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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The World Health Organization's (WHO's) proposed International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition (ICD-11) includes several major revisions to substance use disorder (SUD) diagnoses. It is essential to ensure the consistency of within-subject diagnostic findings across countries, languages and cultures. To date, agreement analyses between different SUD diagnostic systems have largely been based in high-income countries and clinical samples rather than general population samples. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of, and concordance between diagnoses using the ICD-11, The WHO's ICD 10th Edition (ICD-10), and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th and 5th editions (DSM-IV, DSM-5); prevalence of disaggregated ICD-10 and ICD-11 symptoms; and variation in clinical features across diagnostic groups.DESIGN: Face-to-face household surveys.SETTING: Representative surveys of the general population in ten countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Iraq, Northern Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Romania and Spain) of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative.PARTICIPANTS: Questions about SUDs were asked of 12,182 regular alcohol users and 1,788 cannabis users.MEASUREMENTS: Each survey used the World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 (WMH-CIDI).FINDINGS: Among regular alcohol users, prevalence (95% confidence interval) of lifetime ICD-11 alcohol harmful use and dependence were 21.6% (20.5%-22.6%) and 7.0% (6.4%-7.7%), respectively. Among cannabis users, 9.3% (7.4%-11.1%) met criteria for ICD-11 harmful use and 3.2% (2.3%-4.0%) for dependence. For both substances, all comparisons of ICD-11 with ICD-10 and DSM-IV showed excellent concordance (all κ≥0.90). Concordance between ICD-11 and DSM-5 ranged from good (for SUD, and comparisons of dependence and severe SUD) to poor (for comparisons of harmful use and mild SUD). Very low endorsement rates were observed for new ICD-11 feature for harmful use ('harm to others'). Minimal variation in clinical features was observed across diagnostic systems.CONCLUSIONS: The World Health Organization's proposed International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition (ICD-11) classifications for substance use disorder diagnoses are highly consistent with the ICD 10th Edition and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV). Concordance between ICD-11 and the DSM 5th Edition (DSM-5) varies, largely due to low levels of agreement for the ICD harmful use and DSM-5 mild use disorder. Diagnostic validity of self-reported "harm to others" is questionable.

Although there is a significant association between preexisting depression and later onset of chronic headache, the extent to which other preexisting mental disorders are associated with subsequent onset of headache in the general population is not known. Also unknown is the extent to which these associations vary by gender or by life course. We report global data from the WHO's World Mental Health surveys (n = 52,095), in which, by means of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview–3.0, 16 mental disorders from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition , were retrospectively assessed in terms of lifetime prevalence and age of onset. Frequent or severe headaches were assessed using self-reports. After adjustment for covariates, survival models showed a moderate but consistent association between preexisting mood (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.3–1.4), anxiety (ORs = 1.2–1.7), and impulse-control disorders (ORs = 1.7–1.9) and the subsequent onset of headache. We also found a dose-response relationship between the number of preexisting mental disorders and subsequent headache onset (OR ranging from 1.9 for 1 preexisting mental disorder to 3.4 for ≥5 preexisting mental disorders). Our findings suggest a consistent and pervasive relationship between a wide range of preexisting mental disorders and the subsequent onset of headaches. This highlights the importance of assessing a broad range of mental disorders, not just depression, as specific risk factors for the subsequent onset of frequent or severe headaches. Perspective This study shows that there is a temporal association between a broad range of preexisting mental disorders and the subsequent onset of severe or frequent headaches in general population samples across the world.

The Purpose of this research is the development Direct Search Methods for minimizing the objective function; The Developed Methods reduces the approach time to the minimum through two techniques: 1) by reducing the number of function evaluation. 2) by developing algorithms suitable for running on MIMD(Multiple Instruction Stream Multiple Data Stream). We developed two methods, the first method depends on the "pattern search" and the other depends on the "direct search" technique. The comparison of results shows the new algorithms are faster than corresponding algorithms.

Objective: Recent research demonstrating concurrent associations between mental disorders and peptic ulcers has renewed interest in links between psychological factors and ulcers. However, little is known about associations between temporally prior mental disorders and subsequent ulcer onset. Nor has the potentially confounding role of childhood adversities been explored. The objective of this study was to examine associations between a wide range of temporally prior DSM-IV mental disorders and subsequent onset of ulcer, without and with adjustment for mental disorder comorbidity and childhood adversities.Methods: Face-to-face household surveys conducted in 19 countries (n = 52,095; person years = 2,096,486). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview retrospectively assessed lifetime prevalence and age at onset of 16 DSM-IV mental disorders. Peptic ulcer onset was assessed in the same interview by self-report of physician's diagnosis and year of diagnosis. Survival analyses estimated associations between first onset of mental disorders and subsequent ulcer onset.Results: After comorbidity and sociodemographic adjustment, depression, social phobia, specific phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, alcohol and drug abuse disorders were significantly associated with ulcer onset (ORs 1.3-1.6). Increasing number of lifetime mental disorders was associated with ulcer onset in a dose-response fashion. These associations were only slightly attenuated by adjustment for childhood adversities.Conclusions: A wide range of mental disorders were linked with the self-report of subsequent peptic ulcer onset These associations require confirmation in prospective designs, but are suggestive of a role for mental disorders in contributing to ulcer vulnerability, possibly through abnormalities in the physiological stress response associated with mental disorders. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.