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Automatic generation control is extensively used to regulate power plants in a modern area of the power system network. In this paper, automatic generation and frequency control in interconnected power system is presented. A multisource such as thermal, hydro, and gas-based power plant is considered in this study, which is carried out by incorporating nonlinearity like generation rate constants, HVDC link, and the conventional PID controller design. Further, an optimal setting of the PID controller is performed by employing evolutionary, and metaheuristic algorithm-based approaches such as differential evolution and firefly algorithm, respectively. With these algorithms, the proposed model has been tested with their performance evaluation and comparison characteristics are discoursed. The robustness of the proposed controllers is assessed based on comparative analyses to regulate the interconnected power network's frequency profile under different loading conditions. The stability analysis is performed using the Eigen and Nyquist plots to assess the proposed controllers' efficacy. Besides, the frequency control study is summarized with comparative assessment through various performance indices such as settling time, peak overshoot and undershoots under different operating conditions. Finally, the proposed control scheme, in the interconnected power system, is validated through a real-time digital simulation platform, i.e., OPAL-RT 5142. The comparison of simulation and real-time results demonstrates the effectiveness of the FA-optimized PID controller in comparison with that of the DE-optimized PID controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the long‐run impact of state‐level per capita income on public education expenditure and public health expenditure in 17 major Indian states over the period 1993–2017. To test for the existence of a unit root, we have employed the Zivot–Andrews test and the Clemente–Montañes–Reyes test, which allows for an endogenous structural break in the data series. These tests indicate that all variables are nonstationary. Autoregressive distributed lag model with one structural break is applied to find the cointegration of variables and estimate the cointegrating equation. The bounds test reveals the presence of a long‐run relationship between public health expenditure and per capita income in 12 out of 17 states, between public education expenditure and per capita income in 15 out of 17 states. The result shows that per capita income affects the public health and education expenditure of states. We find elasticities of public health expenditure and public education expenditure vary across states and are small in magnitude (less than one for most of the states). Our results suggest that public health and education expenditures are necessary goods. Based on the results, we also draw policy implications from our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nexus between government spending and economic growth has remained a hot topic of discussion when Wagner (1958) stated about the 'demand following response' hypothesis, whereas Keynes (1936) advocated the 'supply leading response' hypothesis. Other two hypotheses are contemporaneous relationship, and neutrality or independence between government spending and economic growth. In the wake of the recent global economic crisis it is pertinent to analyze the nexus between government spending and economic growth to ascertain the implication of fiscal expansion on economic growth in India. This study tries to assess the influence of government expenditure on economic growth using a production function approach. We examine the influence of government spending, institutional credit and commercial electricity consumption on economic growth using panel data from 14 major (non-special category) sub-national governments in India during the period 1980-81 to 2013-14. After establishing long-run relationship among the variables, panel long-run estimates are drawn by using both Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) and Fully-Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) methods. Results from both the methods suggest positive and statistically significant impact of government spending, institutional credit and commercial electricity consumption on economic growth. Among the three variables the impact of government size on economic growth is found to be highest and the influence of electricity consumption on economic growth is found to be lowest. Dumitrescu-Hurlin pairwise causality test reveals existence of bi-directional causality between government expenditure and economic growth, and between electricity consumption and economic growth. Unidirectional causality running from institutional credit to economic growth is established. The analysis reveals that at sub-national level in India, expansionary fiscal policy through building infrastructure and investing in productive sector, and escalation in credit facility with a lower rate of interest to the private sector will be helpful for the economy in generating higher economic growth. Though the influence of commercial credit consumption on economic growth is found to be low, electrification in India has to be expanded to reap more economies of scale and garner higher economic growth. The conservationist approach cannot be followed because low consumption of electricity can retard economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic materials have become more and more user friendly in recent days particularly in an electronic based infrastructure. The study proposes a direct drive permanent magnet based Synchronous Generator as Tidal turbine in a hybrid tidal wave energy conversion system (TWECS) and discusses its performance for better stability. The objective of the study is to analyse the role of permanent magnet based generator in TWECS for overall improvement of stability through reactive power management. The isolated TWECS becomes unstable either by random load variations or by non uniform wind and tidal power inputs. Consequently the overall stability of the TWECS is brought to stable and normal stage by the control of reactive power with the inclusion of the custom power based devices. In addition to the effects of permanent magnet in case of DDPMSG for improving the overall system stability, optimisation tools like PSO, GSA and PSOGSA are added for further improvement in system performance. • Small signal modelling of DDPMSG based Micro grid has been implemented. • UPFC controller addresses the Reactive power compensation and stability issues of the Micro grid. • Comparison between DDPMSG and DFIG based systems are carried out with variable load and wind power inputs. • Stability analysis with nyquist, popov, Nichols are carried out. • Overall stability of the system is studied with Eigen values, participation factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The three‐tier grading scheme described in "The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) System for reporting Pancreaticobiliary Cytopathology" (TPSCRPBC) which remained unchanged following the WHO Reporting System for Pancreaticobiliary Cytopathology (WRPBC) was evaluated on pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PACs) reported on endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology (EUS‐FNAC). Methods: The Papanicolaou and May Grunwald Giemsa‐stained smears from 116 cases of PACs were graded using the three‐tier grading scheme laid down by TPSCRPBC/WRPBC. Cases exhibiting multiple grades were assigned primary, secondary and tertiary grades. Each case was assigned a grade score, either by adding the primary and secondary grades, by adding the primary and tertiary grades when the tertiary grade was 3 or by doubling the grade when only one grade existed. Necrosis was estimated semi‐quantitatively. The inter‐observer reproducibility in grading was evaluated using Kappa and Kendall's tau‐c. Correlations between the various grades, the stage of the tumour and the amount of necrosis were assessed using Spearman rho and Kendall's tau‐b. Results: 31.89% of cases showed one grade, and 68.11% showed at least two grades. 16.38% showed three grades. The two commonest grade scores were 3 and 5. The inter‐observer reproducibility for grading and grade scoring was satisfactory. A positive correlation was noted between the grades and the amount of necrosis. No significant correlation was found between the grades, grade scores and the stage of the tumours. Conclusions: The TPSCRPBC/WRPBC grading scheme can be suitably applied to PACs with good inter‐observer reproducibility. Cases often show multiple grades in the same tumour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This work discusses the implementation of JAYA-DE algorithm with Static Var Compensator for optimum voltage control through Reactive Power compensation inside solar based hybrid power system.The stability aspect of isolated solar based hybrid power system is enhanced through compensation of the reactive power by optimized SVC and are further analyzed with different stability criterion. The dynamic performance of the new hybrid technique under intermittent wind power input and variable load show superiority over the conventional control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper presents wavelet transform, independent component based detection of the power quality disturbances in a microgrid. Wavelet transform (WT) is well known for its better time-frequency multi-resolution analysis because of selection of adaptive window size depending inversely with the frequency. This makes it suitable for identification of both stationary and non-stationary characteristics of the power quality disturbances. But, it is analyzed in the study that the detection capability of wavelet is degraded when the input voltage signal contains noise and completely fails when the noise level is increased to 25 dB. Of course, a wavelet-denoising technique is tested to improve the ability of wavelet transform under noisy conditions, but observed to increase the detection time. Hence, independent component analysis (ICA) is proposed for detection based on its property of finding the significant components which are statistically independent and non-Gaussian. In addition, the statistical features are extracted to formulate the input dataset for support vector machine (SVM) to classify different power quality disturbances like sag, swell, interruptions, harmonics, transients, and flickering. A comparative analysis is presented and it is observed from the study that ICA-SVM hybrid combination provides better classification accuracy as comparison to WT-SVM under different operating scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photo voltaic cells are increasingly finding application in either grid connected power system or Standalone solar power system. PV cells are being used in combination with other renewable energy sources to form a distributed generation based hybrid power system. Though solar cell ideally contributes lot in hybrid power generation, uncertainty in solar insolation creates disturbances and power quality problem. Variable solar insolation, uncertain weather condition affects the Photo voltaic cell causing voltage disturbance, harmonics and other quality problems. Because of this Efficiency of solar cell is highly affected though harmonics remains low in comparison to conventional AC power supply in both load and source side. This paper analyses a practical set up of solar system in lab VIEW platform and investigates the effect of variable solar radiation on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified wavelet called wavelet packet transform (WPT) based approach is proposed in this paper for the detection of different disturbances occurring due to faults in grid-connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) power system. The detection performance of WPT is compared with that of wavelet transform under different operating scenarios. Further, performance indices such as energy and standard deviation (SD) are calculated to identify the faults from normal operating conditions. The qualitative and quantitative study suggests better detection performance of WPT over WT under different operating scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a robust H-infinity STATCOM controller for compensating reactive power in stand-alone micro grid consisting of a PV–Wind–Diesel hybrid system. In order to carry out MATLAB based simulation, a small signal linear model of the stand-alone hybrid power system is considered, comprising of a photo voltaic cell, a DFIG based wind turbine and a diesel generator. Synchronous generator based DG acts as a backup for the hybrid system. Generally these standalone systems experience frequent variation of loads, wind power input and solar radiation, which affect the vital system parameters like reactive power, terminal voltage and frequency to a great extent. These variations of system parameters with variation of load inputs are studied and its impact on overall system stability and reactive power compensation is properly monitored. Furthermore the system performance is improved and the robustness of the controller is enhanced with the incorporation of GA and PSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the application of fractional order PID controller (FOPID) for reactive power compensation and stability analysis in a stand-alone micro grid. For enhancement of voltage stability and reactive compensation of the isolated system, a SVC based controller has been incorporated. This paper emphasizes the role of fractional PID based SVC controller for reactive power management and improved stability in the stand alone micro grid, as it provides a special advantage of having two more degree of freedom for accurate tuning in comparison with the conventional controller The system performance, particularly the variations in different parameters values are studied properly with different input parameters and loading conditions. Further improvement of stability margin and optimisation of the system parameters have been achieved by the controller, based on Imperialist competitive algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comparative study of transient stability and reactive power compensation issues in an autonomous wind–diesel‐photovoltaic based hybrid system (HS) using robust fuzzy‐sliding mode based unified power flow controller (UPFC). A linearised small‐signal model of the different elements of the HS is considered for the transient stability analysis in the HS under varying loading conditions. An IEEE type 1 excitation system is considered for the synchronous generator in the HS, with negligible saturation characteristic, for detailed voltage stability analysis. It is noted from the simulation results that the performance of UPFC is superior to static VAR compensator and static synchronous compensator in improving the voltage profile of the HS. Further, fuzzy and fuzzy‐sliding mode based UPFC controller is designed in order to improve the transient performance. Simulation results reflect the robustness of the proposed fuzzy‐sliding mode controller for better reactive power management to improve the voltage stability in comparison with the conventional PI and fuzzy‐PI controllers. In addition to this, system stability analysis is performed based on eigenvalue, bode and popov for supporting the robustness of the proposed controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel methodology for compensating reactive power in a microgrid, having a DFIG based wind-diesel system, to enhance the voltage stability of the hybrid system. UPFC as a FACTS device is proposed in order to improve the control of reactive power mismatch and the stability of the system. A small signal model of the wind-diesel system, DFIG based wind turbine system, UPFC and the controllers are designed for the stability analysis. Further, the voltage variation and reactive power compensation is analysed with the incorporation of proposed ANFIS based UPFC controller. Simulations are performed in MATLAB environment for transient stability analysis in a wind-diesel based microgrid with different wind power input and 2% step increase in load demand. Simulation results illustrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach and its impact upon transient behaviour of the microgrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletal metastasis from carcinoma of the cervix occurs in 0.8–23% of cases. The majority of bone metastases occur either in the long bones or in the vertebrae. Metastasis to distal bones like the skull is rare. Metastasis to bone is commonly associated with advanced stage and poor control of primary disease. We present a rare case of scalp metastasis in a patient with stage IIIB carcinoma of the cervix. The patient had completed radiation therapy treatment resulting in controlled primary disease until she was diagnosed with skull bone metastasis. We present this case because of its rarity and for documentation and discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early detection of pancreatic adenocarcinomas is essential for improving survival. In this regard, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (EUS-FNAC) has established itself as the method of choice for its ability to target lesions smaller than those which could be targeted by the traditional imaging methods like transabdominal ultrasound. Identifying these tumors correctly on FNA may be challenging because pancreatic adenocarcinomas may show a wide range of morphological features and the presence of contaminants from the gastrointestinal tract may show up as potential pitfalls. This study presents detailed cytomorphological analyses of 59 cases reported as pancreatic adenocarcinomas on smears and cell blocks. The clinical and histopathology follow-up data wherever available have also been presented. Materials and Methods: EUS-FNAC smears and cell blocks from cases reported as pancreatic adenocarcinomas were retrospectively evaluated with individual assessments of a range of features related to cellularity, cellular arrangement, cytoplasmic qualities, and nuclear features. Aspirates from peripancreatic lymph nodes, histopathology sections, and clinical records were reviewed wherever available. Results: Nonneoplastic cells like pancreatic ductal cells and acinar cells, duodenal, and gastric epithelia were detected along with neoplastic cells showing a wide range of variations in different cytomorphological characters. Often, a mixture of features was noted in the same case. Cell block preparations served as useful adjuncts since they made it possible to render unequivocal diagnoses of malignancies in cases where smears were hypocellular. Conclusion: The study creates a useful knowledge base of cytomorphological features of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the implementation of a hybrid firefly algorithm-particle swarm optimization (FAPSO) scheme for optimizing the parameters of an interval type-2 fractional order fuzzy proportional integral derivative (IT2FOFPID)-based power system stabilizer (PSS) to minimize the low-frequency oscillations in a power system. Here, the IT2FOFPID-based PSS is designed by considering speed deviation and acceleration as input signals. In this article, a single machine infinite bus system and the New England 10 machine 39-bus power system are used for testing and comparing the approaches. Stability studies are also performed using OPAL-RT's OP5600, a real-time digital simulator. The comparative studies demonstrate that the hybrid FAPSO optimized IT2FOFPID-PSS provides better damping and stability performance when compared with the PSSs based on the FA/PSO/ hybrid genetic algorithm and bacterial foraging optimization and hybrid differential evolution and pattern search optimized IT2FOFPID approaches under various operating scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a three-phase series hybrid active filter (SEHAF) interconnected with photovoltaic (PV) system and dc–dc boost converter is proposed to minimize sag, swell, and harmonics caused due to nonlinear power electronic loads. The SEHAF consists of a voltage source inverter (VSI) with a capacitor connected across it to provide consistency in managing and compensating the reactive power. This minimizes the sag, swell, and harmonics present in the source and load voltages. With the integration of PV, the voltage across the dc-link capacitor of VSI is controlled effectively, which helps in better compensation. Reference current generation is done using the proposed robust extended complex Kalman filter (RECKF) technique. The performance of the PV-integrated-HAF is analyzed using a synchronous reference frame with proportional-integral (PI) as well as fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and is compared with the proposed RECKF technique. The PV-integrated hybrid power system is developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Further, real-time digital simulation using OPAL-RT OP5142 is also carried out to support the simulation results. It is observed that the proposed control scheme provides better harmonic compensation compared to conventional PI and FLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This work describes a number of soft-computing based solar forecasting techniques that facilitate the modelling of newly installed solar cell. The solar cell model is developed and validated against measured data. Prediction of solar radiation of a particular location depends upon number of inputs. So selection of most relevant input parameters is an important task for getting good predictions. The input parameters of the model used in this paper are sunshine duration, temperature, humidity where as the clearness index is considered as an output parameter. The magnitude of active current associated with PV inverter has been finalised by the solar based irradiation. The reactive current associated with the PV based inverter is controlled through the optimised solar radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three phase shunt active power filter (SAPF) using multilevel inverter (MLI) is implemented in this paper for a grid integrated solar photovoltaic (PV) system for eliminating the harmonics. The objective in this work is to develop and regulate the grid integrated PV system for mitigation of harmonics with incorporation of SAPF. The PV integrated SAPF delivers the active/reactive power to the grid to reduce the harmonic contents. Harmonic compensation ability of SAPF is mainly achieved by employing suitable control technique to estimate the reference current signal. Here, adaptive artificial neural networks (AANNs) like adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system (ANFIS), Widrow–Hoff adaptive linear neuron (WH ADALINE) and Modified Widrow–Hoff adaptive linear neuron (MWH ADALINE) are employed for generating the reference current of VSI in the MLI. The control techniques are tested in MATLAB/SIMULINK as well as real-time OPAL-RT environments. It is noticed that proposed MWH ADALINE-based SAPF design shows enhanced performance to maintain the power quality (PQ) by restricting the distortion level below 5% as per the IEEE/IEC standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel switching pulse generation methodology based on adaptive fuzzy hysteresis current controlled hybrid shunt active power filter (A-F-HCC-HSAPF) is presented in this paper for compensating reactive power and harmonics in distribution network. The harmonic problems are mainly evolved because of extensive use of nonlinear loads in industry and domestic sectors. There are some adverse effects of harmonics such as: malfunctioning of sensitive equipment, resonance issues, conductors heating, power losses and reduced efficiency in distribution system. To mitigate harmonics issues passive, filters are used but when the harmonic component increases the design of passive filters is complex and becomes bulky. With the advancement in power electronic, the active power filter has been designed. Generally, the rating of the active filter is very high for some applications; hence hybrid shunt active power filter (HSAPF) is proposed by low-rated shunt active power filter (SAPF) and low-cost shunt passive filter. Proportional-integral or fuzzy logic controller is used to estimate the reference current and to regulate the dc capacitor voltage. To generate the switching pulse for the voltage source inverter of the SAPF, a novel adaptive fuzzy hysteresis current controller (A-F-HCC) is adopted. The performance of the proposed A-F-HCC-HSAPF is investigated during steady-state and transient conditions using MATLAB/Simulink and real-time environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast detection of islanding is very important for effective operation and control in distributed generation (DG) penetrated distribution networks. The islanding detection techniques such as passive, active, communication, and hybrid have their own merits and demerits. This paper proposed wavelet transform (WT) and wavelet packet transform (WPT) based techniques for detection of islanding and fault disturbances in a microgrid consisting of resources like wind turbine generator, fuel cell (FC), and microturbine. Voltage signal is extracted at the point of common coupling (PCC) and is passed through these detection techniques to obtain the time-frequency multi-resolution analysis. Further, to validate the graphical study, performance indices (PIs) like standard deviation and entropy are calculated for the disturbance detection using suitable selection of threshold. A comparative analysis using WT and WPT is presented in the form of graphical simulation as well as in terms of PIs to analyse their effectiveness and robustness under different operating conditions. It is observed that WPT shows better detection capability in comparison to WT even under 20-dB noisy scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present work introduces a most popular evolution based algorithm and application of two degree of freedom proportional integral Derivative (TDOFPID) Controller based multi area power system. Differential Evolution (DE) optimization technique is applied here to tune the TDOFPID gains. Each area consists of Automatic generation control with addition of non-linarites. In this model time delay, Generation rate constraints (GRC) and reheat turbine are added to introduce non-linearity. At first attempt simulation is being done in two areas with DE optimization technique. Further a series connected Flexible Alternating Current Transmission (FACT) device such as interline power flow controller (IPFC) is included into the system and simulated. DE is also used to get the optimum value of TDOFPID controller having Integral time absolute error (ITAE) as the objective function. At last robustness analysis is done with varying parameter and different loading conditions. It is seen that, TDOFPID with IPFC gives better response compared to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the simulation results of static var compensator (SVC) for improvement of transient stability in a photo voltaic (PV) system integrated power system are presented. A Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller was also incorporated with SVC for contributing necessary damping in case of various disturbance conditions. Here, the dynamic stability of the PV based power system was studied in single machine infinite bus (SMIB) and power system. SVC is integrated with the above PV based power system for damping low frequency oscillations produced due to disturbances in the power system. Further a novel soft computing based approach called quasi-oppositional differential search algorithm (QODSA) was for designing an optimal SVC-PID based damping controller. Initially DSA was applied for optimizing the gains of the controller and finally quasi oppositional learning was incorporated to DSA for obtaining the optimal parameters of SVC-PID controller and also for enhancing the convergence speed. The effectiveness of the proposed technique was also tested with particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. Transient stability analysis for conventional PID controller, PSO based PID controller, DSA based PID controller and QDSA based PID controller was done analytically as well as quantitatively. It can be observed from the simulation results that the proposed QDSA based PID controller outperforms over other techniques in improving power system stability and also damping low frequency oscillations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is going to play a measure role in the future global energy supply. Its acceptance has already been on rise in developing countries like India, where there is acute shortage of energy due to economic and other climatic reasons. Forecasting or predicting the future output of solar energy is a much needed step to integrate high insolation of solar energy to the nation's power grid. Due to the fluctuating nature of solar energy, an efficient use is possible depending on reliable forecast information and its availability in various time and spatial scales. The current status of forecasting of solar irradiance for energy generation proposes a review of solar radiation prediction and its application in a rapidly increasing economy like India. Various models are developed for analysis which can be developed either by empirical, soft computing or by simulation approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A Cyber-resilience based frequency regulation study is proposed in this paper. • To make the test system more realistic, different uncertainties such as solar insolation, wind. • Speed pattern, and random load changes are considered. • An adaptive type-2 fuzzy logic control method is applied, whose performance is being Compared with type-1 fuzzy logic. • IT Achieves robust frequency regulation under load change, uncertainties and cyber-attacks. • The proposed model is also validated through real-time digital simulator opal-rt. Cyber-physical attacks and parameter uncertainties are becoming a compelling issue on load frequency control, directly affecting the resilience (i.e., reliability plus security) of the microgrid and multi-microgrid systems enabled by internet of things and the fifth generation communication system. A resilient system aims to endure and quickly restore a system's transients during extreme events. Therefore, it is critically important to have a resilient system to evade the total system failure or blackout in order to make them attack-resilient. With this objective, this paper presents a resilience-based frequency regulation scheme in a microgrid under different operating conditions, such as, step and random change in load and different wind speed patterns. Furthermore, a cyber-attack model is considered in the problem formulation to make the system robust against external attacks. To protect against the cyber-attack and parameter uncertainties in the system, different control schemes are employed, and their robustness characteristics are compared through various performance indices. Besides, the proposed control schemes are validated through a real-time software synchronisation environment, i.e., OPAL-RT. As noted, the proposed type-2 fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative based controller provides the most significant improvement in the dynamic performance for frequency regulation compared to that of the others under the cyber-attack and uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First, we summarize the concept of SST with design principles, including converters, switches, and other components. • In addition, the applications of SST for power distribution systems, traction locomotives, and electric vehicles are discussed. • The various topologies of SST are also discussed and reported in tabular forms. • Further, SST outcrop suchlike reliability, resiliency, and stability using SST are presented. The modern power systems have now prompted the practice of power electronics-based converters for power conversion purposes, which has emerged a solid-state device named as solid-state transformer (SST). It provides the isolation between low/medium-voltage ports with a high-frequency transformer (HFT), and in addition, it facilitates controlling the active and reactive power automatically through power converters. With this objective, the SST is projected as an essential device for smart/microgrids, particularly in multi-microgrid systems, to enhance modern distribution systems' resiliency. This study explores how it is beneficial to the distribution systems in regards to the reduction of size, controllability, reliability, resiliency, and end-use applications. Moreover, the different component types and broad applications have also been discussed pertaining to their characteristics. Lastly, the conclusion gives a brief summary, and the possible direction of future research is presented, which will be useful for researchers and engineers working in future microgrids and smart grids. This review will guide to select appropriate components to develop an SST for a particular application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second malignancy is one of the late complications of long-term cancer survivors, treated with radiation or chemotherapy. Here is a case report on acute myelogenous leukemia, which developed after 63 months following the completion of treatment with surgery and platinum-based chemoradiation in a patient of carcinoma cervix IB. The above-mentioned second malignancy is one of the late sequelae of platinum-based chemoradiation. This case is reported here for documentation because of its rarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]