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Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jcc-10.1177_00220221221134711 for Family First: Evidence of Consistency and Variation in the Value of Family Versus Personal Happiness Across 49 Different Cultures by Kuba Krys, June Chun Yeung, Brian W. Haas, Yvette van Osch, Aleksandra Kosiarczyk, Agata Kocimska-Zych, Claudio Torres, Heyla A. Selim, John M. Zelenski, Michael Harris Bond, Joonha Park, Vivian Miu-Chi Lun, Fridanna Maricchiolo, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Iva Poláčková Šolcová, David Sirlopú, Cai Xing, Vivian L. Vignoles, Wijnand A. P. van Tilburg, Julien Teyssier, Chien-Ru Sun, Ursula Serdarevich, Beate Schwarz, Ruta Sargautyte, Espen Røysamb, Vladyslav Romashov, Muhammad Rizwan, Zoran Pavlović, Vassilis Pavlopoulos, Ayu Okvitawanli, Azar Nadi, Martin Nader, Nur Fariza Mustaffa, Elke Murdock, Oriana Mosca, Tamara Mohorić, Pablo Eduardo Barrientos Marroquin, Arina Malyonova, Xinhui Liu, J. Hannah Lee, Anna Kwiatkowska, Nicole Kronberger, Lucie Klůzová Kráčmarová, Natalia Kascakova, İdil Işık, Eric R. Igou, David O. Igbokwe, Diana Hanke-Boer, Alin Gavreliuc, Ragna B. Garðarsdóttir, Márta Fülöp, Vladimer Gamsakhurdia, Carla Sofia Esteves, Alejandra Domínguez-Espinosa, Patrick Denoux, Salome Charkviani, Arno Baltin, Douglas Arevalo, Lily Appoh, Charity Akotia, Mladen Adamovic and Yukiko Uchida in Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) is one of the most widely used self- report-ing methods for assessing the behaviors and attitudes associated with eating disorders. Since recent stud-ies have proposed alternative and shorter forms of the EDE-Q, the aim of this study is to compare the factor structure of the full- length version of the EDE-Q with several proposed models. A total of 600 participants (80.2% women) aged 18 to 52 years participated in the study. Among the four tested models, the abbreviated version of the questionnaire (EDE-Q7) showed the best fit for the data. The total score on the EDE- Q7 was highly correlated with the total score on the EDE-Q28 and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT- 26), indicating good convergent validity. The findings indicate that the EDE-Q7 is a psycho- metrically acceptable and effective measure that can be used to assess symptoms of eating disorder be-haviors in the Croatian community sample.

In this paper, we introduce the concept of ‘societal emotional environment’: the emotional climate of a society (operationalized as the degree to which positive and negative emotions are expressed in a society). Using data collected from 12,888 participants across 49 countries, we show how societal emotional environments vary across countries and cultural clusters, and we consider the potential importance of these differences for well-being. Multilevel analyses supported a ‘double-edged sword’ model of negative emotion expression, where expression of negative emotions predicted higher life satisfaction for the expresser but lower life satisfaction for society. In contrast, partial support was found for higher societal life satisfaction in positive societal emotional environments. Our study highlights the potential utility and importance of distinguishing between positive and negative emotion expression, and adopting both individual and societal perspectives in well-being research. Individual pathways to happiness may not necessarily promote the happiness of others. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Prevalencija simptoma poremećaja hranjenja (PH) viša je u djevojaka i mladih žena u usporedbi s mladićima, a novija istraživanja pokazuju porast učestalosti simptoma PH i kod adolescenata. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja ispitati simptome PH, obrasce hranjenja, fizičku aktivnost i motive za vježbanje na uzorku hrvatskih adolescenata. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 649 učenika 1. razreda srednjih škola u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji u Hrvatskoj ; 321 djevojka (49.5 %) i 328 mladića (50.5 %), raspona dobi od 14 do 16.5 god. (M = 15.00, SD = 0.32). Ispitanici su tijekom sistematskih zdravstvenih pregleda obavili kratak intervju sa školskim liječnikom, ispunili set upitnika te im je izmjerena visina i težina. Korišteni su: Upitnik za ispitivanje poremećaja hranjenja (EDE-Q), Trofaktorski upitnik obrazaca hranjenja (TFEQ-R18) te skraćeni Upitnik motivacije za vježbanjem (EMI-2). Ispitanici su podijeljeni u dvije skupine s obzirom na broj simptoma PH, korištenjem kritične vrijednosti rezultata na EDE-Q upitniku (0 ili 1 simptom = bez simptoma PH ; 2 ili više simptoma = simptomi PH). Prilikom testiranja razlika između grupa korištena je Bonferroni korekcija, ali je zbog konvencije prikazana uobičajena razina značajnosti. Rezultati pokazuju da ne postoji značajna razlika u broju djevojaka i mladića sa simptomima PH (χ2 = 0.69, p > .05) te da podjednak broj adolescenata sa i bez simptoma PH vježba (χ2 = 0.68, p > .05). Rezultati su također pokazali da ne postoji razlika u indeksu tjelesne mase (t(598) = 0.81) adolescenata sa i bez simptoma PH, no ispitanici sa simptomima PH značajno češće koriste ispitane obrasce hranjenja: nekontrolirano jedenje (t(544.72) = 9.02, p < .01), kognitivno suzdržavanje (t(586) = 3.90, p < .01) i emocionalno jedenje (t(540.21) = 7.05, p < .01). U skupini adolescenata koji vježbaju (N = 350), motivi za vježbanje ne razlikuju se značajno ovisno o simptomima PH. Nadalje, razlika je u broju mladića i djevojaka koji vježbaju značajna (χ2 = 17.93, p < .01) ; vježba više mladića no što smo očekivali i manje djevojaka. Razlike između djevojaka i mladića dobivene su i za obrasce hranjenja: djevojke postižu više rezultate na nekontroliranom jedenju (t(574.06) = 3.21, p < .01) i emocionalnom jedenju (t(497.03) = 6.99, p < .01). Razlike u motivima zbog kojih mladići i djevojke vježbaju nisu dobivene. Rezultati su u skladu s literaturom te pokazuju da su djevojke sklonije emocionalnom i nekontroliranom jedenju u usporedbi s mladićima koji kako bi prevladali negativne emocije češće pribjegavaju drugim strategijama suočavanja poput konzumiranja alkohola ili kockanja. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da rad s adolescentima sa simptomima PH zahtjeva različit pristup u radu s djevojkama i mladićima, ali vodeći računa i o kognitivnim i ponašajnim strategijama hranjenja i kontrole težine koji su važni u održavanju simptoma PH. The prevalence of eating disorder (ED) symptoms is higher in girls and young women in comparison to boys and young men. Recent research indicates an increase in the occurrence of these symptoms in adolescents as well. This study aimed to examine ED symptoms, eating patterns, physical activity, and exercise motives in a sample of Croatian adolescents. A total of 649 first grade high school students from the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in Croatia participated in the study ; 321 girls (49.5%) and 328 boys (50.5%), age 14 to 16.5 years (M = 15.00, SD = 0.32). During the regular health examinations, the students participated in a short interview with their doctor, completed a set of questionnaires, and had their height and weight measured. The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18), and the short Exercise Motivations Inventory-2 (EMI-2) were used. Participants were divided into two groups according to the number of ED symptoms, using the critical value of the results on the EDE-Q questionnaire (0 or 1 symptom = no ED symptoms ; 2 or more symptoms = ED symptoms). When testing the differences between groups, Bonferroni correction was used, nontheless as convention the usual significance levels were used. The results have shown that there is no significant difference in the number of girls and boys with ED symptoms (χ2 = 0.69, p > .05) and that an equal number of adolescents with and without ED symptoms exercise (χ2 = 0.68, p > .05). There was no difference in body mass index (t(598) = 0.81) of adolescents with and without symptoms of ED, but adolescents with ED symptoms adopted more often the following eating patterns: uncontrolled eating (t(544.72) = 9.02, p < .01), cognitive restraint (t(586) = 3.90, p < .01) and emotional eating (t(540.212) = 7.05, p < .01). Amongst those adolescents that exercise (N=350), there are no differences in motives for exercise between those with and without ED symptoms. Furthermore, the difference in the number of boys and girls exercising is significant (χ2 = 17.93, p < .01) ; more boys and fewer girls exercise than we anticipated. Differences between girls and boys were also obtained for eating patterns: girls achieved higher results on uncontrolled (t(574.06) = 3.21, p < .01) and emotional eating (t(497.03) = 6.99, p < .01). Differences in motives for exercising in boys and girls were not obtained. The results are consistent with the literature and show that girls are more prone to emotional and uncontrolled eating compared to boys, who more often turn to other coping strategies such as alcohol consumption or gambling to overcome negative emotions. According to our results, working with adolescents with PH symptoms requires a different approach for girls and boys, but also needs considering cognitive and behavioral eating and weight control strategies that are important in the maintenance of ED symptoms.

The Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire (ESCQ-45) was investigated by means of item response theory (IRT) modeling in a large cross- cultural sample (N = 5081 students from 13 countries). Different unidimensional polytomous IRT models (partial credit model, PCM ; generalized partial credit model, GPCM ; rating score model, RSM and graded response model, GRM) were compared with a multidimensional GRM model. We assessed model fit using an index, M2, which is specifically designed to assess the fit of item response models for ordinal data. We used the M2- based root mean square error of approximation as the primary fit index. We also used the standardized root mean square residual (SRMSR) and comparative fit index (CFI) to assess adequacy of model fit. After a series of comparisons, the findings indicated that the multidimensional GRM model was superior to all of the unidimensional models. In addition to global model-data fit and comparison, we assessed the item- level model data fit. For this assessment, we used a recommended index S-X2 and its RMSEA value, which was under the cut-off value of .06 for all items, indicating an adequate fit and substantive link of items to the latent trait. Once we established the adequacy of model and item fit, we computed both unidimensional and multidimensional item parameters. Slope (a) parameters ranged from 0.24 to 2.24, with Item 23 being most discriminating and Item 1 the least discriminating item of the scale. The location (b) parameters indicated that responses cover a wide range of the latent traits. The correlations between the latent traits were between .56 and .63. In addition, we analyzed all of the items individually using their category characteristic and item information curves, and the scale as a whole using scale information and scale characteristic curve. At the global level, the ESCQ-45 showed very good precision across most of the latent trait range.

Introduction: Exercise in adolescents with obesity target weight loss as a mean for improving health, including increases in lean tissue mass and/or decreases in fat mass. From the perspective of self-determination theory, motives for exercise can be extrinsic (e.g., weight control) or intrinsic (e.g., enjoyment, strength). Reasons for engagement in exercise, rather than frequency or amount of exercise, determine the effects of exercise on body image, health, and overall well-being (1). Both extrinsic and intrinsic motives are associated with different outcomes (2). The main aim of our study was to explore the routine of exercise, motives for engaging in it, and its relationship with BMI in healthy adolescents. Method: 627 adolescents (310 girls and 317 boys ; mean age: 15.00) participated in this study. Data about weight, height, daily activities, and physical exercise were gathered. Participants engaged in structured sport activities rated different motives for training (weight management, strength and endurance, enjoyment, affiliation and appearance). Results: BMI was calculated and expressed as a percentile (2.6% were underweight, 71.9% normal weight, 11.5% overweight and 10.4% obese). Only 58.4% of participants exercise regularly, and they have lower BMI than those who don’t exercise. The most important motive for exercise was strength, followed by enjoyment and appearance, while affiliation and weight management were the least important ones. In general, girls exercise less compared to boys, and they want to manage their weight, while boys want to improve strength and endurance. Adolescents with overweight and obesity were motivated by managing weight and are trying to improve their strength and endurance. However, they enjoy workout less than other participants. Conclusion: Nearly 25% of our sample can be categorized as adolescents with overweight or obesity, and still, less than 60% of participants’ exercise. Motives for exercise are important since they play central role in the persistence and future commitment to exercise (3). Since adolescents in our sample have a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic motives, it is important to support development of intrinsic motives to ensure that they will continue to exercise in the future. In this way, we could try to prevent health problems related to weight and sedentary lifestyle. (1) Homan, KJ, & Tylka, TL (2014). Appearance-based exercise motivation moderates the relationship between exercise frequency and positive body image. Body Image, 11(2), 101–108. (2) DiBartolo, P, Lin, L, Montoya, S, Neal, H, & Shaffer, C (2007). Are there “healthy” and “unhealthy” reasons for exercise? Examining individual differences in exercise motivations using the Function of Exercise Scale. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 1, 93–120. (3) Gillison, F, Sebire, S, & Standage, M (2012). 'What motivates girls to take up exercise during adolescence? Learning from those who succeed', British Journal of Health Psychology, 17(3), 536–550.

Perfekcionizam i emocionalna regulacija često se spominju kao rizični čimbenici razvoja i održavanja simptoma poremećaja hranjenja u adolescenata. Stoga smo u provedenom istraživanju provjerili odnos između emocionalne regulacije, perfekcionizma i simptoma poremećaja hranjenja, uz kontrolu kognitivnih obrazaca hranjena. Sudionici su ispunili upitnike kojima se procjenjuju poteškoće u regulaciji emocija, perfekcionizam, kognitivni obrasci hranjenja i simptomi poremećaja hranjenja. Problemi u emocionalnoj regulaciji i povišeni perfekcionizam povezani su s kognitivnim obrascima hranjenja i izraženijim simptomima poremećaja hranjenja kod adolescenata. Također, rezultati su pokazali da su kognitivni obrasci hranjenja (kognitivno suzdržavanje, emocionalno i nekontrolirano jedenje) medijatori u odnosu između problema u emocionalnoj regulaciji i perfekcionizma sa simptomima poremećaja hranjenja. Adolescenti s poteškoćama u regulaciji emocija izvijestili su o više emocionalnoga i nekontroliranoga jedenja. Nadalje, problemi u emocionalnoj regulaciji također su bili izravno povezani s javljanjem simptoma poremećaja hranjenja, dok je između perfekcionizma i simptoma poremećaja hranjenja veza bila slabija. Iako se kod osoba s poremećajima hranjenja često dobije i povišena razina perfekcionizma, naši rezultati sugeriraju da u objašnjenju poremećaja hranjenja važnu ulogu ima i emocionalna regulacija. Kada adolescenti imaju poteškoća u emocionalnoj regulaciji te su pritom skloni emocionalnom i nekontroliranom jedenju, dolazi do povećanoga rizika razvoja zabrinutosti oko tjelesne težine i javljanja niza simptoma poremećaja hranjenja. Iz tog je razloga u preventivne aktivnosti i tretmane poremećaja hranjenja kod adolescenata nužno uključiti i rad na emocionalnoj regulaciji.

Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati simptomatologiju poremećaja hranjenja i njezin odnos s kognitivnim obrascima hranjenja, indeksom tjelesne mase (ITM) i spolom u hrvatskih adolescenata. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćen 649 sudionika, od čega je 50,4% bilo mladića. Svi sudionici bili su učenici prvih razreda srednjih škola u dobi od 14 do 16,5 godina, koji su popunjavali upitnike u školskim ambulantama tijekom redovnog zdravstvenog pregleda. Adolescentice su pokazale više simptoma poremećaja hranjenja i češću uporabu kognitivnih obrazaca hranjenja u usporedbi s adolescentima. Nadalje, adolescenti s većim ITM-om također su izvijestili o više simptoma poremećaja hranjenja i kognitivnoga suzdržavanja. Zaključno, kognitivni obrasci hranjenja i povezana psihopatologija poremećaja hranjenja relevantne su karakteristike hrvatskih adolescenata, uglavnom kod djevojaka s višim ITM-om., The aim of this study was to examine eating disorder symptomatology and its relationship with cognitive eating patterns, body mass index (BMI) and sex in Croatian adolescents. This study included 649 participants, of which 50.4% were boys. All of the participants were first-grade high school students with ages ranging from 14 to 16.5 years who completed the questionnaires in the medical centre during their regular health examination. Female adolescents showed more eating disorder symptoms and more frequent use of cognitive eating patterns than male adolescents. Additionally, adolescents with a higher BMI also reported more eating disorder symptoms and cognitive restraint. In conclusion, cognitive eating patterns and associated eating disorder psychopathology are relevant features in Croatian adolescents, mainly among female subjects with a higher BMI.

Emocionalna regulacija obuhvaća različite procese kojima osobe mogu upravljati svojim emocijama, a povezuje se s važnim ishodima, poput mentalnoga i fizičkoga zdravlja, zadovoljstva vezom i radnom uspješnosti. Adolescencija je, kao prijelaz iz dječje u odraslu dob, praćena tjelesnom, psihološkom i socijalnom transformacijom, a emocionalna su iskustva posebno intenzivna te adolescenti doživljavaju emocije češće i intenzivnije u odnosu na ostala razvojna razdoblja. Istraživanja povezuju probleme emocionalne regulacije sa zloporabom droga, depresijom, ponašajnim problemima te poremećajima hranjenja. Perfekcionizam je osobina koja ponekad olakšava, ali ponekad značajno otežava funkcioniranje pojedinca. Prema multidimenzionalnom pristupu, perfekcionizam se može promatrati kao adaptivni i neadaptivni. Adaptivni se opisuje kao perfekcionizam usmjeren na sebe, postavljanjem visokih standarda samima sebi te visokoj organiziranosti, dok se neadaptivni perfekcionizam više odnosi na društveno propisani, odnosno na zabrinutost zbog pogrešaka, sumnju u vlastite postupke, roditeljska očekivanja i kriticizam. Istraživanja pokazuju da je neadaptivni perfekcionizam rizičan za nastanak simptoma poremećaja hranjenja, ali je povezan i s održavanjem istih. U cilju razumijevanja povezanosti emocionalne regulacije, perfekcionizma i njegovih dimenzija (Osobni standardi, Zabrinutost zbog pogrešaka, Roditeljska očekivanja i Roditeljska prigovaranja) te simptoma poremećaja hranjenja, primijenjen je set upitnika te su izmjerene visina i težina sudionika. Također je ispitan odnos spola i indeksa tjelesne mase (ITM) s učestalošću javljanja simptoma poremećaja hranjenja kod adolescenata, uz kontrolu pubertalnoga statusa. Zabrinutost zbog pogrešaka te Roditeljska očekivanja i prigovaranja, pozitivno su povezani s lošijom emocionalnom regulacijom. Suprotno hipotezi, Osobni standardi su također pozitivno povezani s problemima u emocionalnoj regulaciji. Djevojke su iskazale višu učestalost javljanja simptoma poremećaja hranjenja od mladića na svim mjerama simptoma poremećaja hranjenja. Viši ITM povezuje se s višom učestalošću javljanja simptoma poremećaja hranjenja. Djevojke i mladići višega ITM-a pokazuju učestalije javljanje zabrinutosti za težinu tijela u odnosu na vršnjake istoga spola, ali nižega ITM-a. Kako bi se provjerio doprinos emocionalne regulacije i perfekcionizma u predviđanju simptoma poremećaja hranjenja, provedene su hijerarhijske regresijske analize. Roditeljska očekivanja i prigovaranja, zabrinutost zbog pogrešaka te lošija emocionalna regulacija predviđaju više simptoma poremećaja hranjenja, povrh ženskoga spola i višeg ITM-a, uz kontrolu pubertalnoga statusa.

Tehnologija ima vrlo važnu ulogu u današnjem svijetu, posebno u životu mladih osoba, koje se uz pomoć tehnologije sve češće druže i komuniciraju. Isto tako, tehnologija omogućuje online igranje koje nas može uvući u svoj svijet toliko duboko da zaboravimo na probleme u svakodnevnom životu. Prema nekim istraživanjima, online igranje dovodi do boljeg raspoloženja, smanjuje stres, razvija strateško planiranje, ali i pomaže u suočavanju s negativnim emocijama. Osoba može igrati sama ili s drugim igračima, što ujedno otvara i mogućnost širenja socijalnih kontakata. Cilj je provedenog istraživanja bio ispitati odnos emocionalne kompetencije i poteškoća u emocionalnoj regulaciji s motivima za online igranje, problematičnim online igranjem te vremenom provedenim igrajući. Istraživanje je provedeno online na 287 ispitanika (M = 168, Ž = 119), prosječne dobi 25.75 godina (SD = 7.39). Nekoliko se motiva za online igranje pokazalo značajno povezanim s intrapersonalnom i interpersonalnom emocionalnom kompetencijom te emocionalnom regulacijom. Tako je s intrapersonalnom emocionalnom kompetencijom negativno povezan motiv fantazija, a pozitivno motiv rekreacije, dok je motiv razvoj vještina pozitivno povezan s interpersonalnom emocionalnom kompetencijom. Osobe koje iskazuju poteškoće u emocionalnoj regulaciji češće za motive online igranja navode fantaziju te bijeg i suočavanje, dok osobe bez teškoća emocionalne regulacije češće navode motive natjecanja, razvoja vještina i rekreacije. Također, dvije su podljestvice skale problematičnog online igranja, preokupacija i prekomjerno korištenje, pozitivno povezane s poteškoćama emocionalne regulacije te negativno s intrapersonalnom emocionalnom kompetencijom. Vrijeme provedeno u igranju bilo je povezano jedino s motivom bijeg i suočavanje. Provjerena su četiri modela u kojima smo ispitali doprinos spola, emocionalne kompetencije, poteškoća emocionalne regulacije, vremena provedenog igrajući te motiva za online igranje u objašnjenju problematičnog online igranja. Model kojim smo objasnili najveći postotak varijance jest model u kojemu je kriterijska varijabla bio ukupan rezultat upitnika problematičnog online igranja. Prema ovome modelu, problematično online igranje češće iskazuju muškarci, osobe koje više vremena provedu igrajući, osobe s poteškoćama emocionalne regulacije te osobe kojima je motiv za igranjem bijeg i suočavanje. Problematično online igranje može imati negativan efekt na svakodnevni život, u smislu izbjegavanje obaveza, gubitka interesa za svakodnevne aktivnosti, lošijih rezultata na akademskom i profesionalnom planu, pa i zdravstvenih problema proizašlih iz zanemarivanja osnovnih bioloških potreba, kao što su spavanje, osobna higijena i hranjenje. Iz tog je razloga važno razumjeti koje su osobe sklonije razvoju problematičnog online igranja, kako bi se moglo preventivno djelovati.

Trofaktorski upitnik obrazaca hranjenja (engl. Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire – TFEQ ; Karlsson i sur., 2000 ; Stunkard i Messick, 1985) jedna je od najčešće korištenih mjera samoprocjene prehrambenih ponašanja. Osnovne metrijske karakteristike hrvatskoga prijevoda upitnika provjerene su na nekliničkom uzorku (Nikolić i sur., 2018), a upravo je dodatna provjera faktorske strukture i kriterijske valjanosti na nekliničkome i kliničkome uzorku važan doprinos ovoga istraživanja. Provedene su dvije studije. U Studiji 1 analizirani su podaci nekliničkoga uzroka ispitanika (N = 419, M dobi = 22, 17, SD dobi = 2, 39, MITM = 22, 29, SDITM = 3, 32), studenata nekoliko sveučilišta u Republici Hrvatskoj, dok su u Studiji 2 analizirani podaci kliničkoga uzorka pretilih osoba. U ovom je dijelu istraživanja sudjelovao 71 pacijent Dnevne bolnice za endokrinologiju, dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Kliničkog bolničkog centra (KBC) Rijeka, u dobi od 26 do 71 godine (M = 45, 20, SD = 11, 12). Prosječni indeks tjelesne mase ove skupine sudionika iznosio je 41, 97 (SD = 8, 64), uz raspon od 29 do 71. U oba je uzorka konfirmatornom faktorskom analizom potvrđena pretpostavljena trofaktorska struktura, a dobivene podljestvice imale su zadovoljavajuće deskriptivne parametre i pouzdanost tipa unutarnje konzistencije. Anksioznost, depresivnost i stres bili su povezani s pojedinim obrascima hranjenja na studentskome uzorku, dok su emocionalno i nekontrolirano jedenje pozitivno, a kognitivna kontrola negativno povezani s depresivnošću na uzorku pretilih odraslih osoba. Na temelju dobivenih psihometrijskih pokazatelja može se zaključiti kako je Trofaktorski upitnik obrazaca hranjenja valjan mjerni instrument, koji se može koristiti za ispitivanje navika hranjenja u nekliničkoj i kliničkoj populaciji.

Background: Perfectionism and emotion regulation are significantly associated with eating disorder symptoms in adolescents and are implicated as risk and maintaining factors. In our research we tested the mediating role of cognitive eating patterns in the relationship between emotion regulation, perfectionism and eating disorder symptoms. Methods: A total of 482 adolescents (246 girls and 236 boys ; mean age: 15.00) participated in this study. Participants completed questionnaires assessing difficulties in emotion regulation, perfectionism, cognitive eating patterns, and disordered eating, along with the data about weight, height, and other demographic variables. BMI was calculated and expressed as a percentile (2.8% were underweight, 74% normal weight, 12.9 % overweight and 10.3% obese). Findings: The results indicated that cognitive restraint, emotional and uncontrolled eating mediated the relationship between emotion (dis)regulation and perfectionism with eating disorder symptoms, with cognitive restraint having the strongest path coefficients. Adolescents with emotion regulation difficulties reported more emotional and uncontrolled eating. Furthermore, emotional regulation was also directly related to eating disorder symptoms. On the other hand, perfectionism showed weaker relations with cognitive eating patterns. Discussion: Elevated self-reported perfectionism is frequently found in individuals with eating disorders (Egan et al., 2011) but our results suggest that emotional regulation may be more important in the explanation of eating disorders. When adolescents experience both poor emotion regulation and emotional or uncontrolled eating, risk for experiencing concerns about weight and a range of disordered eating symptoms may be higher. Treatment and preventive interventions in adolescents should focus on emotional regulation. Funding: This research was fully supported by the University of Rijeka project (uniri-drustv-18-63)

This thematic issue of the journal Psychological Topics is dedicated to emotional intelligence. Twenty-five years after the concept of emotional intelligence was introduced, it still captures the attention of scholars, practitioners, educators, and the public alike. Questions regarding how EI should be defined and measured, with different approaches both to theory and measurement, are still relevant. Emotional intelligence is usually analysed from two different perspectives – the ability models or mixed models. While the ability models focus on an individual's mental abilities to apply information provided by emotions for the improvement of cognitive processing, mixed models conceptualize EI as the combination of mental abilities, stable behavioural traits and personality variables. This volume presents theoretical and empirical papers that address a variety of topics. Two review papers cover new and important themes: the mechanisms of emotional intelligence using a computational approach, and the question on how to transversely develop emotional intelligence through school subjects. Research papers investigate several topics: the relationships between measures of EI and transformational leadership; the effect of the implicit theories of EI and of ability and trait EI on students’ academic achievement; the relationship between perceived emotional intelligence, burnout, work engagement, and job satisfaction in Italian schoolteachers; the developmental changes in EI abilities during early adolescence; and the effects of short-term emotional intelligence training on preschool teachers. Four papers are dedicated to methodological themes: dealing with an ongoing problem of EI measurement, especially its cross-cultural effects: comparing differential item functioning procedure in traditional back translation of the questionnaire with the native translator version; measurement invariance of the Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Emotional Competence Questionnaire across five different countries (Slovenia, Russia, Croatia, India, and the Czech Republic); the psychometric properties of the Vocabulary of Emotions Test (VET) in Serbian context; construction and validation of the Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire – Children’s form (ESCQ-C). We hope that this special issue will broaden knowledge in this field and raise further questions about emotional intelligence construct. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all the authors who contributed to this thematic issue, and to academic reviewers. We also thank editor-in-chief and editorial board for their support and assistance.

Vježbanje čini značajnu komponentu zdravoga životnoga stila, a vježbamo iz različitih razloga, od zdravlja i kontrole težine, do osjećaja pripadnosti. Slika o tijelu također ima značajnu ulogu u motivaciji za vježbanjem. Naime, obitelj, mediji i vršnjaci vrše pritisak na pojedinca da ostvari kulturološki definirane ideale izgleda (mršavost, mišićavost, privlačnost) što može dovesti do njihove internalizacije. Cilj je provedenoga istraživanja provjeriti efekte indeksa tjelesne mase (ITM) i učestalosti vježbanja na motive za vježbanjem, uzimajući u obzir medijacijske efekte internalizacije ideala izgleda i socijalnih pritisaka. U online istraživanju sudjelovale su 262 ispitanice, dobi od 18-29 godina (M = 21.52, SD = 1.86). Primijenjeni su Upitnik sociokulturnih stavova prema izgledu (SATAQ-4R ; Schaefer i sur., 2016) i Upitnik motivacije za vježbanjem (EMI-2 ; Markland i sur., 1997) te su prikupljeni osnovni demografski podaci, težina i visina te učestalost vježbanja. U početnom strukturalnom modelu ispitali smo veze između ITMa i latentnih faktora internalizacije i socijalnih pritisaka te tri motiva za vježbanjem (izgled, kontrola težine, zdravlje). Prema hipotezi, očekivali smo da će ITM i učestalost vježbanja imati indirektne efekte na različite motive za vježbanjem putem internalizacije i socijalnih pritisaka. Pretpostavljeni model nije imao odgovarajuće indekse pristajanja te je promijenjen na temelju modifikacijskih indeksa. Prema konačnom modelu, ITM ima direktan efekt na kontrolu težine, a posredno preko pritisaka na internalizaciju i preostale motive. Učestalost vježbanja ima direktan efekt na zdravlje, a posredno preko internalizacije na izgled i kontrolu težine. Žene s višim ITM-om vježbaju kako bi izgubile na težini, a za one koje češće vježbaju briga o zdravlju je glavni motiv. Doživljeni pritisci okoline i internalizacija ideala izgleda posreduju u odnosu ITM-a i učestalosti vježbanja s motivima za vježbanje. Žene koje doživljavaju socijalne pritiske i internaliziraju ideal izgleda, vježbaju kako bi poboljšale izgled i kontrolirale težinu. Tjelesna aktivnost važna je za zdravlje, no potrebno je usmjeriti žene koje vježbaju na tjelesnu spremnost i kondiciju, a ne samo na izgled jer će se na taj način lakše oduprijeti socijalnim pritiscima i internalizaciji ideala izgleda.

Within the hierarchical model of emotional intelligence, emotion management (e.g. ability to manage or regulate the experience and generation of emotions) is considered to be complex and socially contextualized ability. Together with emotional understanding, these are two abilities form Strategic emotional intelligence, and can be measured via situational judgement tests, as opposed to typical performance measures (e.g. self-reports). Recent findings implicate that these two approaches can’t be considered just as different measures of the same construct, but instead they tend to measure different parts of the same construct. In our study, in order to compare maximal and typical performance on emotional management test, we manipulated with the instruction for the participants on the Situational test of emotional management (STEM – B, Allen et. al., 2015). In the maximum performance situations, the question to the participants was „What is the most effective behaviour in a given situation?” In the typical performance condition, the question was “What would you probably do in a given situation?” A total of 215 college students (65% female) participated in the study (Mage=20.29, SDage=1.82). We also included measures of Big Five personality traits, life satisfaction, ego resiliency and academic success. Correlation between maximum and typical performance results were moderate (r=.46), suggesting that there is not a perfect match between what people think it would be the most effective behaviour, and what would they actually do in a situation. Maximum performance measure showed higher correlation with academic success, and can be regarded as a measure of emotional knowledge (e.g. knowing what is best to do in a situation). The typical performance showed higher correlation with indicators of socio-emotional adjustment, and is an indicator of what a person would do in a real life situation. The results emphasize the importance of distinguishing between maximum and typical performance when measuring emotional intelligence.

Emocionalna regulacija uključuje sposobnosti identificiranja, razumijevanja i prihvaćanja emocionalnih iskustava, kontroliranja impulzivnoga ponašanja u stanjima stresa te fleksibilnosti u emocionalnim odgovorima i prilagođavanjima zahtjevima situacije (Gratz i Roemer, 2004). Emocionalna disregulacija može biti ključna karakteristika brojnih (internaliziranih i eksternaliziranih) poremećaja (Beauchaine i Thayer, 2015), a teorijski modeli povezuju uspješnu emocionalnu regulaciju s dobrim zdravstvenim ishodima te akademskim i poslovnim uspjehom (John i Gross, 2004). Cilj provedenoga istraživanja bio je provjeriti doprinos emocionalne regulacije u objašnjenju različitih navika hranjenja (nekontroliranoga hranjenja, kognitivnoga suzdržavanja i emocionalnoga jedenja), uz kontrolu razine depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 188 ispitanika (56% žena), raspona dobi od 18 do 30 godina (Mdobi = 22.40, SDdobi = 2.52). Korišteni su upitnici za provjeru emocionalne regulacije (DERS16 ; Bjureberg i sur., 2016), razine depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa (DASS21 ; Lovibond i Lovibond, 1995) te navika hranjenja (TFEQ18 ; Karlsson i sur., 2000). Sve korištene mjere imaju dobre psihometrijske karakteristike. U ispitanom uzorku žene imaju značajno više poteškoća u emocionalnoj regulaciji u odnosu na muškarce. Također, češće pribjegavaju emocionalnom jedenju te izražavaju više razine anksioznosti i stresa. Problemi u emocionalnoj regulaciji značajno su povezani s emocionalnim i nekontroliranim hranjenjem, kao i s višim razinama depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa, kako kod muškaraca, tako i kod žena. Ispitane varijable (indeks tjelesne mase (ITM), spol, emocionalna regulacija, depresivnost, anksioznost i stres) objašnjavaju 25% varijance emocionalnoga jedenja. Osobe koje imaju poteškoća u emocionalnoj regulaciji, žene i pojedinci višega ITM-a postižu više rezultate na skali emocionalnoga jedenja. Konkretno, osobe će jesti više kao odgovor na negativna emocionalna stanja. Ispitane varijable objašnjavaju svega 15% varijance nekontroliranoga hranjenja te 8% varijance kognitivnoga suzdržavanja. Rezultati ovoga istraživanja u skladu su s teorijama koje govore da su određene nepoželjne navike hranjenja rezultat teškoća u emocionalnoj regulaciji. Neke od osoba sa slabije razvijenom sposobnošću emocionalne regulacije, u stresnim će situacijama jesti velike količine hrane i/ili visoko kaloričnu hranu, kako bi potisnule neugodne emocije i stres, što posljedično može dovesti do porasta tjelesne težine. Preventivnim programima, ali i terapijskim radom na razvoju sposobnosti emocionalne regulacije i usvajanju primjerenih strategija suočavanja, mogla bi se umanjiti uloga emocionalnih stanja u razvoju ili održavanju preuhranjenosti i pretilosti. * Ovaj je rad financiralo Sveučilište u Rijeci projektom broj: uniri-drustv-18-63.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death not only in western, industrialized countries, but also in transitional countries, like Croatia. The development of CVD can be affected by psychological factors such as the emotional states of anxiety and depression (Dorian & Taylor, 1984). Depression tends to take a chronic course, and comorbid anxiety disorders are common in CVD and add to the disease weight (Wittchen et al., 2000). The aim of this study was to determine the significance of the perception of causes of illness in relation to the negative affect in patients with CVD. A total of 177 CVD patients (29% women) participated in the study. The age ranged from 32 to 89 years (M = 63.40, SD = 11.78). The Croatian version of the Perceived Causes of Illness Scale, the subscale of the IPQ-R (Illness Perception Questionnaire- Revised, Moss-Morris et al., 2002) has been adapted and verified. Using CFA, we compared two proposed models. Three-factor model showed better fit to the data compared to the original four- factor model. The three factors distinguish among attributions of the causes of the illness to: personal problems, uncontrollable factors and general risk factors. Using LPA analysis, patients were divided into two groups: the first group consisted of those who generally do not think about the causes of their illness, and they don’t tend to attribute illness causes to any factors, while the other group consisted of patients who think about the possible causes and attribute them to various factors. Significant differences in anxiety and depression have been obtained between these two groups of patients. Patients who think more about the causes of their illness were also more anxious and depressed, compared to the patients who do not think about the possible causes of their illness. We can conclude that in counselling and therapeutic work it is important to recognize the tendency to think more frequently about possible causes of the illness, because attributions can lead to the higher levels of emotional disturbance (e.g. depression and anxiety), which is also associated with worse outcomes of heart disease. Dorian, B. & Taylor, CB. (1984). Stress factors in the development of coronary artery disease. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 26, 747–56. Moss- Morris, R., Weinman, J., Petrie, K.J., Horne, R., Cameron, L.D., & Buick, D. (2002). The Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R). Psychology and Health, 17(1), 1–16. Wittchen, H., Carter, R., Pfister, .H, Montgomery, S., & Kessler, R. (2000). Disabilities and quality of life in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in a national survey. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 319–28.

Relationship between motivation for exercise and frequency of exercise with the appearance satisfaction in young womenRegular physical activity represents a healthy way of controlling body weight. Our understanding of motives for exercise has significant role in prevention of negative body-image, extreme dieting behavior and overweight. Some individuals have the proper motivation, self-confidence, and abilities needed to enjoy a physically active lifestyle (Longmuir &Tremblay, 2016), while others exercise for the wrong motives, which can lead to dysfunctional exercise (Dumitru, Dumitru, & Maher, 2018).Data from 262 female participants, aged from 18 to 29 (M = 21.52, SD = 1.86) were used. Body mass index (BMI) ranged from 18.03 to 31.51 (M = 22.09, SD = 2.69). In our sample, 22.1% of girls had below average weight, 62.3% had normative body weight, and 15.6% were overweight. More than 70% of participants (N=190) are engaged in some physical activity.Data were gathered on the frequency of physical activity, body weight and height. Participants also filled Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI-2, Markland & Ingledew, 1997) and Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-4R, Schaefer et.al., 2016). Both questionnaires had good psychometric properties.Using 2-way ANOVA we compared motivation for exercising and the internalization of the ideal body appearance with regard to the frequency of exercise and BMI. Girls who exercise multiple times a week, compared to those who do not exercise or exercise only once a week, emphasize revitalization, enjoyment, challenge, appearance and strength and endurance as main motives for exercising. In addition, girls who exercise 2 or 3 times a week emphasize affiliation as a motive, while for those who exercise 4 or more times a week, a significant motivation to exercise is physical attractiveness. Girls who exercise 4 or more times a week have internalized the ideal muscular body more than girls who are exercising less frequently or not at all.Affiliation and weight management, as motives for exercise differs for the girls regarding their BMI. Girls with lower BMI emphasize affiliation as a motive, while girls with higher BMI give more value to the body weight control. Overweight girls perceive morepressure to change their appearance compared to girls with normative weight or girls below average weight. They perceive more pressure from the family, peers, significant others (e.g. romantic partners, trainers, teachers) to look better, to reduce body fat and to look thinner.BMI has important role in perceiving sociocultural pressure to change appearance, but it is not related to exercise frequency. Identification of main motives for exercise can help in creating training programs that emphasize healthy motives, such as refreshment, affiliation, enjoyment, health preservation, and give less importance to potentially damaging motives, like the sense of physical attractiveness and muscularity.

Cross-cultural validation refers to whether measures that were originally generated in a single culture are applicable, meaningful, and thus equivalent in another culture (Matsumoto, 2003). Equivalence is by far the most important concept that researchers need to be aware of when conducting cross-cultural research. It is defined as a state or condition of similarity in conceptual meaning and empirical method between cultures that allows comparisons to be meaningful. Perhaps the most important area in which equivalence needs to be ascertained is measurement. Measurement invariance or equivalence is present if there is no item bias, which is a situation when a test item unfairly favors one group of examinees over another. A biased item will exhibit differential item functioning (DIF). DIF occurs when examinees from different groups with equal knowledge exhibit different probabilities of success on an item. Methods used to determine differentially functioning items are numerous and can be roughly divided into two conceptual frameworks: classical test theory and item response theory. The most basic DIF indices are based on classical test theory and analysis of variance and are no longer recommended for use. Item response theory (IRT) framework is rich with different DIF methods. They all share the use of a matching variable which is an estimate of latent ability rather than the observed score. The general framework involves estimating item parameters separately for the reference and focal groups and then comparing them. Third group of methods are the so-called contingency table methods which range from the relatively simple chi-square based Mantel- Haenszel approach to logistic regression. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the three groups of methods will be discussed and illustrated using the data on emotional intelligence measures collected in samples of different cultural origin.

Cultural models -independence, interdependence, and integration - that describe the hypothesized relationships between dimensions of self- construal and emotional components of subjective well-being have been proposed and already tested in limited number of countries (Cheng, C. et al., 2011). In our study, the proposed models were examined in five countries and expanded to psychological and social well-being. Participants filled out the Independent â Interdependent Self- construal scale, and the Mental Health Continuum â Short form. SEM analysis was applied for each country separately. The least consistent results were found for the prediction of the emotional well-being, although it was hypothesized that the models should be in accordance with predominant country orientation (collectivism, individualism). The results confirmed our expectations that interdependent self-construal is a crucial predictor of the social well-being in all countries. Regarding the psychological wellbeing, the results were in accordance with the integration model for most countries, thus indicating the necessary blend of individual and collective modes of agency for it.