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Background: Every living creature needs special Afʻāl (functions) in order to stay alive. Therefore, as a result Afʻāl are the most important fundamental of the living body. Afʻāl are thought to be the principal target of an individual's existence. In terms of Afʻāl the two states of the body, Ṣiḥḥat and Maraḍ (health and sickness) are represented. All movements voluntary or involuntary, sensations, thoughts and memories are included in Afʻāl Nafsāniyya. Some psychic attributes are unique to humans whereas others are also exhibited by some higher species of animals and any brain function can be interfered to cause disease state. Methods: As much as literature was available regarding the same was collected, evaluated and summarised. Results: For the continuation and maintenance of life all faculties play their role, none of the faculty can keep the body completely functional through their own. Afʻāl Nafsāniyya (psychic functions) are performed by Quwā Nafsāniyya (psychic faculty). Afʻāl Nafsāniyya equip the body and protect it from hazards, thus plays an important role in survival of an individual. Conclusion: When Quwwat Nafsāniyya gets compromised, it affects Quwwat Haywāniyya (vital faculty) and Quwwat Ṭabī'iyya (natural faculty) making survival challenging and as a matter of fact, it may be stated that Afʻāl Nafsāniyya play a crucial part in the survival of species directly and in continuation of species indirectly. The motive of this paper is to explore the importance of Afʻāl Nafsāniyya (psychological functions) in survival of an individual.

Human being has always been suffering from diseases. Before the beginning of Ṭibb (medicine) (300Bc), superstitions were considered as the cause of disease. Therefore, Gods and Goddesses were worshipped to cure disease and regain health. Since the existence of medicine, the material is considered a cause of disease. Accordingly, treatment shifted towards the material. In 500 BC Buqrat (Hippocrates) started the discussion of health. He established the views of structure, composition, properties and functions, health and disease in respect of the human body.So, the goal of Greek medicine is to protect health to the possible extent and cure disease. Hippocrates proposed the concept of AkhlāṭArbaa (four humours/four fluid) these areKhilṭ-i- Dam (sanguineous humour), Khilṭ-i-Balgham (phlegmatic humour), Khilṭ-i-Ṣafrā (choleric humour) and Khilṭ-i-Sawdāʼ (melancholic humour). He also proposed that the harmonious state of four humours is responsible for health. And, disharmony results in disease. Every humour is attributed to specific qualities, characteristics and some specific and general functions. But the main function of these Akhlāṭ (humours) is to provide nutrition and replenishment of every organ of the body according to their temperament. Choleric humour is synonymously called yellow bile or bilious humour. Yellow bile is one of the four humours, responsible for health and disease. In abnormal state yellow bile can produce a number of diseases called bilious diseases. In U.S.M. (Unani System of Medicine) bilious diseases are discussed under the heading of Sū-i-MizājMāddῑ (morbid temperament associated with substance). In this paper, a brief explanation of yellow bile along with it relates is given. Pathophysiology of bilious diseases is given in detail. &nbsp

According to Unani medicine, arkān are primordial constituents of mawālīd thalātha (three primary matters) i.e. animals, plants and minerals. Therefore, they are responsible for sustenance and growth by providing adequate replenishment to the dissolution occurring in the body. Balance in the proportion of arkān is responsible for healthy state of body and any disturbance in their normal proportion leads to rukni amrāḍ (elemental diseases) e.g. Loss of body water leads to dehydration. One rukn is arḍ along with all its constituents. In arḍi amrāḍ deficiency or excess of any constituent of earth may lead to disturbance in its proportion and can lead arḍi amrāḍ e.g. Deficiency or excess of calcium and iron. This category of disease is mentioned in Unani literature but not described in detail and under the head of elementary diseases. In this paper the hidden aspect of Unani medicine is explored in light of modern knowledge.

Mankind has faced many hardships like natural disaster, drought and epidemics. Study focuses on epidemics caused by microbes.Unani medicine has a long experience in treating epidemic diseases because its history is as old as the history of human being itself. More or less entire of the civilisations throughout the history became the basis for evolution of Unani medicine. Hippocrates (460-380BC) regarded it asbothart and science, discussed the epidemics and wrote a book on Epidemics. Body is assumed healthy when the humours are balanced. So, Unani scholars have rightly said Fa’il (Active agent) is not able to produce any change (Actions & Reactions) in the body without the prior presence of Munfa’il(Pertinent) having the capacity to accept it like in Waba(epidemic). The aim is to explore the fundamental concept of Waba from the Unani literature and understand COVID-19 in reference to existing literature of Unani medicine. The literature of Unani medicine was surveyed for concept of Waba(Epidemic) & related concepts. Internet was used to access indexed papers using search engines like Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, etc. Logical preventive strategies like quarantine, and useof fumigants, prophylactic drugs are mentioned in Unani literature that have been used in epidemics with flue like symptoms. This knowledge and experience may be used for achieving methods for prophylaxis, cure or add on therapeutic measures for COVID-19 epidemic.

Non communicable diseases (NCDs) are the group of diseases which remain restricted to the affected person only. Various diseases like Atherosclerosis, Myocardial infarction, COPDs, Diabetes, Obesity etc are included in NCDs. According to Unani system of medicine replenishment to the body is provided by Quwwat Ghādhiya (Nutritive faculty) and its four assisting Quwā i.e Quwwat Jādhiba (Absorptive faculty), Quwwat Māsika (Retentive faculty), Quwwat Hāḍima (Digestive faculty) and Quwwat Dāfi‘a (Expulsive faculty). These Quwā are served by Kayfiyāt Arba‘a (Four qualities) i.e Ḥarārat, Burūdat, Ruṭūbat and Yubūsat. So any deviation in these Kayfiyāt Arba‘a may lead to NCDs. NCDs are endogenous in origin and their causes may primarily or secondarily be related to the diet. The diet is never absolute. During Haḍm ‘Uḍwī , Quwwat Ghādhiya takes only required nutritive substances from it and remaining parts are excreted from the body in the form of Fuzlat (waste materials). The nature and duration of NCDs depends upon the nature of these Fuzlat. When Fuzlat accumulate in any organ, swelling may result e.g Waram al-Kabid (Hepatic swelling). Ṭabī‘at may divert the fuzlat to other organs of the body to decrease the Imtilā (Congestion) and protects the body from harmful effects. Various skin disorders like Taqashshur al-Jild (Psoriasis), Mental disorders like Sahr (Insomnia), Mālankhūliya (Melancholia) etc are because of Fuzlat and are included in NCDs.

The objective of this study is to investigate the associated risk factors of haemorrhoids. Th e study was conducted in the Hospital of National Institute of Unani Medicine . It was a cross sectional study of 1 year duration. A total number of 311 pati ents were found to be suffering from haemorrhoids in which 236 were males and 75 were females . Patients were diagnosed on the basis of anorectal examination which includes inspection , digital examination and proctoscopy. Both modifiable and non - modifiable risk factors were recorded i n a pretested semi - structured schedule . In the present study out of 416 patients , 311 were found to be having haemorrhoids. Prevalence of haemorrhoids was found maximum in age group of ≥ 40 years, and in those who were not doing morning or evening walk or other extra physical activities ; in those whom family history of haemorrhoids was positive ; which clearly shows the association of haemorrhoids with the ad vancement in age , sedentary li festyle and heredity and genetic makeup.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/44-1-9988 Background and objectives: One of the greatest challenges of health care systems at the dawn of the 21st century is tuberculosis (TB). Drug resistant strains of TB are becoming a global public health risk. These strains commonly appear due to faulty therapies. Patients frequently stop treatment due to the toxicity of anti-tubercular treatment (ATT) drugs. Amla ( Emblica officinalis ) is a well-known Unani single drug. Jawarish amla is a Unani compound formulation which is commonly used to administer amla . This study tested the efficacy of jawarish amla as an adjuvant to ATT drugs in reducing their side effects. Methodology: Half of forty eligible pulmonary tuberculosis patients were randomly assigned to Test (Group B) and the other half to Control (Group A). Six grams of jawarish amla twice daily was administered to the test group, and the same dosage of placebo was administered to control group along with directly observed treatment, short course chemotherapy (DOTS) for 60 days. Fisher exact test and paired t-test were applied for efficacy evaluation. Grading of symptoms was done to assess the toxicity of ATT and outcome of the adjuvant. Results and discussion: Significant improvements were observed in almost all subjective and objective parameters. The exceptions were serum creatine and serum uric acid, which showed non-significant slight elevations within normal limits. Conclusion: Jawarish amla was ascertained to be safe and effective adjuvant of DOTS in combating the adverse effects of ATT drugs.

Objectives : To observe the prevalence of malaria, dengue, and chikungunya and their association with mosquito breeding sites. Methods : The study was observational and analytical. A total of 162 houses and 670 subjects were observed during the study period. One hundred forty-two febrile patients were eligible for the study. After obtaining informed consent from all febrile patients, 140 blood samples were collected to diagnose malaria, dengue, and chikungunya. Larvae samples were collected by the standard protocol that follows. Correlation of data was performed by Pearson correlation test. Results : Forty-seven blood samples were found positive: 33 for chikungunya, 3 for dengue, and 11 for malaria. Fifty-one out of 224 larvae samples were found positive. Out of the 51 positive samples, 37 were positive for Aedes , 12 were positive for Anopheles , and 2 were positive for Culex larvae. Interpretation and Conclusion : Mosquito-borne fevers, especially malaria, dengue, and chikungunya, have shown a significant relationship with mosquito breeding sites. Sources of financial assistance: National Institute of Unani Medicine (NIUM), Bangalore, India; Indian Council of Cultural Relation (ICCR) http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/43-2-7871