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Background: Breast lesions are a significant global health concern, often requiring invasive procedures for definite diagnosis. Cytological and molecular markers present alternative, potentially less intrusive diagnostic methodologies. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of cytological and molecular markers for the diagnosis of breast lesions. Methods: A crosssectional study was performed on a cohort of 500 patients presenting with breast lesions, undergoing cytological evaluation (Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology) and molecular marker testing (HER2/neu, ER, PR, and Ki-67). Concordance between the two methods was evaluated. Results: Both cytological and molecular marker evaluations showed significant diagnostic potential. There was substantial concordance between the two modalities. However, molecular markers exhibited a slightly higher diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, especially in the detection of pre-malignant and malignant lesions. Conclusion: Cytological and molecular markers each offer valuable, complementary diagnostic approaches. While cytology provides rapid, costeffective results, molecular markers offer increased sensitivity and specificity. Their combined usage can help minimize invasive procedures and improve patient outcomes. Further research is recommended to refine the usage of these diagnostic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since its introduction in 1968, the upper gastrointestinal flexible fibre optic endoscope has proven to be a significant advance in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) abnormalities. With the advent of flexible endoscopy, there has been a noticeable increase in diagnostic procedures requiring visualisation and biopsy of the upper and lower GI tract. Objectives: To correlate clinical diagnosis with histopathological diagnosis in detecting neoplastic lesions. To correlate endoscopic diagnosis with histopathological diagnosis in detecting neoplastic lesions. Material & Methods Hospital based Observational Cross Sectional Study. Study area: The present study was carried out on endoscopic biopsy specimens received in the Department of Pathology, at Princess Esra Hospital and Owaisi Hospital and Research Centre; Deccan College of Medical Sciences. Study Period: 1 year. Study population: Endoscopically directed biopsies were taken from patients with severe upper gastrointestinal symptoms like heart burn, dyspepsia, dysphagia, pain abdomen, vomiting etc. Sample size: study consisted a total of 100 cases. Sampling method: Simple random method. Results: Out of the 100 cases studied, 12 cases were positive for malignancy on histopathology. Out of these 12 cases, 8 cases were diagnosed malignant both on clinical examination and histopathology. 88 cases were negative for malignancy on histopathology, of which 72 cases were negative on both clinical diagnosis and on histopathology. Sensitivity: 66.67 %, Specificity: 81.82 %. Positive predictive value: 33.33 % Negative predictive value: 94.74 %. Accuracy: 80 %, Chi-square test: P-value=0.0025; (The result is significant at P<0.05). Conclusion: Endoscopic procedure in addition with histopathological findings remains the mainstay of diagnostic modality. Our study showed better correlation of histopathological diagnosis with endoscopic findings in detecting lesions of upper GIT. However, endoscopic examination and histopathological study of suspected lesions should always go in parallel and neither of them should be a substitute for each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]