adsorbate. A temperature-programmed plasma-induced surface reaction approach is used to decouple plasma-induced surface reactions from plasma-phase reactions. The qualitative and quantitative analyses reveal a new Eley-Rideal reaction between plasma-generated atomic hydrogen in the gas-phase and strongly adsorbed SO2 over alumina, a reaction that is not thermally feasible. Furthermore, plasma causes partial desorption of weakly adsorbed SO2 species and enhances the strong chemisorption of SO2 over supported iron sulfide catalyst. Moreover, plasma facilitates H2 chemisorption and reaction with iron sulfide, producing sulfur vacancies. This work sheds light on the possible origin of plasma–catalysis synergy and offers fundamental insight about the underlying mechanisms of plasma-assisted SO2 hydrogenation reaction.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of diode laser irradiation combined with topical fluoride application for increasing the hardness of demineralized bovine enamel and esthetically improving white-spot lesions (WSLs). In addition, the study evaluated intrapulpal temperature changes during laser irradiation. One hundred twenty bovine incisors with 4 × 4-mm artificial WSLs were randomly assigned to 8 groups (n = 15): untreated control; fluoride only; LF1, LF2, and LF3, fluoride plus 2-W laser for 15, 30, and 60 seconds, respectively; and LF4, LF5, and LF6, fluoride plus 5-W laser for 15, 30, and 60 seconds, respectively. The Vickers hardness number, CIE L*a*b color space values, and visual analog scale ratings for color improvement were recorded at baseline, after demineralization to create the WSLs, and after treatment. The intrapulpal temperature changes were recorded at completion of irradiation for 30 bovine teeth that were assigned to 6 groups (n = 5) to receive doses of irradiation equivalent to the treatment of the corresponding laser groups described previously. Statistical analysis included 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey multiple comparison tests (α = 0.05) The mean Vickers hardness numbers were significantly greater for the laser groups, and mean visual analog scale scores were significantly greater for all the treatment groups (P0.05). The fluoride group had a significantly lower mean color change (ΔE*) value (P0.05). The mean intrapulpal temperature changes in the 5-W laser groups were significantly greater than those in the 2-W groups (P0.05). Diode laser irradiation combined with topical fluoride application significantly increased the hardness and improved the esthetic appearance of WSLs compared to no treatment (control) and fluoride treatment alone. Intrapulpal temperature changes indicated that diode laser irradiation is safer at a 2-W setting than a 5-W setting.

Cerebral oedema, infection and multi-organ failure are the most common causes of death in ALF. Chronic liver disease (CLD) results in significant morbidity and death, mainly due to issues [hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and esophageal variceal hemorrhage (EVH)]. Management, for that reason, must intend to stop these complications to permit the liver to regrow or, if this is not likely, to allow adequate time to identify an appropriate organ for transplant. Computerized search was performed using following databases; CENTRAL, PUBMED, MEDLINE, and EMBASE. for all published studies concerning Lichen Planus up to 2018. Using the term ‘‘liver failure. Death of ALF is still unacceptably high. Although considerable progress has actually been made in the understanding of the pathophysiology of ALF, clinical trials are limited. Liver transplantation is the best treatment for a high proportion of ALF patients. In order to maximize the results of liver transplant, approaches of connecting are under growth. Modest hypothermia is a major enhancement to the arsenal, enabling patients with serious, uncontrolled intracranial high blood pressure to be linked successfully to transplant

Objectives: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) as other chronic medical conditions is commonly complicated by psychiatric symptoms. Saudi SCD patients are usually originally from Eastern and Southwestern Provinces. The main objective of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of depression among adults with SCD in southern region of Saudi Arabia. We also studied the sociodemographic profiles for these individuals. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among subjects (n=78) in Armed Forces Hospital, Southern Saudi Arabia using an Arabic version of a Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression HAM-D that has received widespread use and have undergone reliability and validity testing. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 package program. Pearson’s chi-squared test is used to examine the association between the categorical outcome variables A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Most of the participants were young adults (26.4± 9.2 years), single females not working who are originally from Jizan and Mahayel Aseer, Southern Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 85.9%. When the association between depression in SCD patients and different demographic characters was tested, no significant relation between depression and any factors was discovered. Conclusion: This study confirms that depression is common in adult patients with SCD as confirmed by previous studies. On the other hand, socio-demographic factors were not significant predictors of depression in SCD patients. Further research is needed to explore the magnitude and impact of this problem at the national level.

The present study demonstrates the biospecific adsorption of Aspergillus oryzae β galactosidase on glutaraldehyde functionalized nanodiamonds (NDs). Transmission electron microscopy showed that the synthesized NDs were of 20 nm size. Enzyme activity retained as a result of immobilization was 7420 U/gm of modified NDs. The optimal pH and temperature for soluble and immobilized β galactosidase was observed at pH 4.5 and at 50 °C, respectively. However, significant stability was observed at both higher and lower limits of pH and temperature for the enzyme immobilized on glutaraldehyde modified NDs. Moreover, our findings demonstrated that β galactosidase immobilized on surface functionalized NDs retained greater biocatalytic activity even after 2 months of storage and at higher galactose concentration, and upon repeated uses as compared to enzyme in solution. Modified NDs bound β galactosidase showed improved hydrolysis of lactose from solution in batch processes at various temperatures even after 10 h, thereby suggesting its use for hydrolyzing lactose in dairy products.

Dentists routinely encounter non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) in daily clinical practices. The dental literature is contradictory regarding the occlusal etiology of NCCLs. NCCL is defined as the loss of dental structure at the cemento&ndash, enamel junction, with no association of bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of dynamic occlusal factors and dental hygiene practices with NCCLs. In total, 100 participants were selected by the random stratified sampling method, 50 each for control and NCCL groups. Information regarding oral hygiene practices, including frequency, duration, force, and technique of brushing, was recorded. Dynamic occlusal parameters like initial contact, occlusion time (OT), disocclusion time (DT), and center of force were recorded with T-scan analysis. The obtained data were analyzed with Pearson&rsquo, s correlation and binary logistic regression. We found that 68% of participants in the NCCL group and 31% in the control group utilized the horizontal brushing technique, 46% of NCCL group participants used hard brush against 7% of participants in the control group. The mean OT was 0.727 and 0.516 s for NCCL and control groups, respectively. The OT and left and right lateral DT were strongly related to NCCL, with r-values of 0.661, 0.642, and 0.534, respectively, with p &le, 0.001. Using a hard toothbrush was found to be associated with NCCL. The NCCL group had extended mean occlusion time and disocclusion time in all eccentric mandibular movements.

Moderate to severe loss of circulation problem encountered while drilling in Aramco field is a major economic burden that increases the total well construction cost dramatically in some cases. Complete or even partial control of the moderate to massive loss circulation problem may save thousands of dollars/per well and thus can make the drilling economics more economical. Saudi ARAMCO has developed a LCM formulation that can be used to cure lost circulation in the Middle East. The formulation consists of acid soluble cement and a sodium silicate gel that has a high potential to control moderate to severe loss circulation problem. Experimental data indicate that the control of loss of circulation using the silicate gel and soluble cement can be achieved as follows: 1) injection of the gel first into the fracture to penetrate the near fracture rock matrix, 2) pumping a small volume of spacer after the gel to delay the contact between the sodium silicate gel and the soluble cement, and finally 3) injection of soluble cement into the fracture to plug the fracture zone. Silicates have been used with cement to cure lost circulation and for water shut off treatment over the past 50 years. The major limitation of such technicue is rapid reaction and acid insoubility, Bauer et al. (2005). The objective of this paper is to introduce the use of acid soluble cement and sodium silicate gel as a possible solution to cure lost circulation zones in Saudi Arabia fields.

The present study is only the second one of this kind in the Saudi context. As a first stage of the study, 117 EFL teachers with varying demographic characteristics (age, qualifications, teaching experience and the like) rated 55 motivational micro strategies on 5-point scales, which were then grouped into 10 macro strategies in accordance with previous research. Since the present study is a modified replication of previous studies, the expectation that the ranking of strategies in the Saudi context will match to a degree the rankings found by researchers elsewhere in the world was borne out - four of the macro strategies that came out in the top five scales in this study were ranked in the top five scales in three other studies conducted by Dörnyei and Csizér (1998) in Hungary, Cheng and Dörnyei (2007) in Taiwan, and Alrabai (2010) in Saudi Arabia. The order in which the macro strategies were ranked in the present research differed from the ranking order found previously, including Alrabai’s (2010) in the Saudi context. Unlike in any previous research, however, when inferential statistical analyses were applied on the collected data, statistically significant differences in the ranking order of the macro strategies emerged as a function of the respondents’ qualifications and length of teaching experience. The results may have implications for teacher training and the research design of future investigations into the effects of the motivational strategies deployed by teachers on student motivation and FL achievement.