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The increasing use of nanoparticles and their many applications increases the likelihood of their presence in the environment. This possibility of presence necessitates the study of the effect of these substances on aquatic species. In this research, CoWO4 nanoparticles were synthesized by the ultrasonic method. Various conditions in the synthesis process were investigated to obtain the appropriate size of the nanoparticles. After selecting the optimum particles, these nanoparticles were used to investigate their effect on the growth of Dunaliella salina. For this purpose, the algal cells were subjected to three different concentrations of nanoparticles (15, 30, and 60 mg/L). The study results on algae growth parameters showed that these parameters depend on the value of nanoparticles. At 15 and 30 mg/L concentrations of the nanoparticles, numbers of cells, specific growth, biomass, and pigments showed a significant boost compared to the mentioned parameters of the control treatment. Measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) showed that this parameter was directly related to the increase in the concentration of nanoparticles. At 60 mg/L of the nanoparticles, the MDA level was higher than the control and other treatments. This increase reflects the destructive effect of the nanoparticles on algal cells. Finally, the results showed that algae could be useful for studying the environmental effects of nanoparticles and their safety.

In this work, new double perovskite Tb2ZnMnO6 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a sol–gel auto combustion method.

In this study, the auto-combustion sol–gel method was used to prepare novel Tb2FeMnO6 (TFMO) double perovskite nanoparticles. Chemical and natural fuels were used to achieve these particles with appropriate size. The resulting particles were examined via X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Rietveld analysis was also performed to confirm the crystallinity and lattice parameters of the formed particles. The particles obtained in the presence of maleic acid were selected as the optimal sample (S4), and the particles obtained in the presence of pomegranate paste were chosen as the non-optimal sample (S8) in terms of size and morphology. Both particles were used to investigate the photocatalytic activity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analyses and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms were performed for both samples and the results were compared. Erythrosine and malachite green dyes in aqueous solutions were used as contaminants in the photocatalysis process. The results showed 22% and 20% discoloration for S4 and 41% and 30% discoloration for S8 in the presence of erythrosine and malachite green under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic activity was investigated under UV light for S4, which showed 80% and 50% discoloration for erythrosine and malachite green, respectively. Investigating the photocatalytic activity of TFMO double perovskite nanoparticles showed that these nanoparticles could be a desirable option for mitigating water pollution.

The presence of nanoparticles in the environment and their impact on existing organisms is one of the main concerns of researchers working in this field. In this research, Nd2WO6 nanoparticles were prepared by an ultrasonic procedure for the first time. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were applied to identify and prove the purity of these particles. In addition to increasing the reaction rate and efficiency with the help of a radical generation mechanism, ultrasound was able to aid the synthesis of these particles. After confirming nanoparticle formation, the optimal nanoparticles in view of scale and morphology were selected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Optimal particles at three concentrations (25, 50, and 100 ppm) were mixed into the algae growth medium to investigate the effects of the nanoparticles on Dunaliella salina growth. Biological parameters, including the number of cells, biomass, specific growth rate, pigments, and malondialdehyde (MDA), were measured after ten days. Growth parameters showed an increasing trend in concentrations up to 50 ppm; however, at a concentration of 100 ppm, a significant decrease was observed in contrast to the nanoparticles-free treatment. The MDA content showed a linear relationship with enhanced concentration of the nanoparticles. The examination of biological parameters showed that the algae response to stress was dependent on the concentration of nanoparticles. The results showed that 50 ppm of nanoparticles are suitable for increasing algae and achieving a suitable growth rate for commercial purposes. However, in higher concentrations, algal growth inhibition occurs, which is of great importance from a biotechnological point of view.

Herein, Co3O4/CeO2 nanocomposite was synthesized by the modified Pechini method. Citric, maleic, succinic, and trimsic acids were used as a stabilizer, and the variation affected the morphology and size of the synthesized nanocomposites. Subsequently, the formation of Co3O4/CeO2 nanocomposites was confirmed by various analyses. Furthermore, the particles were considered for size and morphology by SEM and HRTEM analyses, and the sample that used trimsic acid as the stabilizer was designated as the goal sample to continue the route. The optimum sample was used to investigate the photocatalytic properties of the synthesized nanocomposite. The UV-light photocatalyst test was performed in neutral, alkaline, and acidic states against two aqueous solutions containing color contamination of methylene blue and erythrosine B dyes. The results showed decolorization at 85% for methylene blue and 90% for erythrosine B over 120 min test time.

Background & objectives: Endoscopy is an invasive and painful procedure. The use of sedatives, especially in children, is expanding. The aim of this study was to compare the sedative effects of ketofol and the combination of midazolam-ketamine in upper endoscopy in children aged 1 to 14 years who referred to Taleghani Hospital in Gorgan. Methods: In this study, 55 children entered the study 1 to 14 years after obtaining parental consent. They were then divided into two groups, ketamine-propofol (KP) and ketamine-midazolam (KM), by simple randomization. At all stages of the work, patients underwent cardiac and respiratory monitoring. All hemodynamic parameters and ramsy sedation score (RSS) were recorded for all participants in the 5 time periods before, during and after endoscopy. ANOVA test and bonferroni tracking test were used in spss software to analyze and compare data. Results: 54.5% were male patients. The ANOVA test showed that the scores of the two groups at the time of the study had a statistically significant difference (p=0.02). In the KM group, the mean blood pressure and heart rate of patients increased at all times compared to before the intervention (p=0.005). Blood pressure in the KP group had a steady trend over time (p

Background: Cervical cancer affects women in the time that they are critical to economic and social stability. Objective: The aim of this narrative review to assess the socio-economic consequences of cervical cancer. Methods: In this review, Pubmed, Scopus, ISI web of science, Conferences databases and Iranian databases were searched. In order to search related articles, researchers used the following terms: “Uterine cervical neoplasms” OR ‘cervical cancer”; Costs and cost analysis; costs of illness, burden, socioeconomic. After the primary search, some records were obtained from 1960 to 2018. After studying titles, abstracts, and in some cases the full texts, 48 relevant articles were included in this research. Results: Hospitalization costs were the highest direct costs. However, total social costs are higher than health and medical costs. There is a dramatic increase in direct costs with the increase in age and stage of the disease. The costs are less for people aged 75 and up and for stage 4 because of less invasive treatment received by older women and the limited choice of treatment in advanced stages. The costs for persons who were screened 6 months to 5 years before diagnosis were lower. Conclusion: The burden of the disease is high. Early detection of cancer can save lives and reduce health care costs. Studies evaluating the costs associated with cervical cancer as well as virusrelated diseases in developing countries, calculating indirect costs and the impact of the disease on family members, relatives, and especially the spouse of the affected women are recommended.

Background Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC) is a new instrument for determining delirium by nurses. The study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of Nu-DESC and determined the sensitivity and specificity of it. Methods Two evaluators assessed delirium by Nu-DESC in nonintubated patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) wards of Ardabil educational and medical centers. For determining psychometric properties of the instrument, the methods of determining content validity, structural validity, criterion validity (the DSM-5 criteria was used as a standard tool), internal consistency, and inter-rater reliability were used. Results Ninety-six participants were assessed two times using the Nu-DESC. The mean age of the participants was 58.84, and 51 (53.1%) of them were male. Due to the high correlation of the Nu-DESC with the study criterion (DSM-5), the criterion validity of the instrument is confirmed. By using DSM-5 instrument, the cutoff score of 2 shows the best sensitivity and specificity. The kappa and alpha coefficients were obtained as r = 0.96 and α = 0.86, which indicate a good agreement between the evaluators and acceptable consistency. Conclusion Nu-DESC can be used as an efficient and reliable instrument by nurses in the ICU. It was also found that taking medical history can help nurses to better interpret the Nu-DESC score at diagnosing delirium. How to cite this article Amirajam Z, Noran EA, Molaei B, Adiban V, Heidarzadeh M, Darghah MH. Psychometric Properties of Nursing Delirium Screening Scale in Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(6):680–684.

The presence of nanoparticles in the environment and their impact on existing organisms is one of the main concerns of researchers working in this field. In this research, Nd

A simple and one-pot glycothermal method was developed for the synthesis of Ni/ZnO nanocomposites. Ethylene glycol, zinc and nickel complexes were utilized as a solvent and new precursors to prepare Ni/ZnO nanocomposites, respectively. The effect of different reaction time and temperature were examined in order to approach to the optimal sample. The Ni/ZnO nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. Vibrating sample magnetometer analysis was exhibited the ferromagnetic behavior of the nanocomposites, which is appropriate for nanoparticle recovery. The antibacterial effect of the selected sample was investigated by monitoring the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans, where, after 24 h, the diameter of the zone of inhibition was obtained to be around 15, 14 and 9 mm at 37 °C, respectively. Interestingly, the diameter of the inhibition zone for the Pseudomonas aeruginosa was remarkably comparable to conventional antibiotics.

Efforts to find new and practical solutions to improve water quality and treatment of industrial effluents are ongoing. In this study, Tl4HgI6/HgI2 nanocomposites were synthesized by a rapid ultrasonic method to investigate their photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. Various synthesis conditions such as changes in the ratio of precursors, use of surfactants, and changes in the power and time of sonication to achieve particles with optimal size and morphology were performed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the purity and formation of the nanocomposite. Optimal nanoparticles in terms of size and morphology were selected by examining the images obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The nanocomposites obtained in the presence of PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) as a surfactant (sample no. 8) were selected as the optimal sample. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Raman, N2 adsorption/desorption analyzes were performed for the optimal sample to evaluate the properties of nanocomposites. The band-gap for Tl4HgI6/HgI2 nanocomposites was calculated to be about 2.3 eV for HgI2 and 3.1 eV for Tl4HgI6. The optimal sample was used to evaluate the photocatalytic activity for decolorizing an aqueous solution of six different organic dyes. Finally, for rhodamine B, the decolorization was about 80%. Also, Tl4HgI6/HgI2 nanocomposite showed a significant inhibition zone in the antibacterial test. The maximum inhibition diameter of 50 mm was obtained against Streptococcus pyogenes. The results showed that Tl4HgI6/HgI2 nanocomposites have good potential for many industrial applications.

In this work, new double perovskite Tb

The increasing use of nanoparticles and their many applications increases the likelihood of their presence in the environment. This possibility of presence necessitates the study of the effect of these substances on aquatic species. In this research, CoWO

Herein, Co

In this work, Fe

SqueezeNet networks perform well on image classification tasks, achieving accuracies comparable to state of the art convolutional neural networks. In this research we evaluate the performance of SqueezeNet networks in document image classification, showing that an ImageNet pretrained SqueezeNet achieves an accuracy of approximately 75 percent over 10 classes on the Tobacco-3482 dataset, which is comparable to other state of the art convolutional neural networks in terms of accuracy, while containing 50 times less weights compared to them. We then visualize saliency maps of the gradient of our networks output to input, which shows that the network is able to learn meaningful features that are useful for document classification. Features such as the existence of handwritten text, document titles, text alignment and tabular structures, which are proof that the network does not overfit to redundant representations of the dataset itself.

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss), and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) are well-known and widely used medicinal plants in the world. There is some experimentally proven evidence demonstrated the beneficial effects of these herbs on metabolic disorders like diabetes. Despite the fact that there are limited studies in the field of herb-herb interactions, some of the diabetic patients prefer to use these herbs in a combination form. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of an equal mixture of these plants (named Tetraherbs) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Severe diabetic rats (FBS above 350 mg/dL) were treated orally with ethanolic extracts of cinnamon (EEC), fenugreek (EEF), shallot (EES), and clove (EECL) separately at the dose of 75 mg/kg, or in equal combination formula (Tetraherbs) at doses of 100–300 mg/kg once per day for 28 days. At the end of the study, their effects on glucose levels, plasma lipids, liver enzymes activity, and histology of pancreas were evaluated. The blood glucose lowering activity, as well as pancreatic β cell regeneration of Tetraherbs, was significantly higher than the plants when they used separately. However, there was no significant difference in lipid-lowering and hepatoprotective potentials of the herbs whether used singly or in combination. In conclusion, the results of the present study provide evidence show combination form of the studied plants increased their glucose-lowering activity by positive interaction.

Objective The Critical-Care Pain. Observation Tool is one of the instruments developed to assess pain in patients who are unable to communicate verbally. The study aimed to survey the psychometric properties of Critical-Care Pain. Observation: Tool in four groups of non-verbal patients according to their Richmond Agitation Sedation Score (RASS). Study design and methodology 65 critically ill patients (medical, surgical, trauma) were assessed using the critical care pain observation tool on six occasions (before, during and after nociceptive and non-nociceptive procedures). Patients were divided into four groups according to their RASS score: 1. All patients (RASS −3 to +2), 2. Sedated patients (RASS −3 to −1), 3. Restless patients (RASS +1), 4. Agitated patients (RASS +2). Results Discriminant and criterion validity, confirmatory factor analysis and internal reliability showed good validity and reliability in the critical care pain observation tool in all groups except agitated patients. The results showed that, in general, the CPOT has good version of the critical care pain observation tool has good psychometric properties to evaluate pain in non-verbal patients admitted to intensive care units who have a RASS score ranging from −3 to +1, but it is not a good tool to evaluate pain in patients who are agitated according to RASS.

Background There is a variety of experimentally proven medicinal plants having antidiabetic properties but data on herb-drug interaction are very limited. Earlier studies indicated that aqueous extract of turnip leaf (AETL) has hypoglycemic potential in diabetic animals. The present study was conducted to evaluate co-administration effects of AETL and metformin, a commonly used antidiabetic drug, in diabetic rats. Methods Metformin at the two different doses (50,100 mg/kg) and AETL at the dose of 400 mg/kg (separately or concurrent with metformin) were orally given to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 4 weeks daily. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured at the times 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after investigation. At the end of study, liver enzymes activity [aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] as well as liver histopathology were evaluated. Results Both treatments could significantly decrease FBG levels when they administrated separately. Interestingly, co-administration of AETL and metformin in a dose dependent manner significantly improved hypoglycemic activity of metformin. While neither metformin nor AETL could ameliorate liver alterations alone, but in concomitant therapy they efficiently attenuated liver enzymes elevation and histological damages. Conclusion The results of the present study demonstrate that combination of metformin with AETL enhance the prior effectiveness and reduced the latter adverse effects by a synergistic interaction., Graphical abstract Image 1

Quick transportation of the latent heat during the boiling leads to efficient application of this process in various heat transfer equipments. Boiling heat transfer coefficient is one of the most affecting parameters on the amount of transferred energy by boiling process. Recently, nanofluids have been widely applied for improving the performance of boiling process. Despite the large amount of experimental studies on the pool boiling heat transfer coefficient (PBHTC) of nanofluids, there’s developed no accurate mathematical/empirical approaches for estimating this parameter up to now. Since the Al 2 O 3 nanoparticle is a safe material, can be simply produced in large scale, and its dispersion in base fluids often have an excellent stability, alumina-based nanofluids have received high attention in various thermal processes. Therefore, in this study, pool boiling heat transfer coefficient of water-alumina nanofluid is tried to be predicted using artificial neural networks. Correlation matrix analyses confirm that diameter of nanoparticles, its weight concentration in base fluid, excess temperature (wall superheat), and operating pressure are the best independent variables for estimating the considered parameter. Different types of the artificial neural networks are designed and their predictive accuracies are evaluated by experimental data. Thereafter, the best model is selected through comparing the predictive accuracy of various intelligent approaches. The results show that a feedforward multi-layer perceptron (MLP) network with the structure of 4-12-1 (i.e. twelve hidden neurons) is the best model for estimation of the PBHTC of water-alumina nanofluid. This model was able to predict the considered coefficient with overall MSE = 4.17, AARD% = 9.53, R 2 = 0.9929, RMSE = 2.042. Our proposed approach can be simply employed to control boiling-based equipments in a variety of industrial applications, and optimize their operations.

Dy2O3/CuO nanocomposites were synthesized by rapid and fast microwave method in polyol solvent. Effect of time and power of microwave irradiation and type of solvent on size and morphology were investigated. Synthesized Dy2O3/CuO is characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy. Photocatalytic properties for two color, methylene blue and rhodamin b under ultraviolet light irradiation were done and 54 and 47.7% degradation for MB and RB respectively.

The rapid detection of bacterial pathogens is very important for medical diagnostics, biosecurity, transportation and the prevention of global pandemics. Here graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are prepared by using citric acid and ethylenediamine and hydrothermal as starting materials and synthesis method. Product is characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. In the following, graphene quantum dots are used as photoluminescence sensor for detecting Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli . It is found that graphene quantum dots are sensitive at the range of 0 to 9 × 10 7 range for Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli .

CuO/ZnO hallow spherical nanocomposite were synthesis with rapid microwave method in polyol solvent at 10 min and 900 W as optimum time and power. Prepared CuO/ZnO is characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and for an estimate the band gap used diffuse reflectance measurement. For the sufficient optical properties, prepared CuO/ZnO nanocomposites are applied as a catalyst in photodegradation of rhodamine B (RB) and methylene blue (MB) pollutants. Results showed that after 120 min, 41 and 73% of RB and MB was degraded respectively.

In this work NiO/ZnO nanocomposite was synthesized via simple, rapid and eco-friendly microwave-assisted method. Prepared NiO/ZnO nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Vibrating sample magnetometer analysis showed the ferromagnetic behavior of nanocomposite. In the following, prepared nanocomposite was used for photodegradation of methylene blue and rhodamin B under ultraviolet light irradiation. The results showed that nanocomposite has excellent photocatalyst performance.

Today, global interest in the use of herbal medicine is increasing and evaluation of their efficacy have become more important .There are several evidence that suggest some herbal extracts have beneficial effects on diabetic nephropathy. The present study has been designed to examine protective role of edible parts of turnip (leave and root) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were intragastrically treated either with aqueous extract of turnip leave or root (AETL or AETR) at concentrations of 200, 400 mg/kg/d for consecutives 8 weeks. The effects of AETL and AETR on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and kidney functional markers including: urine volume, 24-hour urine total protein (UTP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma creatinine (Cr) and quantitative morphometric analysis of glomeruli including; mesangial matrix expansion (MME), urinary space, tuft-to capsule adhesion, Bowman’s capsule (BC) thickening, glomerulosclerosis, capillary dilatation, and hyalinosis were monitored by routine measurements, biochemically and pathologically. Our results showed that AETL significantly decreased FBG levels, urine volume, UTP, BUN and plasma Cr in diabetic rats. Moreover, AETL with a dose dependent manner remarkably decrease glomerular lesions such as MME, tuft-to-capsule adhesion and BC thickening. However, treatment of AETR had undistinguishable effects on these parameters in diabetic rats. In conclusion, the biochemical and pathological assessed indicators showed varying degrees of improvement in AETL treated diabetic nephropathy rats. The results obtained in this work indicate that turnip leaf may be considered as an easily accessible dietary source for diabetic nephropathy patients.

Objective: The present study has been carried out to evaluate the diuretic and antioxidant properties of pine herb in an animal model. Materials and Methods: 45 adult male rats were randomly divided into nine groups including: groups I (the negative control), groups II (positive control, furosemide 10 mg/kg), groups III to VIII (treatment groups received 100, 200, 400 mg/kg of the aqueous extracts of bark and fruit) and group IX received the combination of aqueous extract of bark (100 mg/kg) and the fruit (100 mg/kg). The urine output, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), electrolytes, urea, and creatinine levels were evaluated. Furthermore, the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of both extracts were also assessed using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Folin–Ciocalteu methods. Results: The aqueous extracts of the pine bark and fruit increased the urinary output in a dosedependent manner. The combination of the two extracts compared to the other extracts alone significantly increased the serum potassium level. This study also showed each extract increase creatinine clearance in a dose-dependent manner (p Conclusion: The pine bark and fruit can be useful in the prevention and treatment of kidney stones due to the high diuretic properties and antioxidant activity.

In this work, new detection route for ascorbic acid was designed. First, highly luminescent sulfur and nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (S,N-GQDs) were prepared via simple hydrothermal method using citric acid and thiourea as the C, N and S sources respectively. The prepared S,N-GQDs are characterized by XRD, HRTEM, FTIR, EDS and PL. Investigations showed that prepared S,N-GQDs have a good photostability and excitation-dependent emission fluorescence. Prepared S,N-GQDs showed maximum excitation wavelength and emission wavelength at 400 and 462 nm, respectively. In the following, prepared S,N-GQDs were applied as a photoluminescence probe for detection of ascorbic acid (AA). The designed sensor was based on “off-on” detection mode. The developed sensor had a linear response to AA over a concentration range of 10–500 μM with a detection limit of 1.2 μM. The regression equation is Y = 0.0014 X + 1.2036, where Y and X denote the fluorescence peak intensity and AA concentration, respectively.

In this work, Fe2WO6 nanoparticles were synthesized by the ultrasound-assisted precipitation method. Various conditions were applied, including the change of the pH factor and reaction time for the synthesis of nanoparticles. After confirming the synthesis of the nanoparticles by various analyzes and evaluating their size and morphology, one of the conditions for the synthesis of the nanoparticles were selected as the optimum condition. The samples were added to the growth medium of a well-known microalga, Dunaliella salina at three concentrations of 20, 40 and 80 ppm to evaluate the effect of nanoparticles on biological systems. After 10 days different biological parameters were measured and compared with those of the control sample. According to the results, at concentration of 20 ppm the number of cells, the amount of chlorophyll a, and b, and biomass increased compared to the control samples. The Carotenoid level was higher in the treatment with 40 ppm of nanoparticles than that in the control samples. Compared to the control sample, the level of lipid peroxidation and the ratio of carbohydrate to amide II showed to be higher under 80 ppm treatment of particles. According to HCA analysis, both the evaluated parameters and concentrations of nanoparticles were divided into two general categories. Overall results showed that the effect of Fe2WO6 nanoparticles on microalgae could be a dose-dependent phenomenon, so that the addition of 20 ppm nanoparticles in the culture media helped the growth and the physiological status of algae. On the other hand, the application of a higher concentration of nanoparticles negatively affects algal biology. The results showed that the algae could be successfully used to precise screen of various nanoparticles in terms of safety especially in aquatic environments and also biotechnological applications.