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Background and Objectives: Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable congenital anomalies. Comprehensive country-level data on the burden of CRS in low and middle-income countries, such as Bangladesh, are scarce. This information is essential for assessing the impact of rubella vaccination programs. We aim to systematically review the literature on the epidemiology of CRS and estimate the burden of CRS in Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of existing literature and transmission modelling of seroprevalence studies to estimate the pre-vaccine period burden of CRS in Bangladesh. OVID Medline (1948 – 23 November 2016) and OVID EMBASE (1974 – 23 November 2016) were searched using a combination of the database-specific controlled vocabulary and free text terms. We used an age-stratified deterministic model to estimate the pre-vaccination burden of CRS in Bangladesh. Findings: Ten articles were identified, published between 2000 and 2014, including seven crosssectional studies, two case series and one analytical case-control study. Rubella seropositivity ranged from 47.0% to 86.0% among all age population. Rubella sero–positivity increased with age. Rubella seropositivity among women of childbearing age was 81.0% overall. The estimated incidence of CRS was 0·99 per 1,000 live births, which corresponds to approximately 3,292 CRS cases annually in Bangladesh. Conclusion: The estimated burden of CRS in Bangladesh during the pre-vaccination period was high. This will provide important baseline information to assess the impact and cost-effectiveness of routine rubella immunisation, introduced in 2012 in Bangladesh.

International audience; Objective: Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) are one of the most heterogeneous and challenging neoplasms affects human. Severalbiomarkers have been used to study proliferation, angiogenesis, prognosis, metastasis and recurrence of SGTs. The aim of this studywas to evaluate, compare and correlate the co-expression of Budding Uninhibited by Benz imidazole Related 1 (BubR1) andUbiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCHL1) immunomarkers in SGTs.Methods: The immunohistochemical expression of BubR1 and UCHL1 were performed with formalin fixed paraffin embeddedtissue sections of 35 retrieved blokes of SGTs. The expression, pattern of reactivity, intensity and subcellular localization of thesemarkers are studied. T-test was used to find statistical difference in expression immunomarkers.Results: All of the cases were positive for both BubR1 and UCHL1. The intensity of reaction differed between the tumor types. Asignificant difference was seen in the expression of BubR1 in benign versus malignant tumors (P=.002) and pleomorphic adenomaversus mucoepidermoid carcinoma (P=.001). While statistically significant difference was not seen in the expression of UCHL1between the tumors mentioned above (P=.81 and P=.83, respectively). Finally, there was a significant difference between theexpressions of BubR1 and UCHL1 in SGTs (P=.001), indicating a higher expression of UCHL1 in SGTs.Conclusions: UCHL1 has a higher percentage and intensity of reactivity in SGTs as compared to BubR1, While BubR1 is a betterimmunomarker for distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors.

Food, medicine and vaccine in developing countries are often difficult to preserve due to epileptic power supply from the utility companies. In other to reduce the over dependence on the utility company and harness the abundant renewable energy resources. This paper presents the implementation of a solar power DC refrigerator with a microcontroller based temperature monitoring and control system. A DC compressor of 12V/59.8W Danfoss, 12V/100AH battery, a pair of 12V/130W solar panels connected in parallel through a 20A charge controller was used for the refrigerator. ATMEGA16 microcontroller interface with weight, temperature and momentary sensors was programmed in C language to monitor temperature and control the switching ON or OFF of the DC compressor. This project has demonstrated that the energy required for effective operation of DC refrigerator could be harnessed from renewable energy source at reduced cost, the flexibility of its application is vital in developing countries.