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In this study, we looked into how organizational coaching can influence innovative work behaviour, employee voice, and work motivation. We used a quantitative, quasi-experimental design with a pre-post-test approach. Thirty participants from an Iranian online job agency took part in this semi-experimental study, with fifteen employees joining a ten-week face-to-face coaching program. Our findings show that organizational coaching had a significant and positive impact on employee innovative work behaviour, employee voice, and work motivation (P

In this study, three-dimensional steady-state laminar flow simulations were conducted in a horizontal pipe using CuO and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) nanoparticles with engine oil as the base fluid. Various nanoparticle volume fractions were examined under a constant heat flux boundary condition applied to the pipe wall. The main goal was to assess and compare the effects of different nanoparticle volume concentrations, including CuO and MWCNT in ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, on convective heat transfer. A second-order discretisation method was employed for solving the equations, and the SIMPLE algorithm was used for pressure–velocity coupling in the CFD code. The study focused on the impact of nanoparticle volume fraction on the convective heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt number at a Reynolds number of 750. The findings indicate that increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction enhances both the convective heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt number, with MWCNT having a more pronounced effect compared to CuO. Specifically, adding 2% CuO increases the heat transfer coefficient by 65%, while a mixture of 1% CuO and 1% MWCNT boosts it by 75%. The thermal boundary layer thickness also grows with higher nanoparticle concentrations, with 1% CuO and 3% CuO increasing the thickness by 1.5% and 3.6%, respectively. A formula for the thermal boundary layer thickness in CuO-oil nanofluids is provided based on volume fraction, and a scale analysis of the average heat transfer coefficient confirms that the simulation results are consistent with this analysis.

Introduction: Morphine induces ovarian cysts that cause obesity and disrupt sex hormone secretion. Baclofen, a gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist, can help regulate sex hormones and reduce harmful blood lipids by protecting against morphine-induced gamma-aminobutyric acid inhibition. We investigated the prophylactic effect of baclofen in rats receiving morphine by comparing with the untreated groups. Materials and Methods: Forty eight female Wistar rats were randomly divided into several groups, including control (saline 1 mL/kg, i.p.), morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.), baclofen (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg, i.p.), and baclofen (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg) before morphine (5 mg/kg). Twenty four hours after the treatment, blood and serum samples were taken to check the levels of gonadotropins (LH & FSH) and lipid profile. The ovaries and uterus were also studied, and a proinflammatory nitric oxide (NO) diagnostic test was completed. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Results: In comparison with the control group, the levels of LH and not FSH decreased in the morphine group and the number of ovarian cysts was more in the morphine group. These problems were not observed in the group of baclofen alone and baclofen + morphine. However, the triglyceride level increased slightly in the baclofen 30 mg/kg + morphine group. But the LDL level somewhat decreased. The proinflammatory NO system did not show significant activation in the ovary and uterus, except for the baclofen 10 mg/kg + baclofen group. Conclusion: Morphine can cause ovarian cysts by lowering LH but baclofen prophylaxis can protect reproductive properties by adapting major metabolic changes.

Statement of the ProblemThe March 1921 coup and the rise of Reza Khan, under the so-called enlightened tyranny referred to by Iranian thinkers, ended more than a century-long reign of the Qajar dynasty. Although the Qajar monarchy was transferred to the Pahlavi in 1925, the rule in Iran was practically out of the control of the Qajars since March 1921. Having risen to power with the coronation of Agha Mohammad Khan in 1796, the Qajars inherited a situation resulted from about a century-long conflict and chaos in Iran, for the rule had changed five times in less than seventy-five years: the fall of the Safavid dynasty, the rise of Afghans to power, the Afsharid dynasty, the Zand dynasty, and finally the Qajar dynasty. The perpetual riots and insecurities led to the migration of a large number of Iranian thinkers and even religious scholars to India and the Ottoman lands. Concomitant with the chaos in eighteenth-century Iran, the entire world experienced remarkable developments in inventions, discoveries, and the governance method, which went totally unnoticed by Iran and Iranians. However, the relative stability during the Qajar dynasty resuscitated political thought focused on preparing the ground for continuity and durability of the state and achieving the progress in light of the putative security, for the Iranian thinkers of the first generation (e.g., Shoushtari, Esfahani, and Kermanshahi) referred to the change in the governance method and the ensuing peace and security as the reason for progress of other countries.MethodologyThe present study uses the method of qualitative content analysis to analyze the treatises and travelogues of the Qajar era. Reading and categorizing the material presented by Iranian and non-Iranian thinkers in the Qajar era, the research relies on the theory of structural functionalism to investigate the cause underlying the transition to enlightened tyranny. The study is based on the hypothesis that the functional disruption of the social system of Qajar Iran and the ensuing inefficiency in the governance method of the Constitutional Movement had the Iranian thinkers think of a new order for the governance in Iran.FindingsA) From absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy: Conceptual development and stability of governanceFor the Iranian thinkers, the specific method of governance in Iran was the main cause of the chaotic situation manifested in the continuous change of governments, governors, or ministers, so the thinkers attended to the restoration and reform of the governance system. However, the outbreak of the Russo-Persian wars rendered Fath Ali Shah’s initial efforts ineffective, and subsequent, unremitting internal riots totally distracted his attention from the matter.During the early reign of Naser al-Din Shah and Amir Kabir’s tenure as the chief minister, an attempt was made to improve Iran’s social system and eliminate anarchy, which could bring about some changes in the short run. However, the assassination of Amir Kabir, the Treaty of Paris, and the subsequent separation of Herat once again drew attention to the governance method. Throughout the reign of Naser al-Din Shah and Mozaffar al-Din Shah, the Iranian thinkers would emphasize the need to change the governance method in order to improve the living conditions of Iranians and organize Iran’s social system.Despite some efforts, the overall circumstances did not improve from the beginning of the Qajar dynasty to the end of the Mozaffari era. Although the anarchy deepened, the attempts at reforms transformed the concept of moderate monarchy into constitutional monarchy, which fruitfully led to establishing the National Council and writing the law at the end of the Mozaffari era. The objective to introduce a solution to the functional disruption under the limited power was essentially accomplished, leading to a new method of governance in Iran.B) Persistence of functional disruption in constitutional governanceThe reports about Iran during the constitutional era prove that the panacea for Iran’s problems was not the establishment of the parliament or control of the government but the creation of a structure to implement decrees, for the constitutionalism would also lead to a new dictatorship in the absence of administrative and judicial mechanisms. From the mid-1910s, the circumstances stressed the need for an organized judicial system and a single and integrated administrative apparatus to resolve the functional disruptions, especially in economic and political sectors. The need existed because the constitutional monarchy had turned into the tyranny of constitutionalists, without reforming the functional anarchy.ConclusionApplying the theory of structural functionalism to analyze Iran’s situation at the end of the nineteenth century makes it clear that enlightened tyranny was an attempt to end the functional disruption in the four dimensions of Iran’s social system. Resulted from the constant chaos and conflict in eighteenth-century Iran, the functional disruption lasted well through the century-long reign of the Qajars, and the efforts to fix or reform each of the four dimensions failed in bringing about a noticeable and positive effect on the life of Iranians.Maintaining or creating order in a social system requires the functional adaptation of all dimensions of the social system. In this regard, the adaptation of the two subsystems of economy (with the function of provision of goods and services) and politics (with the function of allocation and decision-making) is absolutely necessary. The study of Iran during the period of the constitutional monarchy shows that the subsystemic adaption did not exist between economy and politics, so the functional disruption in the economic subsystem made the subsystem of politics conclude the Anglo–Iranian agreement of 1919 with the purpose of financing. This makes clear the very disruption in the most fundamental functioning of the system of Qajar Iran, which, following the functional logic, effected the non-adaptation and dysfunctionality of other dimensions as well.The persistence of the situation even within the constitutional governance ultimately underscored the need for something more than legislation, leading to a conceptual change of the limit of power and adoption of Japanese and German models of establishing a centralized and powerful structure to effect the reforms demanded by the thinkers. This played the role of what is known in structural functionalism as the external environment, and the coup of 1921 took place and helped enlightened tyranny take over the governance in order to fix the functional disruptions of the social system and establish a new order in Iran.

Background: Different intensities of exercise may have a different effect on the level of brain-derived neurogenic factor (BDNF). Hence, this study aimed to determine the effect of sprint interval training with short repetitions on hippocampal BDNF level, spatial learning and memory in adult rats. Materials and Methods: Sixteen Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control (CO, n=8) and exercise (EX, n=8) groups. The exercise was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 4-9 repetitions of 10 seconds sprints, and 1-minute rest. At the end of the training period, the learning and memory of the animals were evaluated by Y maze and shuttle box tests. 48 hours after the test, the rats were anesthetized and the hippocampal tissue was isolated. BDNF levels were measured in hippocampal tissue homogeneity. The independent t-test was used to analyze the data at the alpha level of 0.05. Results: Statistical analysis of the data showed that the level of BDNF in EX hippocampus was significantly higher than that of CO (P

Background: Knowledge about the associated factors with epilepsy in the elderly in Iran is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of epilepsy and associated factors in Amirkola elderly patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study is a part of a comprehensive and cohort research of "The Amirkola Health and Ageing Project". The Mini-mental State Examination was used for cognitive impairment, Geriatric Depression Scale for psychiatric diseases and the Physical Activity Scale for Elderly questionnaire for physical activity. Results: The prevalence of epilepsy was 35 from 1482 participants (24/1000). The significant association between Parkinson’s Disease (OR=6.25, 95%CI=1.35-28.4, P=0.001), falls (OR= 3.81, 95%CI=1.62-8.97, P=0.001), depression (P=0.001), hyperphosphatemia (P=0.039) and hypokalemia (P= 0.031) concluded with epilepsy. Past history of stroke (6 % versus 2%, OR= 2.8, 95%CI, 0.97-8.27, P=0.07), increased serum level of triglyceride (OR= 1.96, 95%CI= 0.99-3.88, P=0.06) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P=0. 45) were seen in epileptic patients vs. non-epileptic patients. Conclusion: Parkinson's disease, frequency of falls and depression were the associated factors in epileptic patients and a correlation between past history of stroke, increased serum level of triglyceride and LDL with epilepsy were seen. Associated factors required screening, diagnosis and treatment.

The task of an intelligence agency is to monitor the ideas and behaviors of groups that are in conflict with the established system and are trying to overthrow the existing system. Monitoring opponents of the political system is not the sole task of an intelligence agency; Rather, it is the task of an intelligence agency to fight subversive opposition groups. Information institutions are an important part of a political system. The fundamental theory of the establishment of the state and the political-legal system determines the policy of the intelligence agencies. When two words are mixed, the breadth of a compound double word is lost and they are limited and conditioned by each other, and the word that is combined with the other word loses its semantic / functional independence. In this article, the political theory of the Intelligence and Security Organization of Iran is considered a lexical fusion due to the dual structure of government (republic and Islamic). Whenever a theory is chosen from among the various political theories that underlie the theoretical basis of government and is the basis for the actions of government and its institutional subdivisions (including intelligence agencies), the government and the intelligence agency are limited to theoretical underpinnings. Using Bernard Crick's model, the author tries to show how a change in the fundamental political theory of a state can led to a change in the character and actions of a country's intelligence organization.

Objective: In spite of the great advances in the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI), it still remains as a global health problem. Phlebotomy has been mentioned as an effective treatment for TBI in Persian medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effect of saphenous vein phlebotomy (SVP) on the alleviation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress after TBI. Methods: Seventy-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three main groups: sham, TBI and TBI + SVP group. Animal model of TBI was made through a controlled cortical impactor (CCI) device and SVP treatment was applied 10 min after TBI. Then, neurological function, body temperature, cerebral edema, blood–brain barrier integrity, brain apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation were assessed. Results: Our results indicated that SVP was associated with improvement of neurological scores 24 h post-TBI. In addition, SVP application significantly alleviated proinflammatory cytokines (IL- 1β, IL-17, and TNF-α) and oxidative stress factors as shown by reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) and elevation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) with no significant effect on glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and nitric oxide (NO) in the brain 6 h after TBI. Besides, it reduced body temperature, attenuated severity of brain edema, and also reduced caspase-3 and number of apoptotic neurons. Conclusion: This study showed that SVP could ameliorate the severity of acute TBI, partly through alleviation of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Further studies are necessary for more understanding the involved mechanism(s).

Changes in consumption and changes in the structure of the system always occur in each power system. One of the effects of these changes can be the instability of the system voltage. When voltage is unstable, their performance is in conditions of power fluctuations after large errors occur. Determining the voltage stability of traditional methods is time consuming and does not have the necessary efficiency for instantaneous monitoring. In this paper, an index based on the changes of two indices of frequency deviation and frequency response of inertia in the time after the occurrence of perturbation is presented, which has the ability to detect the occurrence of instability and at the same time high speed timely estimation of voltage instability in the power system. In addition, this indicator has been used to determine the appropriate time to start load removal (voltage reduction load). All simulations are performed on the IEEE 33-bus network in DIgSILENT software, the results of which indicate that the proposed index has a very low computational load. Because the proposed method for instantaneous voltage instability prediction does not depend on the network structure and load model and does not require any threshold value. Therefore, the proposed index has a very low computational load. These advantages make the proposed method an interesting option for online and practical applications.

Background: Foreign body insertion in the urethra and bladder are relatively rare. These patients usually insert foreign body in urethra for eroticism, inquisitiveness, or as a consequence of disinhibited or disturbed behavior. Case presentation: Herein, we report a case of 41-year-old man presented with weak stream and suprapubic pain. Due to incontinence, he instilled superglue into his urethra. On perineal examination, a foreign body was palpable in the penile urethra. A 10 cm dried superglue block got out with incision at glance. Conclusion: Urethral foreign bodies are mostly found on physical examination and clinical history. Although imaging modalities are commonly used for FBs detection, the necessity of imaging modalities are still a controversy.

Since the edifice of conventional medicine is built on the pillars of past achievements, review or re-investigate the old medical manuscripts may lead to significant achievements. Avicenna was a famous Persian medieval physician and one of the pioneers of neuroscience. The aim of this study is to evaluate Avicenna's approach to traumatic brain injury (TBI), based on his main book on medicine, “Canon of Medicine”. Avicenna divided the TBI treatments into three categories: topical therapies, oral therapies, such as diets and medications, and manipulation therapies including phlebotomy, enema, foot bath, cupping, and massage. Although some of these recommendations are supported by current knowledge, many of them are still unknown and need scientific investigation to expand our knowledge of TBI treatments in the medieval period.

In this paper, optimal allocation of a distributed thyristor-controlled series compensator (DTCSC) in a power system is presented to minimize overload, voltage deviations, and power losses while improving system reliability. The decision variable was defined as the optimal reactance of the DTCSC in the power system, which was determined using a new meta-heuristic algorithm named the improved equilibrium optimization algorithm (IEOA). A nonlinear inertia weight reduction strategy was used to improve the performance of traditional EOA in preventing premature convergence and facilitate a quick global optimum solution. The effect of system critical line outage was evaluated for each of the considered goals. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, IEOA capability was compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and manta ray foraging optimizer (MRFO) methods. Simulations were carried out considering different scenarios on 14- and 118-bus test systems. The results showed that, for all scenarios, optimal allocation of DTCSC could result in a significant reduction in overloading, voltage deviation of network buses, as well as power losses under the condition of line outage, due to the optimal injection of reactive power. In all investigated scenarios, our results attested to the superiority of the IEOA over the traditional EOA, PSO, and MRFO in achieving a better value for the objective function. In addition, the results showed that improving reliability in the objective function could eliminate overloading, and hence, introduce further improvement in each of the objectives.

In this study, we reported preparation and characterization of a new nano product consisting of the combination of two anti-inflammatory drugs: naproxen and sulfasalazine (Sulfoxen) where both are currently used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. The nano combination product and its structural characterization were obtained by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), respectively.The hydrogen bonding between the COOH groups of naproxen (NPX) and sulfasalazine (SSZ) drugs were evaluated by the experimental and theoretical spectra. FESEM and AFM techniques represent that the most particles of Sulfoxen have a solid dense cubical or cuboidal structure and they also have size range of 50–100 nm. The objective was to prepare the nano-formulation of the Sulfoxen with improved antioxidant properties with respect to the two compounds administered separately. We have evaluated the anti-cancer effect of Sulfoxen in comparison to sulfasalazine and naproxen drugs on MCF-7 and KYSE30 cell lines. Interestingly, exposure of the zebrafishes to Sulfoxen (12.5 mM) did not exhibit lethal toxicity compared to the control groups. Therefore, Sulfoxen could contribute to more studies for the possible future clinical use.

Introduction: Curcumin, a natural antioxidant, has anti-inflammatory and protective effect on a large number of diseases like cancers and hepatic disorders in oxidative stress conditions by collecting free oxygen radicals and increasing intracellular glutathione. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of curcumin on the level of IL-17 and IL-10 cytokines in intrahepatic and extrahepatic liver injuries Methods: A total of 72 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two (A, B) categories, each of which was divided into 4 groups. A: One group as a control-sham group received distilled water as an acetaminophen vehicle and the other three groups received acetaminophen (500mg/kg IP). The third group received curcumin, and the fourth group was administrated curcumin vehicle. B: one group underwent Bile Duct Ligation (BDL), and another group received curcumin by gavage for seven days. The third group received distilled water as a curcumin vehicle and the fourth group was considered the sham group. Animals were sacrificed 48 hours after administration of acetaminophen under anesthesia with ketamine + xylazine. After that, liver tissue samples were taken for laboratory tests. Cytokines were measured by ELISA method. Results: Levels of IL-17 and IL-10 in the liver tissue in groups A and BDL increased significantly, and in the Curcumin (CMN) group, decreased significantly in both in- and out-liver injury. Also, the body weight in the curcumin-treated groups showed a significant increase both in intrahepatic and extrahepatic injuries. Conclusion: Our data suggest that curcumin undermines inflammation and damage to the inside and outside of the liver, but these findings need to be further investigated.

BackgroundHuman toxocariasis is an important neglected disease. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis study to estimate the global and regional prevalence of anti-Toxocara serum antibodies (referred to as 'T-seroprevalence') in human populations around the world.MethodsWe searched five international databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, SciELO and Scopus) for seroprevalence studies published from 1 January 1980 to 15 March 2019. We used random effect models to calculate the overall T-seroprevalence (with 95% CIs) in all six WHO regions and worldwide. We also conducted subgroup and linear meta-regression analyses to evaluate the impact of socio-demographic, geographical and climatic parameters on seroprevalence.ResultsWe identified 250 eligible studies (253 datasets) comprising 265,327 participants in 71 countries for inclusion in the present meta-analysis. The estimated global T-seroprevalence rate was 19.0% (95%CI, 16.6-21.4%; 62,927/265,327); seroprevalence was highest in the African region (37.7%; 25.7-50.6%) and lowest in the Eastern Mediterranean region (8.2%; 5.1-12.0%). The pooled seroprevalence for other WHO regions was 34.1% (20.2-49.4%) in the South-East Asia; 24.2% (16.0-33.5%) in the Western Pacific; 22.8% (19.7-26.0%) in the American; and 10.5% (8.5-12.8%) in the European regions. A significantly higher T-seroprevalence was associated with a lower income level; lower human development index (HDI); lower latitude; higher humidity; higher temperature; and higher precipitation (P-value < 0.001). Potential risk factors associated with seropositivity to Toxocara included male gender; living in a rural area; young age; close contact with dogs, cats or soil; consumption of raw meat; and the drinking of untreated water.ConclusionsThe present findings indicate high levels of infection with, or exposure to Toxocara spp. in many countries, which calls for increased attention to human toxocariasis and improved measures to prevent adverse health risks of this disease.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of four types of diets containing different forms of selenium on the hematological blood parameters, reproduction and health of dairy cattle during the transition period. Twenty-four close-up dry cows with a mean of 259 ± 1days of pregnancy and expected 21 ± 1days prior to parturition were selected. The cows were fed four diets: 1) basal diet without selenium supplementation (C); 2) basal diet plus 0.5ppm selenium in the form of sodium selenite (Se-S) 3) basal diet plus 0.5ppm selenium in the form of selenium yeast (Se-Y); 4) basal diet plus 0.5ppm selenium in the form of selenomethionine (Se-M). Blood samples for measuring hematological blood parameters (including lymphocyte, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC and RDWc) were taken at 21 and 10 days before delivery, delivery date, 10 and 21 days after delivery. There was no significant difference in hematological parameters before and after delivery in experimental and control groups. However, in the prepartum period, MCH tended to increase significantly in selenium methionine treatment (p

First colostrum is an important source of nutrients and immune factors which are necessary for calves in the first weeks of life. Despite these benefits, colostrum can also represent one of the earliest potential exposures of dairy calves to infectious agents which these patogens can act directly on growth and cause diseases such as scours or septicemia. With recent increased interest in pasteurized milk feeding systems, producers have been curious to learn if there may also be benefits from feeding pasteurized colostrum. This study was realized to determine the effects of feeding heat-treated colostrum or unheated colostrum on passive transfer of immunity, immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration, total plate count, health and performance of neonatal dairy calves. First-milking colostrum was collected from Holstein cows and frozen at -20°C to accumulate a large batch. Pooled batches of colostrum were mixed and divided equally: One half was fed unheated colostrum; whereas the other half was fed after heat treatment at 60°C for 30 min. Forty newborn male Holstein dairy calves were fed either unheated (n = 20) and heat-treated colostrum (n = 20), 10% of their birth weight. Calves received 4 L within 1 to 2h after birth and residuals was fed 6h after birth. Serum samples collected from calves and were assayed for serum total protein (STP) and IgG. Feed intake recorded weekly and body weight and skeletal growth measures recorded at d 3 and d 63 (weaning). Every day, calves clinically diagnosed either as being healthy or suffering from respiratory disease and neonatal calf diarrhea. Heat-treated colostrum resulted in lower colostrum bacterial concentration (2.01 vs. 3.96 cfu mL-1). Calves fed heat treated colostrum had greater STP in 24, 72h and 23d, IgG concentrations at 24 and 72h plus unheated colostrum. Also weaning weight and average daily gain were greater in calves feed heated colostrum. There were no differences in starter intake and feed efficiency between two groups. Calves fed heat-treated colostrum had lower fecal scores, diarrhea and pneumonia incidence. There were not differences in skeletal growth measurements except body barrel. These results shows that feeding heated colostrum can provide better growth and health in neonatal calves.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing close-up and fresh dairy cows’ diets with sodium selenite or organic sources of selenium (Se) on the dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition. Based on their body condition score (BCS), previous lactation milk yield and expected calving date, 24 multiparous Holstein dairy cows were balanced and randomly assigned to 4 experimental treatments. Experimental treatments were: control (basal diet without Se supplementation with 0.10 and 0.15 mg of Se kg-1 DM in close-up and fresh diets, respectively), sodium selenite supplementation (0.50 mg of Se kg-1 DM; Se-S), selenium yeast supplementation (0.50 mg of Se kg-1 DM; Se-Y) and selenomethionine supplementation (0.50 mg of Se kg-1 DM; Se-M). Neither Se supplementation nor Se source affected DMI pre- and postpartum. Milk production and composition were not different across Se sources, but concentrations of Se in milk were 14 and 10% greater for cows fed Se-M and Se-Y than for those fed control, respectively. Cows fed Se–M had lower somatic cell count than control (SCC; 173.11 vs. 318.89 cells × 103 Ml-1). The changes of BW and BCS pre- and postpartum were not affected by treatments over experimental period. The results of present study showed that selenomethionine supplementation compared to other sources decreased SCC in transition cows. In addition, milk Se concentrations increased in Se-Y and Se-M groups more significantly compared to the Se-S group. This indicates that organic Se had better replace inorganic Se for transition dairy cows.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing close-up and fresh dairy cows’ diets with sodium selenite or organic sources of selenium (Se) on the serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant indicators and Se status. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein dairy cows were balanced by body condition score (BCS), previous lactation milk yield and expected calving date and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments. Treatments were: control (basal diet without Se supplementation), sodium selenite supplementation (0.50 mg of Se kg-1 DM; Se-S), selenium yeast supplementation (0.50 mg of Se kg-1 DM; Se-Y) and selenomethionine supplementation (0.50 mg of Se kg-1 DM; Se-M). Serum Se concentrations were higher for cows in Se-Y (72.34 µg dL-1) and Se-Met (72.34 µg dL-1) than control (59.93µg/dl) and Se-S (64.79µg/dl). The Se supplementation and sources did not affect serum metabolites or indices of antioxidant pre and postpartum, except serum total protein and albumin concentrations. Cows in Se-M had greater serum total protein and albumin concentrations than those in control. The results of present study showed that serum Se concentrations increased in Se-Y and Se–M more effectively than Se-S, indicating that selenomethionine could replace Se-S as an effective organic Se source for transition dairy cows.

Context: Anxiety and depression are common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite some evidence, it is difficult to confirm Lavandula officinalis Chaix ex Vill (Lamiaceae) as an anxiolytic and antidepressant drug. Objective: The effects of L. officinalis extract were studied in scopolamine-induced memory impairment, anxiety and depression-like behaviour. Materials and methods: Male NMRI rats were divided into control, scopolamine alone-treated group received scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.), daily and 30 min prior to performing behavioural testing on test day, for 12 continuous days and extract pretreated groups received aerial parts hydro alcoholic extract (i.p.) (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), 30 min before each scopolamine injection. Memory impairment was assessed by Y-maze task, while, elevated plus maze and forced swimming test were used to measure anxiolytic and antidepressive-like activity. Results: Spontaneous alternation percentage in Y maze is reduced by scopolamine (36.42 ± 2.60) (p ≤ 0.001), whereas lavender (200 and 400 mg/kg) enhanced it (83.12 ± 5.20 and 95 ± 11.08, respectively) (p ≤ 0.05). Also, lavender pretreatment in 200 and 400 mg/kg enhanced time spent on the open arms (15.4 ± 3.37 and 32.1 ± 3.46, respectively) (p ≤ 0.001). On the contrary, while immobility time was enhanced by scopolamine (296 ± 4.70), 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg lavender reduced it (193.88 ± 22.42, 73.3 ± 8.25 and 35.2 ± 4.22, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner (p ≤ 0.001). Discussion and conclusion: Lavender extracts improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment and also reduced anxiety and depression-like behaviour in a dose-dependent manner.

Political tolerance and permission of activity for all groups and political parties, is an inseparable component of democracy, especially in countries like Iran with various groups and political parties, each of them has a unique outlook and approach. Lack of political tolerance, prevents the creation of solidarity in achieving the goals of the political system and political will at the highest levels of political violence. This question has two parts: what is the level of political intolerance in this sample? What factors are affecting the political tolerance? Therefore, the aim of this study is to survey, measure of the political tolerance and its influencing factors among students in Ferdowsi University. According to the theoretical background, social capital variables, political awareness, education, gender and age as factors influencing political tolerance were selected. The results show that political tolerance is desirable. The results of the research also show that social capital has the greatest impact and political awareness and education is second and third in terms of importance. Moreover, Bridging Social Capital has a greater impact on political tolerance than Bonding Social Capital

Introduction Fundamental rights include members of the community is making this declaration that enables it to rely on setting up against the government, to resist the Fundamental rights barrier against totalitarianism and government allows one to deliberate interference in their social lives. Fundamental rights in the definition of "fundamental rights in the main means of the organization and the creation of peaceful coexistence between factors of power and freedom in any political community". But what creator of this ability among members of the community is not it as a series of laws passed under the guise of the constitution, but it is the awareness. So what is important, the people of the community of these rights because what led to the Fundamental rights, awareness of the people's rights. The basic premise of awareness and the realization of the rights of the basis of the real action. Lack of awareness members of society, the rights of agents of backwardness society and underlies the dictatorship and repression of a nation and the people of the community as a result of being caught in a cycle of poverty, ignorance and violence. But we must note that this vacuum in the form of a variety of variables and theorists as the Creator and enhancing awareness of the introduction of rights: A group of theorists, social capital due to the fact that a large amount of information with low - cost in control is a factor affecting the awareness of the law. Parsons believes extremist public attitudes in the fields of politics and religion is conducive to the spread of the world's nose. Presence in the public domain as well as lead to a person familiar with the views of others. The use of mass communication through the concepts of finding hidden training as a person. Material & Methods The purpose of this study, the survey method, the first step in the level of awareness of the fundamental human rights and in the next step is to identify factors affecting. Demographic research, all male and female students at the University of Ferdowsi Mashhad. Sample volume with the formula of sampling Cochrane 400 people. In this study, political , social capital variables tolerance , religious tolerance in the public domain , media, education in the underlying variables age, gender , marital status , socio - economic base and levels of education , as the independent variables . To measure the awareness of the Fundamental rights, citing the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with the questionnaire: indicators of human dignity, justice, equality, freedoms, citizenship rights and duties ruler. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results awareness of the fundamental rights represents an unaware of their basic rights, particularly in connection with the government, which is represented by the power of the people. Awareness of basic rights in the community, lack proper conditions is an average of 37 of the100; but it must be factors underlie and affecting search awareness: Social capital, the most influential factor has been identified in central extent, with a view to that of a structural equation in that social capital increase to raise awareness of rights, and on the other hand, an average of this variable in Central limit, from the fact that one of the reasons for the low level of awareness of the fundamental rights, the displeasure of social capital. Two other variables affecting also aware of the rights of religious tolerance and political as well as social capital lacks the desirability and are necessary to possess an average of 45 of the 100 for religious tolerance and 57 of the 100 for political tolerance, in the middle. The situation for the presence of two variables in the public domain and the use of the media is another and these two variables with an average of 38 and 39 of the 100, among the lowest average variables are investigated. So low awareness of the basic rights in inappropriate and the lack of independent variables affecting the amenities. Among the most important results of this study, there is a difference between the awareness of basic rights dimensions. Among the six dimensions, a rift exists: on the one hand, of human dignity, social justice and equality, all of the above average of 100 and 45 are on the other side of the dimensions of civil rights and freedoms, the governor's duties, all with an average of 100 near 30. The situation is two points: 1. the downfall combination awareness of the fundamental human rights due to be the second dimension. 2. The second dimension and more people are living in the dark and inappropriate these dimensions to lack of proper relationship with the ruling power. If we want use dual open society - closed society, in which feature open society that awareness and political freedoms of its bodies , and the government is accountable , and that closed society in which human individuality with hanging concepts such as national unity is ignored and the government does not need to transparency , should the results of this research align perfectly with a closed society in this society even basic rights and the rule of law and not to support the members of society and limiting the circle of the government's performance , but as a pretext to limit the behavior of citizens and the raising of totalitarianism , the government is used.

One hundred and five fish with an average weight of 2.5 g from the aquaculture center in the port of Turkmen, Golestan province, were cached, sub-lethal test was for 1 week with 5 treated of diazinon as 0, 25, 50, 75 and 90% of LC50 (0, 0.42, 0.85, 1.28 and 1.17 ppm, respectively). The results showed that with progress of poison, gill tissue lesions will be increased such as hyperemia and hemorrhage, fractures and secondary lamellar connection, one-way and two-way lamellar cast gill and shorten the secondary lamellar, swollen, multicellular be harder to lamella.

Background Opioid consumption has been widely increasing across the globe; how- ever, it can cause adverse effects on the body. Morphine, an opioid, can reduce sex hor- mones and fertility. Withania somnifera (WS) is a traditional herb used to improve sexual activities. This study strives to investigate the effect of WS on sex hormones and gonado- tropins in addicted male rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, forty-eight male National Maritime Research Institute (NMRI) rats were randomly divided into four groups: i. Control group, ii. WS-treated control group, iii. Addicted group, and iv. WS-treated addicted group. Wa- ter-soluble morphine was given to rats for 21 days to induce addiction, concurrently the treated groups (2 and 4) also received WS plant-mixed pelleted food (6.25%). At the end of the treatment, the sex hormone and gonadotropin levels of the rats’ sera were deter- mined in all the groups. Results Except for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), morphine reduced most of the gonadotropin and sex hormone levels. Whereas WS caused a considerable increase in the hormones in the treated addicted group, there was only a slight increase in the treated control group. Conclusion WS increased sex hormones and gonadotropins-especially testosterone, es- trogen, and luteinizing hormone-in the addicted male rats and even increased the proges- terone level, a stimulant of most sex hormones in addicted male rats.

Purpose: The aim of the present paper with emphasis on the main and original functions of states is showing the supremacy of state in the time of hegemony of the instruments and concepts of cyberspace over the linkage between rulers and obedient; although, the citizens have become more agile and more aware too. E-government refers to the use by government institutions of information technologies that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other branches of government. These technologies can serve a variety of different ends: better delivery of government services to citizens, improved interactions with business and industry, citizen empowerment through access to information, or more efficient government management. As we speak of E- government as an instrument, concept and process, indeed, we have spoken of the continuity of the old phenomenon in response to the new questions of new governing a society. Electronic government is made of the distinguishable distinction between the old and the new definitions and functions of states with these advantages: The use of E- government, as a tool to achieve better government; the use of information and communication technologies in all facets of the operations of a government organization; the continuous optimization of service delivery, constituency participation and governance by transforming internal and external relationships through technology, the Internet and new media. The ultimate goal of the e-government is to be able to offer an increased portfolio of public services to citizens in an efficient and cost effective manner. E-government helps simplify processes and makes government information more easily accessible for public sector agencies and citizens. Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper is formed and based on the critical paradigm with the descriptive method for comparison explanation of the new perception of the legitimacy. Findings: The new achievement of this paper is reconfirmation of the classic and original mechanisms of all of states; such as force, enticement, persuasion, compulsion, command, requirement, replacement, dismissal, law and order. But, primary reason of governmentality in the era of the electronic government has changed to a triangle of rightfulness, lawfulness and effectiveness. The intent of original and first reason of statesmanship is the immemorial concept of legitimacy. Now, in the consequence of the new finding of the present paper, it seems that the question (why we ought to obey the government?) is not sufficient and correct. In other words, nowadays the new question (how does state become stable and continuous?) has been more efficient and right. Originality/Value: Cyberspace is an indicative of the new epoch which contains much difference with former period. Some new concepts of the space of politics such as globalization, global village, electronic state, cyberspace, cyber democracy, virtual civil society, have caused to change the operations of states. States, in the newfound of the era of virtualization of politics, use the soft power, such as propaganda, influence, parade, integration, exhibiting, attraction, and mentality making for durability.

Background & objectives: Depression is a common and debilitating brain disorder and a type of psychiatric syndromes. The most common symptoms of this disease are irritability, worthlessness, sleep problems and anxiety disorders. Reserpine is a drug that can cause depression in animals if used at a very low dose. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective non-pharmacological treatments for depression. In this study, the effect of electroconvulsive therapy on male rats depressed by reserpine in behavioral tests and neural counting in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex areas was investigated. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male rats were used and they were divided into four groups of ten: 1-control group, 2- ECT group, 3- Depressed group induced by reserpine (0.2 mg/kg i.p.), 4- Depressed + ECT group. Open field, sucrose preference, forced swimming and elevated plus maze tests were used to evaluate anxiety and depression-related behavioral function. At the end of the tests, histochemical studies were performed with neuronal counting in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Results: The results of anxiety and depression behavioral tests showed a significant difference between depressed group and depressed+ECT group (p

The threefold objectives of foreign policy according to Holsti’s pattern are short- term, mid- term, and long-term. The purpose of the present paper is the study of the Amirkabirs’ Letters through the viewpoint of the triple objectives of foreign policy. So, with the using of the enumeration technique, we have tried to readout the 384 letters of Amirkabir based on the present definitions of foreign policy. This essay is established on the quantitative and qualitative approaches. Indeed, the authors with the targeted readout of the Letters for deep understanding the Amirkabir’s mind try to showing the his similarities with the triple objectives of foreign policy. Analyzing the Letters indicates that the crucial, mid- term and long-term goals have maximum and minimum frequencies. Between the indicators, preserv-ation of the territory has most frequency (54 turn) and the increasing of the prestige in the international system has least frequency (0 turn). Enumeration of the frequencies derived from 384 Letters, indicates that the existing fear of the security of the borders and protection of the territorial integration have been the most important Qajar’s difficulty. For reinterpreting and well-reasoning of the main conclu-sion, the authors decide to apply the Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs.

Introduction: Considering the prevalence of epilepsy and the failure of available treatments for many epileptic patients, finding more effective drugs in the treatment of epilepsy seems necessary. Oxidative stress has a special role in the pathogenesis of epileptic syndrome. Therefore, in the present study, we have examined the anti-epileptic and anti-oxidant properties of the Ferula Assa Foetida gum extract, using the pentylentetrazole (PTZ) kindling method. group which received valproate (100 mg/kg) as anti-convulsant drug, 4-5 & 6- the groups of kindled mice that pretreated with 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg doses of Ferula Assa Foetida gum extract. Methods: Kindling has been induced in all groups, except for the control group via 11 PTZ injections (35 mg /kg ip) every other day for 22 days. In the 24th day, the PTZ challenge dose was injected (75 mg / kg) to all groups except the control group. The intensity of seizures were observed and noted until 30 minutes after PTZ injection. At list, the mice were decapitated and the brains of all the mice were removed.. and their biochemical factors levels including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) were determined. Results: Results of this study show that Ferula Assa Foetida gum extract is able to reduce seizure duration and its intensity. In addition, this extract has reduced MDA and NO levels and increased the level of SOD in the brain tissue compared to the PTZ- kindled mice. Discussion: It can be concluded that Ferula Assa Foetida gum extract, in specific doses, is able to show an anti-epileptic effect because of its antioxidant properties, probably acting through an enzyme activity mechanism. In this experimental study, sixty male Albino mice weighing 25-30 g were selected and were randomly divided into 6 groups. 1- the control group, 2- PTZ-kindled mice, 3- positive control

Background and Aim: Epilepsy is a rather common neurological disorder. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of acetyl L carnitine (ALC) on oxidative stress markers in hippocampus of epileptic rat. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, male rats were divided into sham, epileptic, valproic acid-treated epileptic ones at a dose of 200mg/kg, and 3 ALC-treated epileptic groups at doses of 50 and 100mg/kg for 3 days pre-surgery. Seizure activity was determined in 4 h periods and for measurement of oxidative stress markers, level of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in hippocampal homogenate. The obtained datawas fed into SPSS software (V:16) and for statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA and x2 tests were used. Results: ALC treatment at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg attenuated seizure intensity (P

Background: Opioids can exert adverse effects on the body. Morphine, an opioid drug, reduces hormone levels and fertility, and causes sexual activity disorders. Tribulus terrestris (TT) is a traditional herbal medicine used to enhance sexual activities. This study investigates the possible role of TT on sex hormones and gonadotropins with the intent to show its usefulness in treating fertility disorders in opioid users. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, we randomly divided 48 rats into four groups: i. control, ii. TT-treated, iii. addicted and iv. TT-treated addicted. Watersoluble morphine was administrated orally for 21 days to induce addiction, after which the treated groups 2 and 4 received plant-mixed pelleted food (6.25%) orally for four weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the sex hormone and gonadotropin levels of all rats’ sera were determined by radioimmunoassay and Elisa kits. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance, followed by post-hoc Tukey test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The addicted group had a significantly lower luteinizing hormone (LH) level than the control group (p < 0.027). LH levels increased significantly in the TT-treated addicted group (p < 0.031). The testosterone level in the treated addicted group was lower than the treated control group. The addicted group had a significantly low testosterone level (p < 0.001). The estrogen level was significantly (p < 0.002) lower in the addicted group than in the control group. In addition, there was a significant difference between the treated addicted group and the treated control group (p < 0.048). The treated control group had a significant increase in its progesterone level (p < 0.002). Overall, except for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), morphine reduced most of the gonadotropins and sexual hormones. Whereas TT caused a considerable increase (p < 0.05) in the hormones in the treated addicted group, there was only a slight increase in the treated control group. Conclusion: Oral consumption of TT could markedly antagonize the reduction of sex hormones and gonadotropins (except for FSH) due to morphine addiction.

Widespread use of nanosilver can be led the contamination of aquatic environment and impact on living organisms such as fishes. We investigated histopathological changes in the gills tissue of Caspian roach fingerlings after two weeks exposure to sublethal concentrations of nanosilver. Following one and two weeks exposure, necrosis, shortening of secondary lamellae, edema, destruction of epithelial lamella, shortening of secondary lamellae, epithelial lifting and curling of secondary lamellae were observed in gill tissues. This observation showed that exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of nanosilver is caused damages in the gill tissues of Caspian roach. The results demonstrated direct correlation of gill tissue damage and toxin exposure i.e. increasing nanosilver concentration is caused more tissue damage. Hence, histopathological changes of gill can considered as a proper indicator for nanosilver contamination of aquatic environments.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Hypericum perforatum (H. perforatum) leaves on the kidney calculi in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two Wistar male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: Groups 2, 3, and 4 received ethylene glycol (EG) 1% + ammonium chloride (0.5%)-added drinking water as a stone inducer. The H. Perforatum solution was fed at the same time of EG application and was repeated once for two days until the end of the experimental period. Group 1 (control; n = 10) was provided free access to food and normal drinking water. Group 2 (EG; n = 12) received EG-ammonium chloride-added drinking water and was fed with normal chow. Groups 3 and 4 (n = 15), as EG-treatment groups, received H. Perforatum in low (300 mg/kg) and high (500 mg/kg) doses, respectively. After 28 days, the kidneys were removed and prepared for histologic evaluation of calcium oxalate deposits. RESULTS: Urine level of free calcium in groups EG and EG + H. perforatum (300 mg/kg) and phosphorous in EG + H. perforatum (500 mg/kg) significantly decreased compared to controls (P < .01; P < .05; and P < .05, respectively). Treatment of the rats with high dose of H. Perforatum (500 mg/kg) markedly reduced decrementing effect of EG on serum level of free calcium (P < .05). Histological experiments showed that chronic feeding of H. perforatum (300 and 500 mg/kg, orally) could significantly reduce the size and number of calcium oxalate deposits in EG group. CONCLUSION: Chronic treatment of rats with hydroalcoholic extract of H. perforatum reduced the size and number of calcium oxalate deposits in EG-induced calculi.

The main goal of planning of political science courses, in addition to training and researching in politics, is enhancing the ability for analysis of political issues, whether domestic or international. The primary objective of all sciences is to expand human knowledge. The discipline of political science is a branch of learning that contributes to the growth of knowledge about politics and helps us learn about political systems and the political behavior of human beings. Research is an important skill required of all political scientists. Research means gathering, processing, and interpreting data. Political science is an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary knowledge. So, to learn the skills of researching in politics needs both to conduct and to evaluate research. Students of political science are often required to take one or more modules in research methods. Designing and conducting a research project is usually taught in those courses. On the one hand, the base of political science is theory; on the other hand, question arises as to how we can interrelate and correlate between theory and technique. How we can make the political science more operational and functional? Considering the methodological lessons in B.A. degree of political science (of course in Iran) shows that they are marginal and inadequate. The diversity of academic styles in methodology is ignored, and the existing problematic of the hegemony of methodological monism persists. Given the multi/interdisciplinary nature of political science, the author of this paper suggests that a group of methodological modules in political science be planned. The proposed modules are: the nature and entity of research in political science, qualitative methods in political science, quantitative methods in political science, history and philosophy of science, philosophy of social science, technical writing and research /scientific paper in political science, information seeking skills (library and search strategies in internet), and research workshop in political science.

س از روی کارآمدن دولت نهم / دهم، در سیاست خارجی ایران واژه ای به نامِ«تعالی»، باب شده است که بی گمان، تباری دارد و نمودگرِ برآمدنِ نوعی نوستالژی تاریخی است. این مفهوم بر پایه دین تعریف می شود و با محوریت امور روحی، به تغییر و تحول ِکیفی و کمی در نهادهای سیاسی، فرهنگی، و اقتصادی جامعه می انجامد.با بررسی بن / درون مایه کلمه« تعالی»، و با در نظر داشتن این پرسشِ بنیادین که سیاست خارجی تعالی گرا چه هدف ها و بنیان هایی دارد، می توان به این باور دست یافت که وجودِ نوعی باز گشت گراییِ نوستالژیک به انقلابی گری دهه های 1350 و 1360، به همراه امید به بازآفرینش ساختکارِتمدنِ اسلامی/ ایرانی، اندیشه ضدیت با مدرنیته و غرب در تاریخ معاصر ایران، موعودیت گرایی، مهندسی فرهنگی، تمهید مقدمات و مقوماتِ جستجوی راه های بدیل توسعه از سوی پست مدرن ها، سازه گرایان و نظریه انتقادی در روابط بین الملل سبب ساز خلق مفهوم تعالی با معانی یک سر متفاوت با گنجواژه ای شده است که مدرنیته در اختیار زمامداران گذاشته بود.برداشتی این چنین، اکنون، درکارِ جای گزین سازیِ مجموعه ای از واژگان، به جای گفتارهای برآمده از گفتمانِ مرسوم و معهودِ قدرت در عرصه بین المللی شده است.

Background and Objective: The findings of various research indicated that there are different responses to painful thermal stimulation in male and female Rats. In different estrous phases there are different pain thershold border line due to hormonal reaction. Regarding to anti-nociceptive effect of henbane seed. This study was designed to assess the anti-nociceptive afficacy of alcohole extract of henbane seed in different phases of estroes cycle of female Rates. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 92 female NMRI strain rats weighing 195-220 grams randomly were divided into three, control, experimental and positive groups. Male Rats (n=8) were chosen as control group. To measure the threshold of acute pain, all animals were exposed to the tail immersion test using 52 degree c water. In the experimental group, alcoholic extract of henbane seed (2000 mg/kg) was injected, intraperitoneally, 25-30 minutes before the tail immersion test. Afterwards, in the all of control and experimental groups of female rats the smear samples were taken to determine the sexual phases. In addition, the analgesic effect of henbane was compared with anti-nociceptive effect of sodium salicylate (300 mg/kg). Results: Injection of alcoholic extract of henbane seed, diminished the tail immersion test-induced acute pain in female rats significantly (P

Introduction: Social inequality may have a significant negative effect on health. There are some evidences that social inequality and stressful conditions could lead to development and progression of various disorders. On the other hand, the results of some research studies have shown that reducing the consumed calorie could prolong the lifetime. In addition, limiting the consumed calorie could produce beneficial changes in the level of some hormones including blood insulin and may reduce body temperature. Meanwhile, food restriction could reduce genetic damage and may have protective effect against external toxins. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of food restriction on learning and memory of male rats using passive avoidance and Y-maze tests. Methods: For this purpose, male Wistar rats (n = 48) were divided into control, 3 experimental, and two negative and positive control groups. Control group received normal rat regimen for 6 weeks. The group with full restriction and non-isolated received 1/3 of the food regimen. The group with full restriction and isolation received 1/3 of the food regimen. The experimental group with two-weeks food restriction and non-isolated received 1/3 of the food regimen only for two weeks. Streptozotocin-diabetic rats with blood glucose higher than 250 mg/dl was considered as negative and positive control received vitamin E (10 mg/kg/day i.p.) as an antioxidant. For evaluation of learning and memory, initial and step-through latencies and alternation behavior were analyzed using passive avoidance and Y-maze tests. Results: Regarding initial latency, there was a reduction in diabetic, vitamin-E treated, and group with 2-weeks food restriction and there was an increase in groups with full restriction and isolated and with full restriction as compared to control. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences among the groups, indicating that there were no changes in behavior acquisition. With respect to step-through latency which indicates the ability for consolidation and recall of information, vitamin-E treated group and group with full restriction showed a slight non-significant increase as compared to control group. Diabetic group showed a significant reduction (p

هم‌ سرنوشت بودن داستان و تاریخ، معمای غامضی نیست.زیرا اندکی دقت در مفهوم واژه تاریخ می‌تواند چاره‌ساز باشد.بی‌گمان این نکته پذیرفتنی است که جهان تشکیل شده از رویدادهای بسیار است.اما میان رویدادهای معطوف و رویدادهای به شمار نیامده، تفاوت بسیار است.تاریخ به معنای پژوهش درباره رویدادهایی است که در یک دوره زمانی خاص از سوی افراد پژوهشگر به شمار آمده، به چشم دیده شده و در ذهن، مورد عطف توجه قرار گرفته و به کار ساختن سازه‌ای از روایت درباره همان رویدادها آمده‌اند.واقعیت فزون بر تاریخ است و با فاصله‌ای بسیار از حیث عدد و رقم، پیشتاز است.این امر به زایش هویت می‌انجامد.هویت در این معنا یکی از محک‌هایی است که می‌توان با تکیه بر آن، رخداد تاریخی شده را مورد بررسی قرار داد.هنگامی که از هویت به مثابه فرآیند سخن می‌گوییم در حقیقت از استمرار پدیده‌های تاریخی شده‌ای سخن به میان آورده‌ایم که یک فرد، گروه، قوم یا ملت در مقام پاسخ به پرسش‌هایی که از او درباره گذشته‌اش پرسیده‌اند برمی‌آید.نگارنده با واکاری پنج اثر تاریخی در صدد بررسی عنصر فرنگی در گزارش‌های تاریخی روزگار قاجاران برآمده است.

Abstract Introduction: Diabetic rats display exaggerated hyperalgesic behavior in response to noxious stimuli that may resemble and model aspects of painful diabetic neuropathy in humans. This study was designed to investigate the effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum (TFG) on formalin-induced nociceptive responses (standard formalin test) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: For this purpose, STZ-diabetic rats received intraperitoneal injection of aqueous leaf extract of TFG (200 mg/kg every other day for a period of one month). Results: It was found out that TFG treatment did cause a significant reduction in blood glucose in diabetic rats and TFG-treated diabetic rats exhibited a lower nociceptive score as compared to untreated-diabetic ones. Meanwhile, TFG treatment reduced the nociceptive score in both phases of the formalin test. In contrast, sodium salicylate as positive control only reduced this score in the second phase of the test. Discussion: The results suggest therapeutic potential of aqueous extract of fenugreek for treating painful diabetic neuropathy.

Introduction & Objective: Diabetes mellitus (especially type I) is accompanied with disturbances in learning, memory, and cognitive skills in the human society and experimental animals. Considering the potential anti-diabetic effect of the medicinal plant Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) and the augmenting effect of its consumption on the memory and mental health, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chronic oral administration of ashwagandha root on learning and memory in diabetic rats using passive avoidance test. Materials & Methods: For this purpose, male Wistar diabetic rats were randomly divided into control, ashwagandha-treated control, diabetic, and ashwagandha-treated diabetic groups. Ashwagandha treatment continued for 1 to 2 months. For induction of diabetes, streptozotocin was injected i.p. at a single dose of 60 mg/kg. Serum glucose level was determined before the study and at 4th and 8th weeks after the experiment. In addition, for evaluation of learning and memory, initial latency (IL) and step-through latency (STL) were determined after 1 and 2 months using passive avoidance test. Results: It was found that one- and two-month administration of ashwagandha root at a weight ratio of 1/15 has not any significant hypoglycemic effect in treated control and diabetic groups. Furthermore, there was a significant increase (p

Abstract Introduction: Hyperalgesia is considered as one the marked signs of subchronic diabetes mellitus that could affect the life style of the patients. With c onsidering the potential anti-diabetic effect of the medicinal plant Withania somnifera (WS)( ashwagandha), this study was designed to investigate the analgesic effect of WS on formalin-induced nociceptive responses (standard formalin test) in diabetic rats. Methods: Rats were divided into control, WS-treated control, diabetic, sodium salicylate (SS)-treated control and diabetic and WS-treated diabetic groups. For induction of diabetes, streptozotocin (STZ) was used at a single dose. The treatment groups received oral administration of ashwagandha -mixed rat pellet (6.25%) for two months. Results: The results showed that diabetic rats exhibited a higher score of pain at both phases of the formalin test and WS-treated diabetic rats exhibited a lower nociceptive score at both phases of the test (p

Current investigations regarding social stress primarily focus on the health consequences of being in stressful social hierarchies. The repetitive nature of social conflicts seems to favor an induction of hyperalgesia or hypoalgesia, both in rodents and humans. Additionally, social conflicts may affect the immune system. In order to better establish the pain and immune responses to stress, the present study implemented a sensory contact model on 32 male BALB/c mice. Subsequent to establishing a dominance/submissive social relationship, each mouse was injected with formalin (20 μl, 2%) and their pain behavior was scored and serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-6, and corticosterone were also measured. Test results revealed that subordinate mice were hypoalgesic during chronic phase of formalin test compared to control and dominant mice (P

The current investigations on social stress primarily point to the negative health consequences of being in a stressful social hierarchy. The repetitive nature of such stressors seems to affect behavioral response to pain both in rodents and humans. Moreover, a large discrepancy in the possibility of social stresses affecting pain perception in the two genders exists. The present study examined the effect of chronic social stress on nociceptive responses of both sexes by implementing of food deprivation, food intake inequality and unstable social status (cage-mate change every 3 days) for a period of 14 days in 96 Balb/c mice. In this regard we injected 20 µl formalin 2% into the plantar surface of hind paw at the end of stress period and scored pain behaviors of all subjects, then serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines were measured. Our results showed that there was significant difference in chronic phase of formalin test following implementation of food deprivation and inequality (P

Background and Objectives: Inflammation is a protective response against invading foreign agents and necrotic tissue, which can cause tissue damage. In this research, anti-inflammatory effect of Marhame-mafaselointment consisting of Arnebiaeuchroma L. and MatricariachamomillaL., was investigated. Methods: In this study, 72 male rats were divided into three groups, including control, inflammation, and inflammation-treatment. For induction of inflammation, injection of formalin into animal’s paw, xylene into ear, and acetic acid into peritoneum, were performed. To assess the degree of inflammation, Evans blue leakage into legs, ears and peritoneal fluid were measured following its injection into heart. To assess the inflammation of the foot, foot diameter measuring method was used. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukeychr('39')s test. The Significance Level Was Considered p