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Background The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of using Volume-Controlled Ventilation (VCV) versus Pressure-Controlled Ventilation (PCV) on blood loss in patients undergoing Posterior Lumbar Inter body Fusion (PLIF) surgery. Methods In a randomized, single-blinded, parallel design, 78 patients candidate for PLIF surgery were randomly allocated into two groups of 39 to mechanically ventilated using VCV or PCV mode. All the patients were operated in prone position by one surgeon. Amount of intraoperative surgical bleeding, transfusion requirement, surgeon satisfaction, hemodynamic parameters, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured as outcomes. Results PCV group showed slightly better outcomes than VCV group in terms of mean blood loss (431 cc vs. 465 cc), transfusion requirement (0.40 vs. 0.43 unit), and surgeon satisfaction (82.1% vs. 74.4%); however, the differences were not statistically significant. Diastolic blood pressure 90 and 105 min. after induction were significantly lower in PCV group (P = 0.043 & 0.019 respectively); however, blood pressure in other times, hemoglobin levels, and mean heart rate were similar in two groups. Conclusions In patients undergoing Posterior Lumbar Inter body Fusion surgery, mode of ventilation cannot make significant difference in terms of blood loss; however, some minor benefits in outcomes may lead to the selection of PCV rather than VCV. More studies with larger sample size, and investigating more factors may be needed.

Purpose Mental health is one of the most important factors for evaluating the health of different age groups in the community. The most common forms of mental health disorders are depression and anxiety. Health status of students as an important age group has positive consequences in the community. To provide special recommendations for preventing mental disorders, the purpose of this paper is to determine the correlations among the individualism and family orientation and mental health. Design/methodology/approach A meta-analysis was conducted to find scores of mental health. International databases of Scopus and PubMed as well as Iranian databases of IranMedex and SID were systematically searched in September 2014 for studies conducted on Iranian students. Of 379 reviewed studies, 58 were selected for meta-analysis. A meta-regression model was estimated to show the effects of individualism and family orientation on mental health. Findings Eight studies were conducted in Tehran. Eight studies were published in English. In nine studies, school students, and in one study both school and university students were surveyed. General Health Questionnaire-28 score varied from 13.77 in Arak to 47.78 in Tehran. The results of this study showed that the pooled mental health score for Iranian students was 23.725, indicating that Iranian students had poor mental health. In meta-regression, the coefficient of family orientation was −0.2893 and it was significant. Other variables did not have any significant relationship with mental health scores. Originality/value Improvement of living conditions and enabling the youth to positively communicate with different social groups are recommended.

Background Anesthetic drugs may directly or indirectly affect respiratory function. We investigated the effects of intravenous propofol and inhaled sevoflurane anesthesia on postoperative spirometric indices in patients undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy surgery. Methods We randomly assigned 111 patients, aged 18 - 65 years, undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy surgery, to receive either intravenous propofol or inhaled sevoflurane. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC were measured before and after anesthesia. Comparisons between the two groups were made using the t-test and ANOVA. Results There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, sex, height, body weight, BMI, pain score, ASA class, operation duration, and received analgesics. The FEV1 and FVC values significantly decreased after the operation in the sevoflurane group. Conclusions Both intravenous propofol and inhaled sevoflurane can decrease postoperative spirometry parameters. However, it seems that patients receiving propofol have less decreased spirometric indices.

There is limited evidence about charitable contribution and donation in Iranian healthcare. The main objective of this study was to investigate the factors that influence and encourage Iranian donors to donate money for healthcare facilities.Data was gathered through semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 36 donors, fund-raisers, and managers of the Iranian health system. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants. The data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis, assisted by MAXQDA 10 software.The factors that affect Iranian donors to donate money for healthcare facilities were (a) feelings of altruism, compassion, concern, pity, sympathy, and obligation; (b) perceptions of difficulties and need in others, similarity with beneficiary, feedback from previous donations, thinking about death, and self-realization; (c) benefits consisted of monetary, social, and psychological benefits; and (d) values including moral, social, and religious values.Better understanding of feelings, perceptions, benefits, and values of donors could improve the fund-raising practices in the Iranian health system.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to shed light on the challenges and successes of HIV/AIDS services delivery as perceived by Sex workers. METHODS: Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 IDUs and Sex workers in drop-in centers in Shiraz. A thematic analysis of these qualitative data was conducted by the authors. RESULTS: Participants identified major challenges and successes of HIV/AIDS services delivery. Access services, services delivery in terms of challenges and the successes concept were classified. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that while there is greater availability of HIV/AIDS services, this does not equate with greater accessibility because multiple, complex and interrelated barriers to HIV/AIDS service utilization at the service delivery level such as Stigma, discrimination, violence, harassment and social equity issues are critical concerns of FSW. Language: en

Introduction: Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disease, which is defined by extreme sensitivity to sunlight and UV radiation and characterized by skin lesions and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is caused by a molecular defect in nucleotide excision repair genes. It has been reported that volatile anesthetics may cause genotoxic side effects or aggravation of the neurological signs. We report an XP patient with difficult intubation whose airway was controlled with Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) and was anesthetized with sevoflurane. Case Presentation: A 23-year-old woman, who had been a known case of XP since her childhood, was admitted to our hospital for excision of face mass (SCC) and skin graft surgery. Her airway examination revealed some anatomical and pathological abnormalities, including limitation of mouth opening, jaw protrusion, head extension, and class 4 of mallampati, all predicting difficult intubation. We chose general anesthesia with inhalation induction, LMA insertion and maintenance with sevoflurane without muscle relaxant. The surgery was completed uneventfully and the patient left the hospital the day after the surgery without any new complaint. Conclusions: We suggest that for XP patients with compromised air-way, sevoflurane (not all volatiles) may be preferred.