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Coupling p–n semiconductors to form S-scheme interfacial heterojunction to fabricate a suitable nano-photocatalyst for environmental remediation.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is still the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The success of cell-based therapies and tissue engineering strategies for treatment of injured myocardium have been notably hindered due to the limitations associated with the selection of a proper cell source, lack of engraftment of engineered tissues and biomaterials with the host myocardium, limited vascularity, as well as immaturity of the injected cells. The first-generation approaches in cardiac tissue engineering (cTE) have mainly relied on the use of desired cells (e.g., stem cells) along with non-conductive natural or synthetic biomaterials for in vitro construction and maturation of functional cardiac tissues, followed by testing the efficacy of the engineered tissues in vivo. However, to better recapitulate the native characteristics and conductivity of the cardiac muscle, recent approaches have utilized electroconductive biomaterials or nanomaterial components within engineered cardiac tissues. This review article will cover the recent advancements in the use of electrically conductive biomaterials in cTE. The specific emphasis will be placed on the use of different types of nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs), silicon-derived nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs), as well as electroconductive polymers (ECPs) for engineering of functional and electrically conductive cardiac tissues. We will also cover the recent progress in the use of engineered electroconductive tissues for in vivo cardiac regeneration applications. We will discuss the opportunities and challenges of each approach and provide our perspectives on potential avenues for enhanced cTE. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Myocardial infarction (MI) is still the primary cause of death worldwide. Over the past decade, electroconductive biomaterials have increasingly been applied in the field of cardiac tissue engineering. This review article provides the readers with the leading advances in the in vitro applications of electroconductive biomaterials for cTE along with an in-depth discussion of injectable/transplantable electroconductive biomaterials and their delivery methods for in vivo MI treatment. The article also discusses the knowledge gaps in the field and offers possible novel avenues for improved cardiac tissue engineering.

In this work, silver (Ag) anchored over graphene (GN) wrapped polypyrrole (PPy)@ nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) nanocomposites were synthesized through a combination of oxidative polymerization and hydrothermal processes. The synthesized Ag/GN@PPy–Ni(OH)2 nanocomposites were characterized for their morphological characteristics by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while the structural investigations were done by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The FESEM studies showed Ni(OH)2 flakes and silver particles attached over the surface of PPy globules, along with the presence of GN sheets and spherical silver particles. The structural analysis also showed the presence of constituents, i.e., Ag, Ni(OH)2, PPy, GN, and their interaction, therefore vouching that the synthesis protocol is efficacious. The electrochemical (EC) investigations were done in potassium hydroxide (1 M KOH) using a three electrode setup. The quaternary Ag/GN@PPy–Ni(OH)2 nanocomposite electrode showed the highest specific capacity of 237.25 C g−1. The highest electrochemical performance of the quaternary nanocomposite is associated with the synergistic/additional effect of PPy, Ni(OH)2, GN, and Ag. The assembled supercapattery with Ag/GN@PPy-Ni(OH)2 as a positive and activated carbon (AC) as a negative electrode displayed eminent energy density of 43.26 Wh kg−1 with the associated power density of 750.00 W kg−1 at a current density of 1.0 A g−1. The cyclic stability of the supercapattery (Ag/GN@PPy–Ni(OH)2//AC), comprising a battery-type electrode, displayed a high cyclic stability of 108.37% after 5500 cycles.

The potential of nanocomposite membranes (NCMs) prepared by the sodium alginate polymer and embedded with synthesized zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) as fillers having microporous structure in the application of separation of gaseous mixture generated by the process of methane reforming was assessed. ZIF-8 crystals were created through hydrothermal synthesis, with sizes varying from 50 to 70 nm. NCMs were prepared with a 15% filler loading, i.e., synthesized ZIF-8. NCMs (ZIF-8) having H2 permeability of 28 Barrer and H2/CH4 selectivity of 125 outperformed neat polymer membranes in terms of separation performance at ambient temperature and 4 kg/cm2 pressure. The purity of H2 increased to as high as 95% among the measured values. The NCMs did not, however, outperform a neat polymer membrane in terms of their ability to separate mixtures of gases. Moreover, the combination of ZIF-8 as a filler with sodium alginate was new and had not been reported previously. As a result, it is worthwhile to investigate.

Background Easily separable and recyclable photocatalysts are highly desirable as they solve the problem of catalyst loss during its separation or reuse in wastewater treatment. Therefore, designing newer multifunctional semiconducting thin films using advanced physical deposition technique and chemical methodologies could be an effective way to fabricate an efficient, recyclable photocatalyst. Method Reusable and flexible NiO-MoS2@polyaniline (NiO-MoS2@Pani) conducting photocatalyst substrate was fabricated by chemical methodology to develop MoS2@Pani and later subjecting it to Direct Current (DC) sputtering to deposit NiO on it. The morphological analysis showed embedded MoS2 in Pani along with the surface covering by NiO. The XRD showed the amorphous nature of the composite, while the XPS confirmed the presence and coating of NiO over MoS2@Pani. Significant findings A synergistic effect of Pani, MoS2 and NiO in NiO@Pani-MoS2 exhibited 90% degradation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) under solar light irradiation. The high catalytic efficiency is ascribed to the increased separation of charge carriers and bandgap engineering due to the constituents' synergistic/additional effect. The formation of heterojunctions between NiO, Pani, and MoS2, i.e., MoS2│Pani, NiO│Pani, NiO│MoS2, and ternary heterojunction like NiO│MoS2│Pani and NiO│Pani│MoS2 are mainly responsible for the better decomposition of 2-CP. After five-time reuse, the NiO@Pani-MoS2 showed promising efficacy and stable morphology, confirming that NiO@Pani-MoS2 thin film is an efficient, easily separable, reusable, and stable photocatalyst.

Efficient materials for energy storage, in particular for supercapacitors and batteries, are urgently needed in the context of the rapid development of battery-bearing products such as vehicles, cell phones and connected objects. Storage devices are mainly based on active electrode materials. Various transition metal oxides-based materials have been used as active materials to produce electrodes. For instance, manganese-based oxides (MnxOy) have been used extensively as an electrode material due to higher specific capacitance, large potential range, and various crystal structures. Manganese (III) oxide (Mn2O3) has not been extensively explored as electrode material despite a high theoretical specific capacity value of 1018 mAh/g and multivalent cations: Mn3+ and Mn4+. Here, we review Mn2O3 strategic design, construction, morphology, and the integration with conductive species for energy storage applications. Improving the performance of Mn2O3-based electrodes requires the formation of nanostructure and blending with electrically-conductive matrices, and adjusting the morphology of the Mn2O3. Some issues of structural design for volume change, poor cyclic stability, characterization and understanding of ions transfer and transport within the Mn2O3-based electrodes are still unanswered.

Background Nowadays, the development of biofilm on the cost-effective polymer-based substrate (anode) to be employed in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) is considered important. The present study deals with the formation of Bacillus subtilis 168 biofilm on a pencil lead graphite that was assessed in an MFC using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Method The cylindrical single-chambered MFC was designed by using an air-cathode supported stainless steel mesh as a cathode and pencil lead graphite as an anode. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate the biofilm formation. The monitoring of biofilm was conducted by impedance spectroscopy using a new Equivalent Electrical Circuit Model [R(QR)(Q[R(RQ)])]

Integrated wastewater treatment processes are needed due to the inefficient removal of emerging pharmaceuticals by single methods. Herein, an adsorbent-photocatalyst integrated material was fabricated by coupling calcium alginate with sulfur-doped TiO2/tungsten disulfide (S-TiO2/WS2/alginate beads) for the removal of oxytetracycline (OTC) from aqueous solution by an integrated adsorption-photocatalysis process. The semiconductor S-TiO2/WS2 hybrid photocatalyst was synthesized with a hydrothermal method, while the integrated adsorbent-photocatalyst S-TiO2/WS2/alginate beads were synthesized by blending S-TiO2/WS2 with sodium alginate using calcium chloride as a precipitating agent. The physicochemical characteristics of S-TiO2/WS2/alginate beads were analyzed using X-ray diffraction , scanning electron microscopy, elemental mapping, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The integrated adsorption-photocatalysis process showed enhanced removal from 92.5 to 72%, with a rise in the OTC concentration from 10 to 75 mg/L respectively. The results demonstrated that the adsorption of OTC onto S-TiO2/WS2/alginate beads followed the Elovich kinetic model and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models. The formations of H-bonds, cation bridge bonding, and n-π electron donor-acceptor forces were involved in the adsorption of OCT onto S-TiO2/WS2/alginate beads. In the integrated adsorption-photocatalysis, surface-adsorbed OTC molecules were readily decomposed by the photogenerated active radical species (h⁺, O2•−, and HO•). The persulfate addition to the OTC solution further increased the photocatalysis efficacy due to the formation of additional oxidizing species (SO4•⁻, SO4⁻). Moreover, S-TiO2/WS2/alginate beads showed favorable efficiency and sustainability in OTC removal, approaching 78.6% after five cycles. This integrated adsorption-photocatalysis process offered significant insight into improving efficiency and reusability in water treatment.

The various advantages and special characteristics of the polymorphism and good structural flexibility of manganese dioxide make it a valuable electrode material in the field of energy storage devices. In this study, hollow carbon nanofiber-manganese dioxide nanocomposites were prepared via a simple two-step process. The prepared electrode materials were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, and the electrochemical supercapacitive performance was analyzed in a three-electrode assembly cell using galvanostatic charge-discharge and cyclic voltammetry measurements. Amon all the prepared electrodes (H-CNfs, MnO2-H-CNfs-1, MnO2-H-CNfs-3 and MnO2-H-CNfs-5), the optimized MnO2-H-CNfs-3 electrode displays a high specific capacitance of 464 Fg-1 and excellent long-term cycling performance with a capacitance retention of 92.3% over 4500 cycles. The enhanced performance of the developed electrode was attributed to the synergistic effect due to the presence of the carbon nanofiber that provides sufficient conductivity and provides a large surface area for the electrode-electrolyte reactions, whereas MnO2 provides excellent redox behavior during the charge-discharge reactions. The developed electrode and its performance can play an important role in the development of highly efficient energy storage electrode materials.

The ubiquitous presence of pharmaceutical drugs and microbes in the water is leading to the development of drug resistant microbes. Therefore, efficient materials that can remove or inactivate the drug and microbe contaminants are required. In this work, nickel sulfide/calcium alginate (Ni

Freshwater reserves are being polluted every day due to the industrial revolution. Man-made activities have adverse effects upon the ecosystem. It is thus the hour of need to explore newer technologies to save and purify water for the growing human population. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is being considered as an emerging technique for removal of excess ions to produce potable water including desalination. Herein, cost-effective activated carbon incorporated with carbon nanotubes (CNT) was used as a freestanding electrode. Further, the desalination efficiency of the designed electrodes was tuned by varying binder concentration, i.e., polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) in the activated carbon powder and CNT mixture. PVDF concentration of 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 wt% was selected to optimize the freestanding electrode formation and further applied for desalination of water. PVDF content affected the surface morphology, specific surface area, and functional groups of the freestanding electrodes. Moreover, the electrical conductivity and specific surface area changed with PVDF concentration, which ultimately affected the desalination capacity using the freestanding electrodes. This study paves the way to produce cost effective carbon-based freestanding electrodes for capacitive deionization and other applications including battery electrodes.

In this study, polythiophene (PTh) and a series of polythiophene/molybdenum disulphide (PTh/MoS2) composites were prepared by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization method using anhydrous ferric chloride (FeCl3) as an oxidant and chloroform (CHCl3) as a solvent. The successful formation of PTh and PTh/MoS2 composites were confirmed by various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmittance electron microscopy (TEM). DC electrical conductivity and acetone/acetaldehyde sensing studies were carried out by a four-in-line probe device. PTh/MoS2 composites exhibited significantly improved DC electrical conductivity and acetone/acetaldehyde sensing properties as compared to PTh. The electrical properties were investigated in terms of initial conductivity (i.e. conductivity at room temperature) as well as retention of conductivity, i.e. stability under isothermal and cyclic ageing conditions. The maximum initial conductivity, along with the highest conductivity retention, was observed for PTh/MoS2-2 (PTh/MoS2 composite comprising 10% MoS2 with respect to the weight of thiophene monomer). The initial DC electrical conductivity of PTh, PTh/MoS2-1, PTh/MoS2-2 and PTh/MoS2-3 was found to be 5.72 × 10−5 Scm−1, 4.03 × 10−4 Scm−1, 1.09 × 10−3 Scm−1 and 8.96 × 10−4 Scm−1, respectively. The sensing performance at room temperature has been studied in terms of % sensing response, response/recovery time. All the PTh/MoS2 composites based sensors performed much better than PTh. The % sensing response of PTh, PTh/MoS2-1, PTh/MoS2-2 and PTh/MoS2-3 based pellet-shaped sensors towards acetone/acetaldehyde were affirmed as 30.6/22.9, 69.9/47.3, 93.7/70.3, 78.1/65.1, respectively. The purposed sensing mechanism involved the adsorption of acetone/acetaldehyde vapours on the surface of the sensors where electronic interaction between lone pair of electrons on oxygen atoms of the carbonyl group and charge carriers of PTh was responsible for the change in conductivity.

For plastic spintronics, it has thus far been a challenge to develop a (magnetic nanostructures)/polymer heterostructure at low temperature due to the thermal sensitivity of polymers. In this context, half-metallic magnetite (Fe3O4) films of different thicknesses were coated on flexible polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrates by reactive sputtering at 300 K. Grain size and thickness increased from ~10 nm to ~34 nm and 50 nm to 400 nm with an increase in the deposition time from 165 to 1335 s, respectively. Moreover, a sharp rise in grain size was observed when the thickness of the film reached 200 nm, and finally, saturation took place at 400 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies confirmed the absence of the γ-Fe2O3 phase and thus the successful deposition of Fe3O4 thin films on the PMMA substrate. Parameters as such as Verwey transition (Tv) (~125 K), saturation magnetization (Ms) (~354 emu/cm3) and magnetoresistance (MR) (−8.6% under 60 KOe at 300 K) under H ∥ Film plane were obtained for Fe3O4/PMMA heterostructures with a film thickness of 200 nm. The resistivity (ρ), Tv, Ms and MR were hardly affected on several bending tests, proving that Fe3O4/PMMA heterostructures are exciting materials for future flexible spintronics.

Herein, this work ultrathin CuO nanosheets were synthesized by simple microwave-assisted route. The CuO nanosheets were further fabricated with polyaniline (Pani) by oxidative polymerization methodology in the presence of citric acid and potassium persulphate to finally get Pani@CuO nanocomposite. Thus, prepared CuO nanosheets, Pani and Pani@CuO nanocomposite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy for the morphological and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the structural analysis. The morphological study by SEM showed ultrathin sheets of thickness

The energy industry has been challenged by the current high population and high energy consumption, forcing the development of effective and efficient supercapacitor devices. The crucial issues until now have been high production cost, deprived cyclic stability, and squat energy density. To resolve these problems, various approaches have been taken, such as the development of long-life electrode materials with high capacity, rapid charging, and slow discharging to overcome poor life cycle stability.In the present work we focus on fabricating cost-effective unique-morphology, high-surface-area alpha-Co(OH)In this study, hierarchical nanoflakes assembled in three-dimensional (3D) flower-shaped cobalt hydroxide (HN-3DF-α-Co(OH)In three-electrode assembly cells, HN-3DF-α-Co(OH)Solvothermally-synthesized, optimized HN-3DF-α-Co(OH)

The discharge of organic pollutants such as phenols and their derivatives in industrial effluents is a major threat to potable water, leading to a global requirement of cost-effective novel materials for decontamination to get high-quality water. In view of these concerns, sulfonated polyaniline, (s-PANI)@graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and its nanocomposites with graphene (GN) were synthesized via in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of g-C3N4 and GN. The weight ratio of GN varied as 1, 3, and 5% of the weight of g-C3N4. The resulting s-PANI@g-C3N4 and s-PANI@g-C3N4/GN(1–5%) composites were characterized in terms of structural, optical, morphological, and surface chemical state changes through X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible diffuse absorbance spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The prepared nanocomposites were analyzed for their ability to degrade phenol moieties by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results revealed enhanced photocatalytic degradation with GN-based sulfonated s-PANI@g-C3N4/GN(1–5%). The nanocomposite with 1% GN loading showed the highest photocatalytic activity in comparison with nanocomposites containing 3% and 5% GN. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the involvement of the sp2 carbon atoms, the interaction of the OC carbon atoms, and the high migration efficiency of charge carriers. However, higher amounts of GN (3 to 5%) caused a negative shielding effect by impeding charge recombination, thereby resulting in reduced photocatalytic activities of these composites. The proposed methodology can be a potential route for the elimination of phenolic compounds in the treatment of natural water reservoirs.

Graphene based conducting polymer composites are emerging contenders for newer optoelectronics devices like solar cells and linear / nonlinear optical devices. Beside these advanced applications, characterization approaches to analyze their liner/nonlinear optical constants, surface chemical state and structural analysis in thin film states are much needed. Herein, we reported a facile approach for the fabrication of graphene oxide (GO) and polyaniline (PANI) nano composites (PANI/GO) thin films using spin coating. Thereafter, the liner/nonlinear optical constants including first and third order nonlinear optical susceptibility were calculated using UV–vis (UV–vis) near infra-red absorption spectroscopic technique which will be an alternative to Z-scan approach and is poorly explored till now for such composites. Moreover, the increase or decrease in elemental bonding or interactions between C C, C O, C O C, C N and percentage occurrence of C OH, O C O, –NH2, –N+H=, and –N+H2– functionalities in PANI/GO composites were concisely explored using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Addition to proving the amorphous nature of PANI/GO composites in their X-ray diffraction studies, an increase in intensity of GO peak was explored due to an increase in elemental interactions among the GO and PANI. The reduction in band gap (3.27 to 2.66 eV) and diameter of Sp2 carbon (19.62 to 15.96 nm) of PANI/GO thin films was observed with an increase in the GO concentration. The first order nonlinear optical susceptibility (X (1)) is influenced by π-π* and n- π* interaction. The third order nonlinear optical susceptibility (X (3)) was found in the range of 10−10 to 10-7 esu which can be further, optimized by changing the ratio of GO and PANI.

In this study, a facile one-pot method has been used for the synthesis of zinc sulfide decorated sulfur-doped reduced graphene-oxide (S-rGO/ZnS) nanocomposite. The photocatalytic applications of ZnS and S-rGO/ZnS) nanocomposite is investigated for the decontamination and disinfection of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) and real dairy wastewater. The physico-chemical characteristics of ZnS and S-rGO/ZnS were analyzed using photoluminescence spectroscopy, UV visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The experimental findings revealed that the S-rGO/ZnS nanocomposite own superior photocatalytic activity with 99.3% degradation of 2-chlorophenol within four hours of solar light exposure. Furthermore, the antimicrobial potential of S-rGO/ZnS was also highlighted with the observed high disinfection potential while treatment of dairy wastewater. Overall, this study may offer useful insights to established visible light S-rGO/ZnS nanocomposite having the potential to be efficiently used for multiple applications in wastewater purification.

In this work, silver (Ag) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coated with ultrafine CuO nanosheets (Ag-rGO@CuO) was prepared by the combination of a microwave-assisted hydrothermal route and a chemical methodology. The prepared Ag-rGO@CuO was characterized for its morphological features by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy while the structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was undertaken to confirm the elemental composition. The electrochemical performance of prepared samples was studied by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge in a 2M KOH electrolyte solution. The CuO nanosheets provided excellent electrical conductivity and the rGO sheets provided a large surface area with good mesoporosity that increases electron and ion mobility during the redox process. Furthermore, the highly conductive Ag nanoparticles upon the rGO@CuO surface further enhanced electrochemical performance by providing extra channels for charge conduction. The ternary Ag-rGO@CuO nanocomposite shows a very high specific capacitance of 612.5 to 210 Fg−1 compared against rGO@CuO which has a specific capacitance of 375 to 87.5 Fg−1 and the CuO nanosheets with a specific capacitance of 113.75 to 87.5 Fg−1 at current densities 0.5 and 7 Ag−1, respectively.

The development of efficient materials for energy storage applications has attracted considerable attention, especially for supercapacitors and batteries that are the most promising and important power sources in everyday life. For this purpose, a suitable and efficient current collector must be determined and its behavior with respect to various solvents when it is used as an electrode material for energy storage applications should be understood. In this work, we studied the effect of washing three-dimensional nickel foam using different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ethanol on the surface characteristics, electrochemical behavior, and storage performance of the foam. Additionally, we observed the different types of acidic treatments that improved the electrochemical and storage performances of the three-dimensional nickel foam. The surface characterization results show that acidic conditions with a concentration of 3M changes the surface morphology from a flat/hill-like structure to a nanosheet/nanoflake-like structure without any further treatment. This structure provides a nano-channel and a large number of surface charges during the electrochemical reaction. The results of this study show that pretreatment of 3D-NF is highly important and recommended. The present work also contributes to the knowledgebase on pretreatment of 3D-NF and its optimization.

A facile, feasible, and green synthesis via an electrochemical exfoliation process was applied to synthesize nitrogen-doped MgO/graphene nanocomposite (N-MgO/G). The N-MgO/G nanocomposite was characterized by several analytical techniques including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and elemental mapping analysis. N-MgO/G nanocomposite was then applied to adsorb lead metal ions (Pb2+) from aqueous solutions. The N-MgO/G nanocomposite demonstrated a remarkably high Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity (294.12 mg/g) for Pb2+ ions under the optimum experimental conditions at a pH of 5.13, time of 35 min, dose of 0.025 g, the concentration of 400 mg/L, and a temperature of 36 °C. Adsorption kinetics results fitted with a pseudo-second-order model and a thermodynamic study showed that Pb2+ adsorption is an endothermic process. The practical application of N-MgO/G was also investigated to test its applicability in real water samples collected from different sources such as deionized water, tap water, wastewater, and river water.

Conducting polymers (CPs) possessing good electrical conductivity are an important class of organic materials. This field has experienced swift development over the years. In the meantime, aerogels belonging to a novel class of porous nanomaterials have engrossed great interest of the people as they possess very low density, exhibit enormous specific area, and very high porosity, etc. Because of these exceptional properties, the conducting polymer aerogels (CPAs) have become a newly developed area as they are an amalgamation of the typical properties of the aerogels with the physicochemical properties relevant to the conducting polymers. In this chapter, we have discussed the various methods to synthesize “conducting polymer (poly (3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy)” aerogels CPAs through rationally design of the cross-linker, the drying process oxidant, soft template, and sol-gel process. Second, we saw what advantages these aerogels offer as compared to their counterparts in bulk and membrane in physical and chemical performance. Third, we have studied their applicability in various fields such as Joule heating, electrochemical energy storage, volatile organic compounds (VOC) sensing, stress sensing, and adsorption to metal-ions/dye-molecules, etc. To end, we have concluded with reflecting on the limitations posed by employing the materials we have proposed, and we look at the prospects of development of CPAs in the near future. We hope that this chapter serves as a beacon of light in order to guide the researchers on the various strategies that can be employed in order to prepare CPAs and also their applicability in various fields. We have also discussed the advancements which have already been made in this area.