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Maryam Sabetghadam,1 Mehrdokht Mazdeh,2 Parnaz Abolfathi,1 Younes Mohammadi,3 Maryam Mehrpooya1 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 2Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 3Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IranCorrespondence: Maryam MehrpooyaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Ave, Hamadan 6517838678, IranTel +9 881 382 1868Fax +98 813 838 1591Email m_mehrpooya2003@yahoo.comPurpose: Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated the potential neuroprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the treatment of brain ischemia. Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess the potential therapeutic effects of oral NAC in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Patients and Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial study, 68 patients with acute ischemic stroke with the onset of symptoms less than 24 hours were randomly assigned to either the NAC-treated group or placebo-treated group. NAC and matched placebo were administrated by a 72-hour oral protocol (initially 4 grams loading dose and after on, 4 g in 4 equal divided doses for more 2 days). The primary outcomes were quantification of any neurologic deficit by the use of the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and functional disability by the use of the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days after stroke. Additionally, serum levels of markers of oxidative stress and inflammation as a main mechanism of its action were assessed at baseline and the end of 3-day treatment protocol.Results: NAC-treated patients in comparison with placebo-treated patients showed a significantly lower mean NIHSS scores at day 90 after stroke. A favorable functional outcome which was defined as an mRS score of 0 or 1, also in favor of NAC compared to placebo was noted on day 90 after stroke (57.6% in the NAC-treated group compared with 28.6% in the placebo-treated group). Further, compared to the placebo, NAC treatment significantly decreased serum levels of proinflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and significantly increased serum levels of anti-oxidant biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total thiol groups (TTG).Conclusion: The pattern of results suggests that oral NAC administration early after an acute ischemic stroke is associated with a better outcome profile in terms of acute neurological deficit and disability grade compared to placebo. NAC may improve neurological outcomes of patients with stroke at least in part by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.Keywords: ischemic stroke, oxidative stress, inflammation, N-acetylcysteine, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds

Maryam Mehrpooya,1 Mahmoud Gholyaf,2,3 Fatemeh Yasrebifar,1 Younes Mohammadi,4 Vida Sheikh2,3 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 2Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 3Clinical Research Development Unit of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 4Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IranCorrespondence: Vida SheikhClinical Research Development Unit of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Ave, Hamadan 6517838678, IranTel +98 81 382 1868Fax +98 813 838 1591Email vsh_57072@yahoo.comBackground: Although chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-aP) remains a frequent and frustrating symptom in patients with advanced kidney diseases, its optimal treatments are not well defined. Based on its mechanism of action, as a histamine-1 (H1), 5-(hydroxytryptamine) HT2, and 5HT3-receptor blocker, mirtazapine may be effective in the treatment of CKD-aP. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of mirtazapine for the treatment of pruritus in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD).Methods: A before–after clinical trial was conducted from September 2018 until March 2019, on 30 HD-patients that had been referred to the HD ward of a tertiary hospital, in Hamadan, Iran. After the 2-week washout period, mirtazapine was administered with a dosage of 15 mg/day for an additional 2 weeks. At baseline and at each dialysis session, the effects of the mirtazapine on the pruritus severity based on the visual analogue scale (VAS) and degree of sleep interference resulting from the pruritus were asked and recorded. Additionally, at the baseline and the end of 2 weeks of treatment, the serum histamine and serotonin levels, as the main chemical pruritogens evoking pruritus symptoms, were also determined.Results: Twenty-seven patients completed the entire course of the study. Based on the general linear model analysis, a progressive decline in the mean VAS score was observed over time during the study. The mean VAS score decreased from 8.48 ± 1.01 at baseline to 1.04 ± 0.79 at the end of treatment (P-value< 0.001). Similarly, the mean sleep interference scores were also significantly improved throughout treatment (decreased from 8.07± 1.43 to 2.81± 0.74; P-value< 0.001). Further, at the end of the treatment, a noticeable decrement in the serum histamine level was also seen (P-value = 0.006). The drug was acceptably well-tolerated and a majority of the patients were satisfied with this treatment.Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that mirtazapine may be an effective treatment option for the management of CKD-aP. However, further studies would be needed to confirm these results.Keywords: chronic kidney disease, renal pruritus, mirtazapine, histamine, serotonin

Mohammadreza Sobhan,1 Mahsa Hojati,2 Seyed-Yaser Vafaie,3 Davoud Ahmadimoghaddam,4 Younes Mohammadi,5 Maryam Mehrpooya2 1Psoriasis Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Farshchian Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 3Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 4Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 5Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IranCorrespondence: Maryam MehrpooyaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Ave, Hamadan 6517838678, IranTel +98 81 3821 868Fax +98-8138381591Email m_mehrpooya2003@yahoo.comBackground: Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is the most frequent cause of hand eczema (HE). There is promising evidence with the use of topical oatmeal compounds in the management of inflammation- and itch-responses associated with diverse dermatologic conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical benefit of colloidal oatmeal cream in the management of chronic irritant HE.Methods: From October 2018 to November 2019, 79 patients with diagnosis of chronic irritant HE were allocated into either intervention or control groups by block randomization method. Besides fluocinolone 0.025% ointment for the first 2 weeks of treatment period, patients in the intervention and control groups were asked to use colloidal oatmeal 1% cream or base cream for additional 4 weeks as monotherapy. Changes in the HE severity based on the hand eczema severity index (HESCI) score, pruritus severity based on the visual analogue scale (VAS), and impact of skin disorder on patients quality of life based on the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) from baseline to weeks 2, 4, and 6 were assessed in the study groups.Results: Fifty subjects, 26 in intervention and 24 in control, completed the course of the study. The results indicated, though relatively comparable decrease in mean HESI and VAS scores was observed in both groups by the end of week 2, thereafter until end of the study a non-return of symptoms to baseline conditions was observed in the intervention group, while there was a significant return of symptoms to baseline conditions in the control group (p value< 0.001 in both conditions). Further, a noticeable improvement in the DLQI score was seen in the intervention group compared with the control group (p value< 0.001).Conclusion: Findings demonstrate that colloidal oatmeal, a natural product with proven barrier protection, moisturization, anti-inflammatory, and soothing properties, can have ameliorative effects on eczema severity symptoms in patients with chronic irritant HE.Keywords: hand eczema, irritant contact dermatitis, colloidal oatmeal, Hand Eczema Severity Index; Dermatology Life Quality Index

The effects of vitamin B12 (B12) and phosphorus (P) around mating on reproductive performance of ewes have not been investigated previously. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of injection of a solution (Catosin 10%) contained B12 and P on metabolic status and different aspects of reproductive performance of ewes. A total of sixty multiparous Afshari ewes were divided into two groups (n=30 ewes/group) based on age, body condition score (BCS) and body weight (BW). Animals were received either 5 mL of Catosin (B12+P) or 5 mL of sterile water (Control) subcutaneously every 7 days during 28 days before mating and until 7 days after mating. Each mL of Catosin contained 0.05 mg of cyanocobalamin and 100 mg of butaphosphan, which provided 17.3 mg of P in the form of [1-(butylamino)-1-methylethyl]-phosphonic acid. Two weeks after the start of the experiment, the estrus cycles of all ewes were synchronized using intravaginal 12-day CIDRs. Ewes receiving B12 + P had higher BW and BCS at day of CIDR removal and BCS at day 30 after mating (P<0.05). Plasma E2 and testosterone to P4 ratio at the day of CIDR removal tended to be lower in ewes receiving B12 + P (P=0.06). Injection of B12 + P did not influence plasma concentrations of minerals and metabolites (P>0.05), whereas, ewes receiving B12+P had higher plasma concentration of B12 at the day of CIDR removal and the day of estrus and mating (P<0.05). The results suggest that B12 + P injection around mating may be an effective strategy for improving reproductive performance of ewe. However, further researches need to re-evaluate and confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narges Heidari,1 Firozeh Sajedi,2 Younes Mohammadi,3 Mahtabalsadat Mirjalili,4 Maryam Mehrpooya1 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 2Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 3Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 4Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranCorrespondence: Maryam MehrpooyaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Ave, Hamadan 6517838678, IranTel +98813821868Fax +988138381591Email m_mehrpooya2003@yahoo.comPurpose: Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a variant of diabetic peripheral neuropathy which is highly prevalent and distressing in diabetic patients. Despite its high burden, the optimal treatment of PDN has remained a clinical challenge. To explain the emergence and maintenance of PDN, increasing attention has been focused on dimensions of inflammation and oxidative toxic stress (OTS). Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an agent with known anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as an adjunct therapy in patients suffering from PDN.Patients and methods: 113 eligible patients with type 2 diabetes suffering from PDN were randomly assigned to either the pregabalin + placebo or pregabalin + NAC group for 8 weeks (pregabalin at a dose of 150 mg per day, NAC and matched placebo at doses of 600 mg twice a day). Mean pain score was evaluated at baseline, week 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 of the study based on the mean 24 hr average pain score, using an 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS). As secondary efficacy measures, mean sleep interference score (SIS) resulting from PDN, responder rates, Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC), Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC), and safety were also assessed. Additionally, serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiol groups (TTG), catalase activity (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study.Results: Ninety patients completed the eight-week course of the study. The decrease in mean pain scores and mean sleep interference score in pregabalin + NAC group was greater in comparison with pregabalin + placebo group (p value

Mohammadreza Sobhan,1 Ghazal Gholampoor,2 Farzin Firozian,3,4 Younes Mohammadi,5 Maryam Mehrpooya21Psoriasis Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Farshchian Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 3Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 4Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 5Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IranPurpose: Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that mainly affects areas rich in sebaceous glands, such as the scalp. Although the exact cause of SD is not clearly understood, it seems that skin colonization with Malassezia fungus and the inflammatory responses of the immune system to this fungus play an important role in the pathology of SD. Recently a growing body of evidence has shown anti-inflammatory and anti-fungal effects of statins. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of topical atorvastatin in the treatment of scalp SD.Patients and methods: In this double-blind, clinical trial, 86 patients with mild-to-moderate scalp SD were divided into either atorvastatin (n=45) or betamethasone groups (n=41) by block randomization method. In addition to the ketoconazole 2% shampoo (3 times per week), the atorvastatin group received atorvastatin 5% lotion and the betamethasone group received betamethasone 0.1% lotion daily for 4 weeks. The SD severity of each patient was determined by Symptom Scale of Seborrheic Dermatitis (SSSD) at baseline and 4 weeks after treatment. Also, the patient’s satisfaction of the treatment and adverse effects were investigated through individual reporting.Results: After 4 weeks of treatment, the score of SD severity decreased significantly in both groups, while changes of SSSD score from baseline to the fourth week of treatment were comparable in the two groups (P-value=0.476). Regarding patient’s satisfaction of the treatment, results demonstrated the non-inferiority of atorvastatin as compared to betamethasone. Topical atorvastatin was also well-tolerated in almost all patients.Conclusion: Although preliminary, the results of the present study showed that topical atorvastatin has a comparable effect to topical betamethasone and can be considered as an alternative therapeutic modality in the treatment of scalp SD. However, these results need to be confirmed in future studies while taking into consideration the improvement of topical statin formulations.Keywords: seborrheic dermatitis, anti-inflammatory effects, topical statin, skin disorders

Seyyede-Sareh Javadi,1 Reza Mahjub,2 Abbas Taher,3 Younes Mohammadi,4 Maryam Mehrpooya1 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 2Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 3Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 4Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Purpose: In critically ill patients, monitoring free phenytoin concentration is a valuable method for phenytoin-dosage adjustment. However, due to technical difficulties and the high cost of these methods, the Sheiner–Tozer equation is routinely used for estimating free phenytoin concentration in clinical practice. There have been conflicting results concerning accuracy and precision of the Sheiner–Tozer equation for prediction of free phenytoin concentration in various patient populations. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy and correlation of measured and calculated free phenytoin concentrations in neurointensive care patients with hypoalbuminemia. Methods: A total of 65 adult neurointensive care patients with hypoalbuminemia who were receiving phenytoin for prevention or treatment of seizures were recruited in this study. In addition to measuring free phenytoin concentration by HPLC, free phenytoin concentration was calculated using both conventional and revised Sheiner–Tozer equations. Eventually, the correlation and level of agreement between measured and calculated free phenytoin concentrations were evaluated. Results: The mean albumin concentration of studied patients was 2.63±0.57 g/dL. There was a significant but weak–moderate correlation between measured and calculated free phenytoin concentration using conventional and revised Sheiner–Tozer equations (r=0.45 and r=0.43, respectively). Conventional and revised Sheiner–Tozer equations were not able to predict free phenytoin concentrations accurately in 33.85% and 35.4% of patients, respectively. Although the sex of patients did not have a significant impact on the level of agreement, younger patients had a higher level of agreement. Conclusion: Although there was a moderate correlation between calculated and measured free phenytoin concentration, the Sheiner–Tozer equation was not able to predict free phenytoin concentration accurately in all patients, especially in older patients. Therefore, monitoring free phenytoin serum concentration besides clinical outcomes should be considered for phenytoin-dose adjustment in critically ill patients. Keywords: phenytoin, therapeutic drug monitoring, intensive care patients, Sheiner–Tozer equation

Nutrition during mating is one of the most important factors affecting the reproductive performance of ewes. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of vitamin AD3E injection around mating on body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), plasma hormones, minerals, metabolites, vitamins, antioxidant enzymes and reproductive performance of Afshari ewes. Eighty-eight Afshari ewes were divided into 2 groups (n=44) based on age (2-4 years), BW (average 40 kg) and BCS (mean 2.75) and assigned randomly to one of the two experimental treatments. Experimental treatments consisted of control (C; no vitamin AD3E injection) and AD3E injection (AD3E) groups. Ewes in AD3E group received 5 mL of vitamin AD3E solution subcutaneously at the beginning of the experiment, the day of CIDR insertion, the day of CIDR removal, and one week after mating. Two weeks after the start of the experiment, the estrous cycles of all ewes were synchronized using intravaginal 12-day CIDRs. The BW, BCS and plasma minerals and metabolites concentrations of ewes did not influence by experimental treatments (P>0.05). Ewes received AD3E had lower estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) and higher testosterone concentrations at the day of CIDR removal (P<0.05). The AD3E injection increased plasma vitamin D3 and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) at the day of CIDR removal and at the day of estrous and decreased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration at the day of CIDR removal (P<0.05). The results obtained indicated that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the treatment groups in reproductive outcomes including estrous response, fertility rate, lambing rate, twining rate and lamb sex and birth weight. These results indicated that vitamin AD3E injection around mating improved antioxidant enzyme status but had no significant effect on reproductive performance of Afshari ewes. Further researches are needed to evaluate the effect of different levels of vitamin AD3E injection around mating on reproductive performance of Afshari ewes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haloxylon aphyllum is a significant species adapted to salinity conditions and plays an important role in stabilising soil, providing forage, and serving as a source of firewood for residents. In this study, the genetic diversity of four populations of H. aphyllum in Iran was examined using four primers to assess genetic diversity, which produced a total of 41 bands. The AMOVA test showed that the studied populations differed in their genetic content. Specifically, 46% of genetic variability occurred within populations, while 54% arose between populations, indicating a high degree of genetic variation among H. aphyllum populations. The Mantel test presented a significant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance. Additionally, the STRUCTURE analysis presented comprehensive information on the genetic structure of the studied H. aphyllum populations. The presence of genetic diversity and heterozygosity among H. aphyllum populations suggests local adaptation among populations, which may be due to the heterogeneity of environmental factors such as soil moisture and nutrients that create genetic heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This experiment investigated the efficacy of varying doses of an emulsifier blend (EB; 0 and 1 g/kg of diet), betaine (BT; 0 and 1 g/kg of diet) and L-carnitine (CT; 0 and 0.5 g/kg of diet) in broilers subjected to circular heat stress (HS) conditions. A total of 1080 one-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to one of nine treatment groups (six pens/treatment with 20 birds/pen) according to a completely randomised design. The thermoneutral control broiler chickens were housed at a comfortable temperature and fed a standard diet (no additives). The other eight groups were exposed to cyclic HS conditions (34°C) for 8 h (10:00-18:00). 2. There were EB × BT × CT interactions for body weight (BW) at 24 d (P = 0.038) and average daily gain (ADG) during the 10–24 d period (P = 0.049), with the greatest values found with concurrent supplementation of three supplements. 3. Inclusion of EB resulted in greater (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, European performance index, uniformity rate, primary antibody titres against sheep red blood cells (SRBC), duodenal villus height (VH) and villus surface area, digestible energy (DE) and the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of dry matter, crude protein, and fat However, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio were lower (P < 0.05). 4. Dietary BT supplementation improved (P < 0.05) all performance indicators, primary antibody titres against SRBC and Newcastle disease virus, serum total antioxidant capacity, duodenal VH, Jejunal VH/crypt depth and the CAID of dry matter and crude protein. The effect of dietary supplementation with CT was limited to an increase (P < 0.05) in ADG (d 10–24) and a decrease (P < 0.05) in serum malondialdehyde concentration (42 d) and jejunal crypt depth (42 d). 5. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of either EB or BT alone or in combination ameliorated some of the detrimental effects of HS on growth performance, immunity and intestinal health in broilers, while a minor positive effect on performance and antioxidant status was observed with CT supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) injection around mating on skewing lamb sex ratio in ewes. Thirty cycling multiparous Kurdish × Romanov ewes were divided into two groups (15 per group) based on age and body weight (BW). Animals were received either 20 mL of solution (CaMg) or 20 mL of sterile water (Control) subcutaneously every 7 days from 28 days preto 7 days post-mating. Each mL of CaMg solution contained 400 mg of Ca borogluconate and 22 mg of Mg hypophosphate, which provided 30.4 mg of Ca and 2.04 mg of Mg. Ewes in CaMg group tended to had lower body condition score (BCD) at the day of controlled internal drug release (CIDR) removal (2.79 vs. 2.69; P=0.09) and its change from beginning of experiment to CIDR removal (0.21 vs. 0.04; P=0.06) than control group. The CaMg injection increased plasma insulin (13.2 vs. 11.33 μIU/mL), Ca (9.13 vs. 8.30 mg/dL), Mg (3.66 vs. 3.33 mg/dL), Na (188.83 vs. 175.73 mEq/L) and glucose (56.94 vs. 50.07) concentrations at the day of CIDR removal and Ca (8.87 vs. 8.03 mg/dL) at the day of estrous and mating compared to control group (P<0.05). Lower estradiol (E2) + testosterone to progesterone (P4) ratio at the day of estrous and mating (102.87 vs. 135.67) was observed in ewes received CaMg injection compared to other group (P<0.05). Injection of CaMg solution had no significant effect on lamb sex ratio (P>0.05), although proportion of female lambs (68.18 vs. 56.52%) was numerically higher in ewes of the CaMg group than control group. These results indicated that there was a potential for skewing the sex ratio of lambs toward females when CaMg solution was injected subcutaneously during mating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of injection of vitamin E and selenium, vitamin B12 and iron or their combination during the transition period on milk production and composition, body condition score (BCS) changes and serum metabolites of dairy cows. A total of 40 Holstein dairy cows (659±57.9 kg of body weight (BW)) were divided into four groups based on parity, BW and BCS and randomly assigned to experimental treatments. Experimental treatments were T1: injection of NaCl % 0.9 as control treatment (C), T2: injection of 3000 IU of vitamin E and 30 mg of selenium (ESe), T3: injection of 700 μg of vitamin B12 and 254 mg of iron (B12Fe) and T4: injection of 3000 IU of vitamin E and 30 mg of selenium plus 700 μg of vitamin B12 and 254 mg of iron (ESe+B12Fe). Injection of ESe, B12Fe or ESe + B12Fe had no effect on BCS and its changes (P>0.05). Milk production, 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM), energy-corrected milk (ECM) and milk fat, protein and lactose content and yield did not influence by injection of ESe, B12Fe or ESe + B12Fe (P>0.05). Experimental treatments had no effect on serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose, total protein, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDLcholesterol concentrations (P>0.05). It was concluded that injection of ESe, B12Fe or their combination during transition period had no effect on milk production and composition, BCS changes, and serum metabolites concentrations of Holstein dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxol is one of the most important secondary metabolites that plays an important role in the treatment of various cancers. This valuable substance is produced through a complex pathway. Due to the low production of Taxol and the risk of extinction of yew, increasing demand of Taxol production has become very important. In this research, plant samples were treated with 0, 100, 250 and 500 μM methyl jasmonate and kept in phytotron for 48 and 72 hours. After treatment with methyl jasmonate, the expression of the stem bapt gene was investigated by Real Time PCR method and the amount of the produced Taxol was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The obtained data were analyzed statistically. The results showed that the expression of bapt gene at a concentration of 100 μM in 48 hours was 5.13 times higher than that of the control. In addition, the highest amount of Taxol was observed in the plant treated with 500 μM methyl jasmonate in 72 hours with 0.315 mg/g dry weight. Pearson's correlation test showed that there was no relationship between gene expression and Taxol production. It seems to be due to the time difference between gene expression and Taxol production under methyl jasmonate. Considering the importance of Taxol in the pharmaceutical industry, it was recommended using methyl jasmonate with concentration of higher than 500 μM with periods longer than three days to examine the possible increasing of Taxol production [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]