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Globally, malnutrition is an issue that has never been overcome, even after a series of efforts by experts, which have never been impressive. The world's malnutrition burden remains unsatisfactory since malnutrition is solely responsible for more illnesses than other reasons. Malnutrition continues to be a significant problem in Malaysia. The most common manifestation of chronic malnutrition in children is stunting, a lifetime problem for a child in Malaysia. Stunting is an irreversible condition in which a child cannot regain their height in the same way that they can regain weight. Notably, various factors have been identified associated with the risk of stunting among Malaysian children. This includes socio-demographic background, gestational characteristics, maternal and infant diet, feeding practice, illness, and infection. As discovered through the literature review, stunted children face many disabilities, such as learning deficiencies, which affect their productivity for economic prosperity, mostly falling sick more often, losing opportunities to learn, performing poorly in school and growing up to be backward, and more likely to suffer from diet-related Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Therefore, this study will develop and evaluate the effectiveness of interactive multimedia-based nutrition education on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) about nutrition, growth monitoring, breastfeeding, and child-feeding practices among mothers with stunted children using the ADDIE model. This study will employ a quasi-experimental research method consisting of control and treatment groups. The study will be conducted in maternal child health clinics in the Seberang Perai district in Pulau Pinang. The population of this study consists of mothers with stunted children under five years old. In this study, convenience sampling will be used to recruit the target population, and the sample size was determined using G*power.

Student learning outside the formal classroom is inextricably linked to informal learning environments. In many countries, most activities that employ informal learning prioritize the integration of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines and have shown a positive impact on increasing students' interest, self-efficacy, and awareness of the STEM field. Thus, this study aims to systematically review the activities reported in the relevant studies focusing on informal STEM learning for K-12. High-index journals published under SCOPUS and Web of Science databases were utilized using a predetermined search strategy and retrieved two research team members' screened articles. Only empirical studies containing the terms "STEM education", "summer camp", and "informal learning" in the title, abstract, and keyword were included. Data were coded and organized into a matrix that was qualitatively assessed and categorized into themes. Based on the 25 studies reviewed, it was found that the integration of STEM disciplines in informal learning is notably varied. The characteristics of the STEM activities can be organized into seven themes: inquiry, focus on problems, design, cooperative learning, student-centred, hands-on, and 21st-century skills. Practice recommendations include a quality curriculum that aligns with informal STEM learning needs.

In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, many education systems around the world have recognized the value of using technology such as virtual laboratories to teach science subjects. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of using a virtual laboratory on grade eight students in learning about electricity-related topics. A quasi-experimental research design was used; involving forty (40) students aged 14-15 years. Students in the control group used a physical laboratory to complete the practical activities whereas those in the experimental group used a specially designed virtual laboratory. The result indicated that the virtual laboratory significantly enhanced students' achievement in electricity-related topics more than the physical laboratory. These findings could be attributed to how students learn using the virtual laboratory. For instance, in the virtual laboratory, students can visualise imperceptible phenomena and processes. They also were able to control the variables and observe instant feedback. The findings of the research have provided several important implications for curriculum designers and science education.

Despite TikTok’s popularity among young users, concerns persist regarding their lack of political awareness and gullibility. This research aims to address this gap by examining TikTok usage patterns among Malaysian youth and analyzing user interactions with political and social content. The research participants consisted of youths aged 18 to 29 years old in Malaysia. Employing a quantitative research design, the study used surveys to gather data and descriptive statistical analysis. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS software. The study’s findings indicate TikTok’s potential for political usage and respondents show a moderately high agreement on TikTok as a platform to increase political awareness. Theoretical framework of Agenda-setting Theory guides the analysis of user interactions to uncover mechanisms of influence and information dissemination. By providing insights into how TikTok influences political discourse and shapes youth engagement, this research contributes to understanding social media’s role in civic participation.

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands that produce and release hormones that regulate various physiological processes. In the past few decades, the human skin has been identified as an important peripheral endocrine organ that is the main site for the synthesis of vitamin D through exposure to sunlight. Mutations in downstream vitamin D-related gene pathways are associated with disease development. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, which regulates the pleiotropic effects of vitamin D, has been extensively studied in adult populations. Several studies have reported the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents. With changes in socioeconomic status and lifestyle, vitamin D-deficient individuals are prone to developing the disease at a young age. However, geographical and racial differences affect the association between VDR gene polymorphisms and vitamin D endocrine disorders, explaining the nonconsensus effects of polymorphisms and their association with disease development across populations. In this review, we discuss the connection between the vitamin D endocrine system and polymorphisms in the gene encoding VDR in children and adolescents, focusing on its effects on growth, puberty, insulin resistance, and the immune system.

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is induced by inhalation of toxic substances such as cigarettes and air pollution. Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are the primary treatment for these diseases. However, they have some problems, such as residuals in a capsule caused by electrostatic force before reaching the human lungs. This study investigated the particle tribocharging mechanism in a DPI using a tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) and a combined discrete element method and computational fluid dynamics (DEM-CFD) approach. In the TDMA experiment, the charging state of the particles changed from negative to positive charge in the DPI device fabricated by the 3D printer. This is because tribocharging is caused by particle–particle collisions and particle–wall collisions. In the numerical simulation, particle–wall collisions occurred more frequently than particle–particle collisions. Therefore, the particle–wall collisions change the charging state of the particle in the DPI device. These results suggest that collisions between particles and walls of the device cause the particles to become charged, leading to a decrease in their deposition in the deeper regions of the lungs. Moreover, the large turbulence kinetic energy of the airflow in the DPI device caused particle–wall collisions because the particles were widely dispersed in the DPI device. These results suggest that optimum turbulence kinetic energy is necessary to reduce particle aggregation and improve the delivery efficiency of DPIs to the human lungs. Graphical Abstract

Abstract This study explores the intersection of performing arts and cultural tourism, identifying key trends and research gaps through a scoping review with selected bibliometric components. The analysis examines publication trends and citation metrics from 11 documents sourced from the Scopus database, using bibliometric analysis software, biblioMagika® version 2.9. The research reveals key themes, including the relationship between culture and tourism, the role of technology, such as augmented reality, in enhancing heritage experiences, and the preservation of local traditions amid tourism pressures. The study highlights that the role of performing arts in promoting sustainable tourism practices remains underexplored. The findings emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary approach and propose integrating performing arts more effectively into cultural tourism policies and practices. This study provides a foundation for future research aimed at enhancing sustainable tourism and expanding the geographical and cultural scope of analysis to include underrepresented regions.

Eighth-grade students are expected to master the Pythagorean theorem. This understanding provides a strong foundation for various mathematical concepts. Besides, the Pythagorean theorem serves as one of the prerequisite subjects for further courses. However, these students have been reported to have low cognitive levels and encounter difficulty in learning the Pythagorean theorem. Therefore, this study explores the achievement of students' cognitive levels in solving Pythagorean theorem problems based on revised Bloom's taxonomy and the underlying factors. This research employed qualitative methods with multiple case study types. Prospective participants were 35 eighth-grade junior high school students. For the instrument, this study used semi-structured interview guidelines, written tests of problem-solving, indicator rubrics, audio-visual recording devices, and researcher notes. The data were garnered from the participants’ responses to written tests on the Pythagorean theorem, the researchers' notes, as well as the audio-visual recordings of the interviews between the researchers and the subjects. The garnered data were analyzed using techniques proposed by Miles and Huberman. The subsequent stages of the research process include data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that learning experience presents a pivotal role in the achievement of higher cognitive levels. A supportive learning environment, including resources that assist in learning, can influence students' problem-solving ability to reach higher cognitive levels. Furthermore, providing various forms of problems can help hone the subject's cognitive level. Such diverse learning experiences can broaden the subject's horizons and help achieve higher cognitive levels. BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT: Siswa kelas VIII diharapkan mampu untuk menguasai teorema pythagoras. Pemahaman tersebut menciptakan landasan yang kuat untuk berbagai konsep matematika dan menjadi salah satu materi pelajaran prasyarat untuk materi selanjutnya. Namun, siswa kelas VIII memiliki level kognitif rendah dan mengalami kesulitan dalam mempelajari teorema pythagoras. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis ketercapaian level kognitif siswa dalam memecahkan masalah teorema pythagoras berdasarkan taksonomi bloom revisi serta faktor penyebabnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan jenis studi kasus jamak. Calon subjek adalah siswa SMP kelas VIII sebanyak 35 dan terpilih 16 subjek. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah pedoman wawancara semi terstruktur, tes tertulis pemecahan masalah, rubrik indikator, alat rekam audio visual, dan catatan peneliti. Data yang digunakan adalah hasil tes tertulis subjek dalam memecahkan permasalahan teorema pythagoras, catatan peneliti, dan hasil rekaman wawancara antara peneliti dengan subjek. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis data interaktif miles dan huberman. Langkah berikutnya setelah pengumpulan data adalah reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian adalah pengalaman belajar menjadi faktor krusial dalam ketercapaian level kognitif yang lebih tinggi. Subjek yang memiliki pengalaman belajar lebih banyak dapat mencapai level kognitif yang lebih tinggi. Lingkungan belajar yang mendukung, termasuk sumber daya yang membantu dalam belajar, dapat mempengaruhi kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa untuk mencapai level kognitif yang lebih tinggi. Selain itu, pemberian berbagai bentuk masalah dapat membantu mengasah level kognitif subjek. Pengalaman belajar yang beragam tersebut dapat memperluas wawasan subjek dan membantu mencapai level kognitif yang lebih tinggi.

Environmental monitoring of pesticide residues has become increasingly crucial for ensuring food safety and environmental sustainability. Current demands are not met by traditional analytical tools, but the integration of smartphones, due to their small size, high accessibility, fast processing speed, and powerful imaging capacity, holds significant potential for on-site detection of pesticide residues. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in the application of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensors equipped with smartphones for the detection of pesticide residues in environmental samples, covering the period from 2018 to 2024. The review encompasses recent advancements in MIP synthesis, sensor fabrication, and the incorporation of principles for improved signal precision with the integration of smartphones based on sensing signals (optical and electrochemical signals). Additionally, the diverse range of environmental samples were explored, including water, soil, and crops, where MIP sensors have demonstrated their efficacy in detecting pesticides. The potential for real-time monitoring and the challenges associated with deploying these sensors at lab scale are discussed. Overall, this review highlights the transformative impact of MIP sensors with smartphone-based detection in the field of pesticide residue analysis, paving the way for enhanced environmental monitoring practices.

Co-curing bonding is more efficient than co-bonding and secondary bonding for structural component assembly. This work used novel covered laminas with co-cured joining techniques (CL-CCT) to create carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite adhesive-bonded joints. Additionally, the researchers evaluated how multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) affect the bending and dynamic properties of CFRP composite joints. The researchers added various weights of MWCNTs to the covered laminas along with co-cured CFRP adhesive-bonded joints. The study revealed that epoxy and 0.25 wt% MWCNT adhesive produced the strongest and most flexible joints. These joints were 118 and 15% stronger than joints made from pure epoxy CL-CC CFRP, respectively. Compared to pure epoxy CC-CFRP composite joints, the strength of CL-CC CFRP composite joints with 0.25 wt% MWCNTs increased by 374 and 109%, respectively. Interestingly, MWCNTs with a wt% of 1.25 had the greatest natural frequency in all three vibration modes, which are 19, 19, and 13% higher than that of the pure epoxy CL-CC CFRP composite joint. There are 28, 30, and 24% more natural frequencies in 1.25 wt% MWCNT-based CL-CC CFRP composite joints than those in pure epoxy-based joints in all three modes. Analysis of variance was employed for statistical investigation. Optimization and prediction were done using an artificial neural network and the Levenberg–Marquardt technique.

There is no known artificial breeding method for depik fish Rasbora tawarensis. Sperm extender and the dilution ratio are crucial factors in the artificial breeding of fish. The current study aimed to assess the effect of several common fish sperm extenders and its dilution ratio on sperm characteristics and fertilization of depik fish eggs. Two series of experiments were performed to find the best extender and its dilution ratio. In the first experiment, five types of extenders were tested: Ringer’s solution, physiological solution, coconut water, sugarcane water, and roomie water. The second experiment studied four dilution levels of sperm and extender (v/v): 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, and 1:50. Every treatment was conducted in four replicates and the experiments were conducted consequently so that the findings in the first experiment were applied in the second. The first experiment showed that Ringer’s is the best extender for depik sperm with sperm motility, fertilization and hatching rates of 71.00%, 69.30%, and 53.66%, respectively; and the second experiment revealed that Ringer’s at dilution ratio 1:40 gave higher sperm motility, fertilization, and hatching rates of 74.66, 70.33, and 59.00%, respectively. In conclusion, Ringer’s solution was the most favorable extender for sperm which yielded best fertilization results at 1:40 dilution ratio (sperm:extender, v/v) in depik fish.

We document the first record of Kishinouyepenaeopsis incisa (Wang & Liu in Liu & Wang, 1987) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Five specimens were initially collected during a trawling survey in April 2014, followed by another 17 specimens collected during sampling sessions from February 2023 to August 2023. Previously, this species was known to occur only in South China and Bangladesh. We provide detailed morphometric and meristic data, along with brief diagnostic characters, supported by genetic analysis that corroborates the species identity and distribution.

Abstract In digital agriculture, accurate crop detection is fundamental to developing automated systems for efficient plantation management. For oil palm, the main challenge lies in developing robust models that perform well in different environmental conditions. This study addresses the feasibility of using GAN augmentation methods to improve palm detection models. For this purpose, drone images of young palms ( 5 year-old), both models also achieved similar accuracies, with baseline model achieving precision and recall of 93.1% and 99.4%, and GAN-based model achieving 95.7% and 99.4%. As for the challenge dataset 2 consisting of storm affected palms, the baseline model achieved precision of 100% but recall was only 13%. The GAN-based model achieved a significantly better result, with a precision and recall values of 98.7% and 95.3%. This result demonstrates that images generated by GANs have the potential to enhance the accuracies of palm detection models.

Understanding the genetic structure and diversity of marine fish is crucial for a sustainable management program. We examined the genetic diversity and historical demographics of the yellowfin snapper, Lutjanus xanthopinnis Iwatsuki, Tanaka et Allen, 2015, in the coastal waters of east Peninsular Malaysia which is bordered by the southern part of the South China Sea using the mitochondrial genes (mtDNA) D-loop and Cytochrome b (Cyt-b). A total of 99 (D-loop) and 78 (Cyt-b) specimens of L. xanthopinnis were successfully sequenced from six locations within the range of species distribution along the Malaysian South China Sea. In the presently reported study, the lack of genetic differentiation among populations can be attributed to historical demographic events, eggs and planktonic larvae’ ability to disperse, spawning patterns, and the absence of physical barriers in the geographical landscape. Maximum likelihood gene trees demonstrated that the populations under study had limited structuring and formed a panmictic population that lacks support for internal clades. The AMOVA (Analysis of Molecular Variance) and population pairwise ФST values indicated high genetic exchange between the study areas. A high level of haplotype diversity (D-loop: 0.948–1.000; Cyt-b: 0.542–0.928), low nucleotide diversity (D-loop: 0.0095–0.0159; Cyt-b: 0.0022–0.0049) and starlike haplotype network indicates a recent expansion of L. xanthopinnis populations in Malaysian South China Sea. However, neutrality and goodness of fit tests revealed non-significant values. Furthermore, the BSP (Bayesian skyline plot) analysis estimated population expansion events during the late Pleistocene. During this epoch, the fluctuation in sea level may have led to an increase in the abundance of resources and favorable habitats for the yellowfin snapper. The presently reported findings could initiate efficient management strategies for L. xanthopinnis along the coastal areas of the Malaysian South China Sea and other nearby nations that share the same waterways.

Abstract The sustainable development of sports facilities and their integration with the ecological environment are crucial in addressing global environmental challenges. This study examines the coupling coordination between sports facilities and the ecological environment in nine prefecture-level cities in Fujian Province, China, from 2013 to 2020, within the framework of China’s “Dual Carbon” strategy. Using a multidisciplinary approach that integrates economics, sociology, and geography, the study employs the entropy method and coupling coordination models to analyze the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the coupling coordination between sports facilities and the ecological environment. The findings reveal that the overall trend of coupling coordination is positive, with the degree of coordination improving over time from severe imbalance in 2013 to high-quality coordination by 2020. Economic factors, such as per capita GDP, positively influence the coupling coordination, while factors like population density and regional GDP have a negative impact. Coastal cities, such as Xiamen and Zhangzhou, demonstrate stronger regional correlations and play a critical role in improving the overall coupling level of the province. This research provides several recommendations for promoting orderly and optimal development, considering the distinct characteristics of sports facilities and the ecological environment.

Walkability has been introduced as one of the newest elements in supporting green neighbourhood. Various studies have been conducted to identify the built environment factors that influences people’s decision to walk. From these studies, scholars have developed walkability index to measure the walkability of a specific areas. However, most of this studies are conducted outside of Malaysia. Despite the numerous advantages of using walkability index to measure walkability of an area, the application of walkability index in Malaysia is limited and scarce. Therefore, this study attempts to develop the walkability index based on Malaysian context and test the feasibility of using this walkability index in Malaysia. The walkability index indicators were adjusted to suit the Malaysian local environment and used transportation network design, land use diversity and population density as the built environment indicators. The walkability index was tested in the urban areas of Petaling Jaya and were validated by the officers from the Transport Department of Petaling Jaya City Council. Results shown that the index is able to produce walkability results and depict areas with high and low walkability among the people. This study provided useful insights on how walkability index can assist planners and stakeholders in making informed decision in improving the built environment to promote walkability among the people.

ABSTRACT Genetic characterization of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii remains scarce in Malaysia. This study aimed to characterize antibiotic resistance, genomic location, and genetic relatedness among the A. baumannii isolates obtained from a tertiary hospital in Malaysia. A total of 128 MDR A. baumannii isolates were collected from patients admitted to various wards (intensive care unit [ICU], neonatal intensive care unit, coronary care unit, high dependency ward [HDW], and general wards). The isolates were identified by Vitek 2 and PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene followed by sequencing. The isolates were tested against imipenem, ceftazidime, amikacin, gentamicin, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin using disk diffusion, Epsilometer test, and broth microdilution. The antibiotic resistance genes, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaADC, blaVIM, and blaIMP, were detected in chromosomal and plasmid DNA using PCR. Insertion sequence ISAba1/blaOXA-23 gene was detected on chromosomal DNA only. Isolates with different antibiotic susceptibility patterns and PCR profiles were subjected to multi-locus sequence typing. MDR A. baumannii was predominantly found in HDW (39.84%), general wards (29.69%), and ICU (28.13%). All isolates conferred resistance to carbapenem and more than 90% resistance to the remaining antibiotics. The antibiotic resistance genes blaOXA-23, blaVIM, and blaADC were detected in both chromosomal and plasmid DNA. The ISAba1/blaOXA-23 gene was detected in 99.22% of the isolates. Four sequence types (STs) were distinguished: ST2 (76.67%), ST164 (10%), ST642 (10%), and ST643 (3.33%). ST164 and ST642 were unique and represent a significant finding in Malaysia’s surveillance data. These STs are associated with acquired blaOXA-23, indicating an evolutionary adaptation of A. baumannii within the hospital setting.IMPORTANCEAcinetobacter baumannii is a ubiquitous Gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium that is primarily associated with nosocomial infections that can colonize biotic and abiotic surfaces to enhance cell-to-cell adhesion, ensuring the establishment of infections. To date, the spread of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (MDRAB) has become rampant and a great concern in the hospital setting, as the available antibiotics are insufficient to treat infections. The antibiotic resistance island resides in a mobile element and rapidly evolved. The antibiotic susceptibility data with its resistance mechanisms would contribute to and facilitate the management and infection control caused by MDRAB.

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of an instrument designed to measure the psychosocial well-being of sports participants. Method: This study has four phases: preparation, translation, field trials, and validation methods. Seven experts evaluated the study based on content, clarity, and feasibility. The study involved 55 participants in 12 different sports using the test-retest approach. The participants were 19 women and 36 men, with an average age of 15 years and 7 months. Result: The analysis results show that each item meets the validity criteria, with a Pearson correlation value higher than the r table value (0.266). Intraclass correlation test shows the reliability of each sub-variable is 1) Psychosocial Well-being of 0.938, Social Integration of 0.871, Social Contribution of 0.923, Social Actualisation of 0.926, Social Coherence of 0.916, and Social Acceptance of 0.995 indicating all sub-variables have high consistency. With valid and reliable results, this instrument is ready for further research. Conclusion: This study shows that the Psychosocial Well-being Instrument for sports participants has excellent validity and reliability, with validation results from experts and test-retest tests showing strong consistency. This instrument is ready for further research and practical applications, such as assisting coaches, psychologists, and counselors in assessing the psychosocial well-being of sports participants and supporting psychosocial development programs that improve the performance and mental well-being of sports participants. In addition, this instrument can support the development of policies that pay attention to psychosocial aspects in sports participant development and open up opportunities for further research on the relationship between psychological well-being and other factors in sports

Nitrocellulose (NC)-based propellants have played a pivotal role in the development of energetic materials for both military and civilian applications. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of NC-based propellants, tracing their evolution from their historical origins as smokeless gunpowder to modern advancements. It discusses the chemical composition and classifications of NC propellants, along with continuous efforts to refine smokeless powder formulations through studies on smoke formation, residues, and additives. Modern techniques such as PCR-based detection and dynamic light scattering have enabled precise analysis of NC properties, including variations in the degree of substitution and molar mass, which allow for tailoring the chemical structure to meet specific performance needs. Special attention is given to the combustion dynamics of NC-based propellants, with an emphasis on reaction zones, performance characteristics, and optimization strategies that enhance their overall efficacy. The review also highlights the significant impact of nitrogen content, additives, and processing methods on the performance, stability, and safety of NC-infused propellants. While higher nitrogen content improves energetic output, it also increases surface cracking and gas production, necessitating the use of stabilizers and additives like Bu-NENA, copper compounds, and MgH2 to enhance flexibility, thermal stability, and reduce sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli. Aging and environmental factors further influence burn rate variation, underscoring the need for tailored formulations. In terms of environmental sustainability, this review addresses safety considerations in handling and disposing of NC-based materials, focusing on innovations such as alkaline hydrolysis and NC recovery to mitigate environmental risks. Stabilizers and eco-friendly additives effectively prevent chemical degradation, reduce shock sensitivity, and enhance thermal stability. The review concludes with future research directions aimed at further improving the stability and safety of NC-based propellants, ensuring their continued relevance in modern applications.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of a bridged-T equalizer circuit (BTEC) designed for a high-speed visible light communications (VLC) system. The circuit is proposed to overcome the bandwidth limitation of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the VLC system. The advanced design system (ADS) and MATLAB were integrated to analyze the behavior of the BTEC in terms of transfer functions and scattering parameters S11, S12, S21, and S22. The results indicate a good correlation between the two tools, with the center frequency being 786 MHz. The 3-dB lower and upper cut-off frequencies are 501 MHz and 1.23 GHz, respectively. The impedance point is at magnitude 1 and 0 phase degrees on the Smith chart. This precise point ensures optimal matching to 50 ? of source and load impedance. This simulation proves that the bridged-T pre-equalizer circuit is a symmetric and reciprocal network since S11 = S22 and S12 = S21. This work combines the computational capabilities of MATLAB with the circuit simulation capabilities of ADS, which satisfied the pre-equalizer circuit experimental stage. ABSTRAK: Kertas kerja ini membentangkan analisis komprehensif bagi litar penyama T terjepit (BTEC) yang direka untuk sistem komunikasi cahaya nampak (VLC) berkelajuan tinggi. Litar ini dicadangkan untuk mengatasi had lebar jalur diod pemancar cahaya (LED) dalam sistem VLC. Sistem reka bentuk lanjutan (ADS) dan MATLAB telah disepadukan untuk menganalisis kelakuan BTEC dari segi fungsi pemindahan dan parameter serakan S11, S12, S21, dan S22. Keputusan menunjukkan korelasi yang baik antara kedua-dua alat, dengan frekuensi tengah ialah 786 MHz. Frekuensi potong bawah dan atas 3-dB ialah 501 MHz dan 1.23 GHz, masing-masing. Titik impedans adalah pada magnitud 1 dan 0 darjah fasa pada carta Smith. Titik tepat ini memastikan padanan optimum kepada 50 ? sumber dan galangan beban. Dalam simulasi ini, terbukti bahawa litar pra-penyamaan bridged-T adalah rangkaian simetri dan timbal balik sejak S11 = S22 dan S12 = S21. Kerja ini menggabungkan keupayaan pengiraan MATLAB dengan keupayaan simulasi litar ADS, yang memenuhi peringkat percubaan litar pra-penyamaan.

The materials sector has grown significantly over the last few decades. One from the community worldwide has embraced using natural fibers and biopolymers in many products due to significant problems with petroleum supplies and concerns about using synthetic plastics as biomaterials. The availability of lignocellulosic fiber polymer composites worldwide, in addition to their low carbon emissions and biodegradability, has caught the enthusiasm of scientists and engineers. One of the main crops grown in Indonesia is oil palm, which has the potential to provide lignocellulosic fibers for composites. The increase in fiber increased the mechanical properties of the composite. The compatibility of OPEFB with other materials in the composite is essential to ensure specific applications. There is still a little detailed examination of the mechanical properties of OPEFB biocomposite and factors, including polymer type and fiber size, that can impact mechanical performance. However, according to various articles, OPEFB is a potential raw material for reinforcing material in composites without being continuously developed, so research innovations on OPEFB composites are needed.

This paper seeks to explore the significance of Kowloon Mosque (or Masjid Kowloon) in demonstrating cultural coexistence within Hong Kong. In this cultural study, along with incorporating a sociological perspective, the aim is to explore the connections between Kowloon Mosque, the Muslim community, and Hong Kong residents. The intention behind this exploration is to establish a scientific basis that highlights the interdependence among these entities. To support this analysis, sources will be drawn from historical books, statistical publications, personal visits made within and around the mosque premises as well as empirical observations conducted in Hong Kong. This article seeks to demonstrate that coexistence culture can indeed thrive in reality by employing historical and textual analyses. Furthermore, it aims to shed light on the prerequisites necessary for fostering harmonious coexistence within society.

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are promising renewable materials due to their high surface area, abundance, and ease of modification. This study explores the impact of source material on CNF properties for diverse applications like drug delivery and composites. CNF were prepared from corn cob (CC), bagasse (BG), waste wood (WW), and bacterial cellulose (BC) using TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was also oxidized (MCC-ox) for comparison. The transparency, chemical structure, crystallinity index, and surface charge of the resulting CNF were investigated. As a result, all CNF yields ranged from 25 % to 34 %. FT-IR analysis confirmed successful TEMPO oxidation by detecting carboxyl groups on all CNF surfaces. BC-derived CNF displayed the second-highest transparency after MCC. Surface charge analysis revealed the highest carboxyl content in MCC-ox (8828.39 mmol/kg), followed by CNF-BC (8438.84 mmol/kg), CNF-CC (7687.24 mmol/kg), CNF-WW (6720.43 mmol/kg), and CNF-BG (5505.61 mmol/kg). XRD analysis indicated the highest crystallinity index in MCC-ox (83.40 %) due to its high purity, followed by CNF-BC (82.52 %) likely due to its nanostructure and high purity, and CNF-CC (78.14 %) potentially due to the rigid and dense structure of corn cobs. These findings provide valuable insights into selecting CNF with the desired characteristics for various fields such as material science, nanotechnology, and biomedicine.

The Islamic State of Iraq and Sham (and hereafter ISIS) is a globally renowned terrorist organisation. Although it was defeated in 2019, its threat continues to loom over the world. Even amidst the current global pandemic caused by COVID-19, there is no indication that ISIS will cease its acts of terror. As we enter a post-COVID era and strive for normalcy, it remains imperative for international societies to remain vigilant and stay informed about recent developments related to extremist groups like ISIS. When discussing ISIS, there is often a focus on the cruel acts committed by the group during times of war and their underlying ideological motivations for these brutalities. Images and videos depicting these horrific acts have circulated widely on social media platforms and continue to be extensively discussed by the public. The incorporation of Islamic law into the penal code during ISIS rule raises crucial questions about its integration. Understanding Islamic history and law in non-Muslim contexts is essential for addressing public misconceptions and negative stereotypes towards Muslims. It is important to distinguish between ordinary Muslims and extremist groups like ISIS, as their association with terrorism can perpetuate misunderstanding among non-Muslims. This article aims to clarify the application of Islamic law in the penal code implemented by ISIS. It assumes that readers may not have a comprehensive understanding of Islamic law and how it was utilised by ISIS in areas they controlled during times of conflict. This discussion will begin with an explanation of Islamic law, followed by an outline of the penal code enforced within these occupied zones, and finally delve into its sociological and cognitive implications for interpreting Islam.

During the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, online teaching was implemented by teachers in almost all education areas, and various technological tools were also employed to improve teachers' online teaching effectiveness. Based on this, the current qualitative case study aims to explore chemistry teachers' experience during online teaching in Malaysian secondary schools according to the data collected by interviewing five teachers. The findings show that student-centered teaching strategies, such as project-based and game-based pedagogy, may be well implemented in online environments by teachers, especially during the pandemic session. In addition, educational changes caused by the pandemic have provided new development opportunities for teachers' teaching, in which teachers ponder how to better use the existing high-tech tools to serve their teaching practice and improve their students' engagement and learning enthusiasm. Discussions and recommendations for future researchers are also provided at the end of the research.

This study evaluates whether investors benefit from green sukuk by examining the responses of stock returns to the announcements of corporate green sukuk (green Islamic bonds) issuance. Applying the standard event study methodology, it finds that stock returns respond positively and significantly to the announcements of green sukuk issuance, suggesting that investors perceive and react favorably to the announcement. This significantly positive response is observed both for the individual firm (through CARs) and for a sample of all firms (through CAARs). Thus, it can be concluded that investors benefit from the announcements of green sukuk issuance. Further, this study draws a comparative analysis of investors’ response to the announcements of corporate green sukuk and corporate green bond issuance, and the findings also show that investors respond positively to the announcements of green bond issuances. However, the investors’ response is slightly higher to the announcements of corporate green sukuk issuance compared to corporate green bonds, and the investors get slightly more benefit from green sukuk issuance as compared to green bond issuance. These finding inform policymakers for the formulation of strategies to attract investors by integrating green bonds with shariah principles to fund environment-friendly projects and consequently mitigate the climate change risk.

Samantha Lo,1 Ebrahim Mahmoudi,2 Looi Qi Hao,1,3 Fatimah Mohd Nor,4 Mh Busra Fauzi1,5 1Centre for Tissue Engineering Centre and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia; 2Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43600, Malaysia; 3My Cytohealth Sdn. Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia; 4Plastic Surgery Department, Kumpulan Perubatan Johor Ampang Puteri Specialist Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, 68000, Malaysia; 5Advance Bioactive Materials-Cells (Adv-BioMaC) UKM Research Group, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Mh Busra Fauzi, Email fauzibusra@ukm.edu.myObjective: Collagen, a widely used natural biomaterial polymer in skin tissue engineering, can be innovatively processed into nanocollagen through cryogenic milling to potentially enhance skin tissue healing. Although various methods for fabricating nanocollagen have been documented, there is no existing study on the fabrication of nanocollagen via cryogenic milling, specifically employing graphene oxide as separators to prevent agglomeration.Methods: In this study, three research groups were created using cryogenic milling: pure nanocollagen (Pure NC), nanocollagen with 0.005% graphene oxide (NC + 0.005% GO), and nanocollagen with 0.01% graphene oxide (NC+0.01% GO). Characterization analyses included transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential (ZP), and polydispersity index (PDI).Results: TEM and SEM analysis revealed that nanocollagen groups alone exhibited particle sizes of less than 100 nm. FTIR spectroscopic investigations indicated the presence of amide A, B, and I, II, and III (1800 to 800 cm− 1) in all nanocollagen study groups, with the characteristic C-O-C stretching suggesting the incorporation of graphene oxide (GO). XRD data exhibited broadening of the major peak as the proportion of GO increased from pure NC to the nanocollagen groups with GO. Zeta potential measurements indicated electrostatic attraction of the samples to negatively charged surfaces, accompanied by sample instability. PDI results depicted size diameters ranging from 800 to 1800 nm, indicating strong polydispersity with multiple size populations.Conclusion: This research demonstrated that collagen can be successfully fabricated into nanoparticles with sizes smaller than 100 nm.Keywords: nanocollagen, cryogenic milling, graphene oxide

There are growing concerns on the dangerous footprints of shrimp aquaculture with stringent global regulatory policies on its operation eminent. Traditional aquaculture pays no attention to environmental degradation, water pollution, and overexploitation of natural resources. Biofloc technology (BFT) is a self-sustaining system that improves shrimp production while addressing challenges of the conventional systems. The technology creates a self-sustaining ecosystem, using microbial communities to transform waste into biofloc. This activity maintains water quality while the nutrient-rich biofloc serves as natural food source for shrimp, thereby decreasing dependence on external feed inputs. Maintenance of carbon-to-nitrogen (C: N) ratio for growth and proliferation of heterotrophic bacteria forms the hallmark of the operational principle of the system. Many studies have shown improved growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) overall health of shrimp reared under BFT. The zero water exchange advantage of the system makes it bio-secured with reduced incidence of disease. Nevertheless, challenges like high initial costs, alternative carbon sources, market acceptability, system standardization and the complexity of managing microbial communities stands in the way of its widescale adoption. Ongoing research aim to optimize BFT systems via advanced monitoring technologies, exploration of low-cost alternative carbon sources and integration with alternative protein sources and probiotics. In this direction, China, Turkey, Brazil, India and Israel have featured prominently in advancing these technologies. This review synthesizes current practices, challenges, and future perspectives of BFT in shrimp aquaculture, highlighting its potential to enhance sustainability and align with global food security goals.

This research investigates about the properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based biocomposite with abaca fiber as filler. The amount weight fraction of fibers and matrix were kept constant 10 and 90 wt% with a total weight of 10 g of biocomposite, respectively. The biocomposites was produced by solution casting method. The novel strategies in this study were ultrasonic vibration bath (UVB) treatment. The vibration time of ultrasonic bath was varied 0, 55, 60 and 65 min. This treatment was carried out on biocomposites during gelatinization phase. Tensile test was studied to determine the tensile strength of biocomposites. Meanwhile, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the fracture surface of biocomposite. Others characterization such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were done to prove the thermal stability, chemical group, and crystallinity index, respectively. The results show the highest tensile strength was obtained in the 65 min UVB samples for 9.13 MPa. This was evidenced by SEM observation indicating more compact structure and good fiber distribution. TGA also showed an increase in thermal stability of around 11.3 °C especially in the 65 min sample compared to 0 min. Some of these results were confirmed by the results of increasing the crystallinity index and the appearance of OH groups in XRD and FTIR characterization, respectively. This method can be used as an alternative to improve the properties of biocomposites compared to chemical treatment.