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Dengue is a mosquitoborne viral disease common in regions with tropical climates. Worldwide annual dengue incidence is estimated at [approximately equal to]100 million diagnosed and [approximately equal to]300 million asymptomatic [...]

Background Objectives Materials and methods Results Discussion and conclusion Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019, affects multiple organs. The virus enters cells through angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 and host factors present in genital organs, leading to concern over virus shedding in semen and reproductive function.To investigate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in semen from patients with a mild infection, identify the seminal infected cells, and explore the effect of the infection on sex hormones and semen parameters.Prospective study of 54 men with mild severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Semen was collected at 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 180, and 365 days after symptom onset, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA was measured in serum, saliva, urine, and semen. The presence of infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in semen was assessed using Vero cell culture. Infected semen cells were identified using immunofluorescence against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 nucleoprotein antigen and cell markers. Semen characteristics as well as testosterone, inhibin B, luteinizing hormone, and follicle‐stimulating hormone levels were determined.11% of patients had at least one severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA‐positive semen. One patient had viral semen shedding up to day 90 after infection onset, with replication‐competent virus isolated from semen and 40% cell fraction at day 7. After sperm preparation, 90% fraction was severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA‐positive at days 7 and 15. The swim‐up fraction was positive only on day 7. In semen, nucleoprotein antigen was detected mainly in exfoliated epithelial cells and less frequently in Sertoli cells. Sperm count and motile sperm count were lower at day 30 than at day 7. Round cells in semen were increased during the acute phase. At days 7 and 15, sperm count and motile sperm count were lower in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA‐positive semen compared with negative semen, while semen volume and follicle‐stimulating hormone levels were increased. Long‐term follow‐up shows no evidence of a detrimental effect on hormonal or semen characteristics.11% of patients with mild coronavirus disease 2019 who were not hospitalized had severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 excretions in semen, which persisted for up to 90 days in one patient. No germ cells appeared infected by the virus, but the detection of nucleoprotein antigen‐positive epithelial semen cells and Sertoli cells suggests genital tract infection. Albeit infrequent, semen may contain the replication‐competent virus during the acute phase with potential risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmissions during sexual contact and assisted reproduction procedures. The effect of mild coronavirus disease 2019 on spermatogenesis and reproductive hormones was moderate and reversible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inconsistent results have been reported for the semen quality in HIV-infected men, due to the biases inherent in some studies. The objective of the present study was to investigate the semen parameters in HIV-1-infected patients and to compare their sperm characteristics with those of a control group of fertile, noninfected men. Factors implicated in semen alterations in HIV-1 patients were also analyzed. HIV-infected men (n=190), of whom 91% were undergoing antiretroviral therapy, and 218 fertile men were studied. Infertility risk factors were recorded and clinical examinations were performed for both groups. Records of history of HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, and HIV-1 RNA detection in the blood as well as HIV-1 genome detection in the semen were obtained for the infected patients. Semen volumes, percentages of progressive motile spermatozoa, total sperm counts, and polymorphonuclear cell counts were decreased, while the pH values and spermatozoa multiple anomaly indices were increased in HIV-infected patients. Even after adjustment for possible sources of bias, the decreases in semen volume and progressive motility and the increase in pH remained significant. The present study demonstrates sperm motility and ejaculate volume alterations in HIV-1-infected patients, most of whom were receiving antiretroviral therapy. In HIV-1 patients, further longitudinal studies are required to analyze the impact of treatment regimen on sperm parameter alterations.