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Introduction: In the relentless global battle against the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, accurate prediction of disease severity remains a critical challenge, with profound implications for patient outcomes and healthcare resource allocation. As the virus continues to evolve and pose new threats, the need for reliable prognostic indicators becomes increasingly urgent. Effective identification of patients at high-risk of developing severe illness not only facilitates timely intervention and personalised treatment strategies but also optimises healthcare resource utilisation. In this context, the exploration of novel biomarkers and predictive models holds immense promise for enhancing ones understanding of disease progression and improving clinical decision-making. Aim: To study the association between haematological parameters, including Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio (LMR), and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), with Computed Tomography Scan Severity Score (CTSS) in COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted from March 2021 to July 2022 at Government General Hospital (GGH) Nizamabad, Telangana, India. The study encompassed all three COVID-19 waves, included a sample size of 159 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) positive patients, excluding pregnant women and children under 10 years. Upon admission, CTSS and ratios of NLR, LMR, and PLR were recorded in an MS Excel sheet before any medical intervention and then analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software 22.0. Results: The study comprised 159 patients with a mean age of 50.86±13.89 years (ranging from 16 to 85), predominantly male 90 (56.61%). The highest infection rate 85 (53.45%) was in the 41-60 years age group. The NLR was significantly elevated from a mean value of 4.58 to 11.24 (r value=0.78, p-value=

The recent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has posed significant challenges to global healthcare, with a myriad of impacts on the human body, particularly noted in hemostatic abnormalities observed in COVID-19 patients. These abnormalities have been linked to an increased risk of serious thrombotic events like deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and stroke. Unlike existing literature, this comprehensive review delves into the long-term implications of these abnormalities, providing invaluable guidance for ongoing patient care as we move into the post-pandemic era. We cover the entire spectrum of hemostatic abnormalities, including elevated levels of aPTT, D-dimer, PT, ferritin, INR, fibrinogen, fibrin, and FDP, all of which create a complex clinical scenario necessitating vigilant monitoring and targeted therapeutic interventions. With a focus on the heightened risk of thrombotic complications, we underscore the importance of timely anticoagulant therapy and other necessary interventions, tailored to the patient's unique clinical presentation. This review stands as a critical resource for clinicians, hematologists, and healthcare providers, equipping them to navigate the complexities of COVID-19 in both acute and long-term settings, ensuring optimal patient outcomes. As we collectively navigate the lasting impact of the pandemic, this targeted and in-depth analysis becomes an indispensable tool in advancing our understanding and management of COVID-19.

Background: Scatter grams-graphic depictions of the cell populations in a blood sample are produced by automated analyzers. These scatter grams can be employed to screen for various hematological conditions, including anemia, leukemia, and other blood disorders by examining the scatter gram’s cell population distribution and patterning. Aims and Objectives: In this study, we wish to study the scatter grams generated by the Sysmex XN-series analyzer for confirmed cases of hematological malignancies. Materials and Methods: In this study, 58 cases of hematologic malignancies diagnosed based on peripheral smear findings and bone marrow morphology data were extracted. We retrieved the complete blood count and scatter gram patterns analyzed by Sysmex XN-1000 analyzer for these cases along with peripheral smear findings. Scatter gram patterns in white blood cell differential and white cell nucleated were analyzed correlating with peripheral smears. Results: Among 58 cases, 20 cases were acute myeloid leukemia (6 were acute promyelocytic leukemia), 32 cases were chronic myeloid leukemia, and 5 cases were chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Unique scatter gram patterns were seen with different leukemias. Conclusion: Pattern analysis of scatter grams has the potential to improve the efficiency and accuracy of leukemia diagnosis and also help to prioritize the evaluation of cases that require further testing, such as molecular and cytogenetic evaluations, especially in limited resources or high sample volumes conditions.

Background: COVID-19 is still present in the world, though the extent varies by region and country. According to the World Health Organization, there have been over 617 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and over 13 million deaths worldwide since the pandemic began on March 10, 2023. Aims and Objectives: This is a study conducted with the aim of providing biomarkers to predict COVID-19 disease progression and mortality based on red cell indices and platelet indices which are commonly measured as part of a complete blood count (CBC). Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted during the peak of the second wave of COVID-19 from March 2021 to June 2021. The study included 540 patients who were admitted to the Government General Hospital, Nizamabad, and had tested positive for COVID-19 by RT-PCR. Red Blood Cell (RBC), Hematocrit (HCT), Red cell indices like Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Red Cell Distribution width (RDW) and Platelet indices like Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Platelet Distribution Width (PDW), Plateletcrit (PCT), Platelet–Large Cell Ratio were taken from CBC analyzer Sysmex XN-1000 and analyzed statistically. The patients were then followed up for a period of 14 days to track their outcomes. Results: In the data, majority were male n=334 (62%) and n=280 (38%) were female. 70.37% (n=380) were survivors and 29.63% (n=160) were non-survivors. Red blood cell, red cell indices such as RDW-CV and RDW-SD, and platelet indices such as PCT and PDW were significantly higher in non-survivors compared to survivors with P

Background: Phyllodes tumors (PT) are rare biphasic neoplastic breast lesions. They account for 0.3–0.5% of female breast tumours1 and have an incidence of about 2.1 per million, the peak of which occurs in women aged 45–49 years. There is sometimes difficulty in dividing tumors into the three recognized grades based on histomorphological features. It is because of the subjective variation and absence of a definitive grading system. More importantly, they do not always correlate with clinical outcome in terms of predicting recurrence, malignant transformation, metastasis, and overall survival. Aims and Objectives: (1) The aim of the study was to study the clinicopathological and histomorphological features of the PT and classify the tumors based on 2019 WHO classification. Materials and Methods: This study was done in the Department of Pathology at Government General Hospital Nizamabad. Total 68 cases are included in this study over a period of 5 years (3 1⁄2 years retrospective and 11/2 year prospective) from 2017 March to 2022 March. PT cases were analyzed based on 2019 WHO classification criteria. The age of the patients, tumor locations, and the relevant details were obtained from the pathology records. Results: Of the 68 PT cases, 53 (78%) were classified as benign, 8 (12%) borderline and 7 (10%) malignant PT based on histomorphological features based on 2019 WHO classification. Conclusion: Our study showed that tumors occurring in older age group with a large tumor size and the presence of malignant heterologous elements, infiltrating borders, and surgical margins

Background: Breast lesions are areas of abnormal breast tissue. It is estimated that 20% of women develop breast lesions. Breast lesions are either benign or malignant. Breast carcinomas are the most common cause of deaths in women accounting for 10.6% deaths in India, 6.9% deaths per year globally. Aims and Objectives: To study various histopathological patterns of breast lesions in women admitted in Government General Hospital. Materials and Methods: It is a prospective study in the department of pathology, Government General Hospital, Nizamabad, from December 2020 to July 2022. Grossing was done and details noted, tissue bits were processed and sections were stained with conventional H and E Staining. Results: Out of 70 cases of breast lesions, 55 (78.5%) are benign breast lesions and 15 (21.5%) are malignant breast lesions. Fibroadenoma is the most common breast lesion accounting for 33 cases, that is, 60 %, followed by fibrocystic diseases (21.8%). Infiltrating ductal carcinoma of No Special Type is the most common malignant breast lesion accounting for 10 cases, that is, 66.6%. Among invasive breast carcinomas, the majority of cases are Grade II (69%). Conclusion: Study of histopathological patterns of breast lesions plays an important role in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of breast lesions. This study highlighted incidence and pathological characteristics of a wide range of breast lesions.

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious virus that mutates rapidly. This has led to the emergence of newer variants that can spread more easily and may be more resistant to current treatments and vaccines. It is possible that new variants could emerge in the future that could be even more dangerous than the current ones. Aim: To identify and describe characteristic changes in peripheral smears of COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Government Medical Hospital Nizamabad, Telangana, India from March 20, 2021, to June 10, 2021. A total of 600 COVID-19 patients who were tested positive via Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) were included, and blood tests were performed on the day of admission before any prior intervention. Samples were analysed using a Complete Blood Count (CBC) analyser, and peripheral smears were examined to identify the morphological changes of Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs), and Platelets in COVID-19-affected patients. These changes help assess the disease process, its severity, and aid in its proper management. Results: Out of the 600 cases, 384 (64%) were males, and 216 (36%) were females. The study showed the following RBC changes: microcytic hypochromic RBCs 333 (55.5%), macrocytic RBCs 66 (11%), dimorphic picture 33 (5.5%); WBCs showed neutrophilia 535 (89.17%), lymphopenia 535 (89.17%), pseudo Pelger-Huët cells 468 (78%), smudge cells 360 (60%), reactive lymphocytes 360 (60%), large granular lymphocytes 72 (12%), and large giant platelets 444 (74%) in peripheral smears of COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: As COVID-19 patients showed specific morphological changes in RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets, CBC and peripheral smear analysis can be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical and confirmatory tests for prognostication and management of COVID-19 patients.