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Photoresist polymers containing cycloaliphatic acrylic monomers have been synthesized for use in the microcircuits of semiconductors. Although cycloaliphatic acrylic monomers exhibit a high etch resistance and excellent thermal properties, their large size increases the distance between the main chains of the resulting polymers. This increased distance facilitates the penetration of a developer between the main chains, which leads to swelling and thus pattern collapse, distortion, and delamination, thereby complicating the fabrication of microcircuits. To solve this problem, various large developers were used in previous studies to reduce the swelling effect. However, these developers could not easily dissolve the unexposed regions of the resist. To overcome this issue, we designed photoresist polymers with smaller functional groups to decrease the degree of swelling. Specifically, ArF photoresist polymers were synthesized from monomers with various sizes of functional groups. We confirmed that the polymer synthesized using cyclohexyl methacrylate (CHMA), which had the smallest functional group, exhibited the shortest distance between the main chains. Consequently, this polymer showed the least swelling, with a swelling ratio of 109%. In contrast, the polymers synthesized using isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) and dicyclopentanyl methacrylate (TCDMA), which have large functional groups, exhibited greater distances between the main chains, resulting in swelling ratios of 114% and 112%, respectively. The polymer with a swelling ratio of 109% showed excellent patterning properties, while those with swelling ratios of 114% and 112% were delaminated by the developer. Our work introduces a novel approach to help reduce the swelling effect and achieve high-quality patterns in negative photoresists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation into the optical and mechanical properties of a novel borate glasses with the chemical composition of 70 B2O3-10 Li2O-10ZnO-5Bi2O3-5CaO-xEu2O3 was conducted. The glassy specimens of Eu3+-doped borate were prepared by the melting-quenching technique. An enhanced density from 3.0860 to 3.2176 g cm−3 and reduced molar volume from 29.27819 to 29.17447 (cm3 mol−1) are the outcome of increasing the concentration of Eu3+ in glasses. Plotting the extinction coefficient, dielectric constant (ε1, ε2), and refractive index (n) against wavelength reveals that they all rise as level of Eu3+ elements in the glass lattice increases. An increase in Eu3+ concentration results in a decrease in both the volume (VELF) and surface (SELF) energy loss functions. Also, all elastic-mechanical moduli (such as Young's, Bulk, Shear, and Elongation) increase with increasing the quantity of Eu3+ ions in the glass lattice. The Young's modulus (Y, GPa) of the glassy specimens was 34.512, 36.089, 36.504, 36.730 and 37.114 GPa for x equal 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mol ratio in the glass system, and coded by Eu-0.0, Eu-0.25, Eu-0.5, Eu-0.75 and Eu-1.0, respectively. Growing Eu2O3 levels resulted in an increase in Micro-Hardness from 2.050 to 2.146 GPa. Poisson's ratio values for Eu-0.0, Eu-0.250, Eu-0.5, Eu-0.75 and Eu-1.0 were 0.273, 0.275, 0.277, 0.277 and 0.278, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract An investigation into the optical and mechanical properties of a novel borate glasses with the chemical composition of 70 B2O3-10 Li2O-10ZnO-5Bi2O3-5CaO-xEu2O3 was conducted. The glassy specimens of Eu3+-doped borate were prepared by the melting-quenching technique. An enhanced density from 3.0860 to 3.2176 g cm−3 and reduced molar volume from 29.27819 to 29.17447 (cm3 mol−1) are the outcome of increasing the concentration of Eu3+ in glasses. Plotting the extinction coefficient, dielectric constant (ε1, ε2), and refractive index (n) against wavelength reveals that they all rise as level of Eu3+ elements in the glass lattice increases. An increase in Eu3+ concentration results in a decrease in both the volume (VELF) and surface (SELF) energy loss functions. Also, all elastic-mechanical moduli (such as Young’s, Bulk, Shear, and Elongation) increase with increasing the quantity of Eu3+ ions in the glass lattice. The Young’s modulus (Y, GPa) of the glassy specimens was 34.512, 36.089, 36.504, 36.730 and 37.114 GPa for x equal 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mol ratio in the glass system, and coded by Eu-0.0, Eu-0.25, Eu-0.5, Eu-0.75 and Eu-1.0, respectively. Growing Eu2O3 levels resulted in an increase in Micro-Hardness from 2.050 to 2.146 GPa. Poisson’s ratio values for Eu-0.0, Eu-0.250, Eu-0.5, Eu-0.75 and Eu-1.0 were 0.273, 0.275, 0.277, 0.277 and 0.278, respectively.

Abstract The study was conducted on the impact of thermophysical properties on eflornithine drug solute–solvent interactions in aqueous ethyl acetate and acetone at different concentrations and temperatures. The aim of this study is to enhance the understanding of eflornithine’s behavior in different solvents, which is crucial for its effective use in pharmaceutical applications. The density, molar volume, viscometric, and conductometric characteristics of the eflornithine drug solutions (0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, and 0.125 mol/kg) in acetone and 25% (v/v) aqueous ethyl acetate were measured within a temperature range of 298.15 K–318.15 K. Based on the determined density parameters, the following parameters were assessed: viscosity (η), equivalent molar conductance, limiting apparent molar volume (V0φ), apparent molar volume of transfer (V0φtr), and apparent molar volume (Vφ). The Masson empirical relationship and the viscosity-to-Jones-Dole (JD) equation were used to evaluate the partial molar volume (Vφ), experimental slope (SV), viscosity, and density data. Temperature and concentration were used to determine each parameter. For each set of dilutions, conductometric studies were conducted in both study solvents. The gathered data was analyzed in order to evaluate the ion–solvent interactions. The Walden product Λo mηo’s positive temperature coefficient values indicate that the drug eflornithine functions as a structural modifier in acetone and aqueous acetyl acetate systems. The structure-making and breaking characteristics of the polar solvents acetone and ethyl acetate were identified.

The present studies reported the experimental data on thermophysical properties such as density and viscosity of aqueous solutions of different amino acids namely l-isoleucine, l-proline, and l-glutamine in 1.5 mol/L KCl solution at different temperatures ranging from 298.15 to 323.15 K. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate interactions between amino acids and KCl solution at dilute concentrations. For understanding amino acid and KCl solution interactions, we will investigate ion–ion and ion–solvent interactions. It has been observed that the density and viscosity rise with amino acid concentration and decrease with temperature. Using the Jones–Dole equation, the viscosity A and B coefficients have been determined. The viscosity B-coefficient values for all the three amino acids in aqueous electrolyte system are depicted as positive. The positive values of B-coefficient indicate a strong alignment of the solvent molecules with solute molecules. The amino acid l-glutamine acts as a structure breaker solute. This structure breaking effect of l-glutamine on solvent may be attributed to the domination of hydrophilic nature of amide group. l-isoleucine and l-proline act as structure maker in electrolyte system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted on the impact of thermophysical properties on eflornithine drug solute–solvent interactions in aqueous ethyl acetate and acetone at different concentrations and temperatures. The aim of this study is to enhance the understanding of eflornithine's behavior in different solvents, which is crucial for its effective use in pharmaceutical applications. The density, molar volume, viscometric, and conductometric characteristics of the eflornithine drug solutions (0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, and 0.125 mol/kg) in acetone and 25% (v/v) aqueous ethyl acetate were measured within a temperature range of 298.15 K–318.15 K. Based on the determined density parameters, the following parameters were assessed: viscosity (η), equivalent molar conductance, limiting apparent molar volume (V0φ), apparent molar volume of transfer (V0φtr), and apparent molar volume (Vφ). The Masson empirical relationship and the viscosity-to-Jones-Dole (JD) equation were used to evaluate the partial molar volume (Vφ), experimental slope (SV), viscosity, and density data. Temperature and concentration were used to determine each parameter. For each set of dilutions, conductometric studies were conducted in both study solvents. The gathered data was analyzed in order to evaluate the ion–solvent interactions. The Walden product Λomηo's positive temperature coefficient values indicate that the drug eflornithine functions as a structural modifier in acetone and aqueous acetyl acetate systems. The structure-making and breaking characteristics of the polar solvents acetone and ethyl acetate were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MgO-incorporated melt-derived glasses of compositions xMgO-10CaO-10Sb2O3-(80-x)B2O3 with molar ratios x=0,5,10,15,20mol% were synthesized. The basic amorphous structural confirmation was done using X-ray diffraction analysis of the glass series. Short range order and broad humps were presented in the spectra which is a characteristic nature of glassy amorphous solids. The increasing trends of density were found as a function of MgO content. The UV-Absorption spectral analysis on the glass samples revealed that the cut-off wavelength values were enhanced from 296nm to 363nm with additive MgO content. The Urbach energy values increased, whereas, indirect band gaps decreased with the entry of modifier MgO molar fraction. The higher refractive index 2.3 of the present glasses proved the suitability for optoelectronic device applications. The FT-IR spectra revealed the existence of various structural variations with the incorporation of MgO and showed the creation of NBOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density, viscosity, refractive index, and ultrasonic velocity were measured for the pure materials anisole, methanol, and toluene, and for the binary mixtures: methanol—anisole and methanol—toluene. Excess molar volume VE, isobaric thermal compressibility α, excess Gibbs activation energy for fluid flow ΔGE*, and excess isentropic compressibility κSE were calculated from the measured quantities. For both binary mixtures VE and κSE were Δn > 0 and ΔGE* > 0 over the entire mole fraction composition range. Anisole mixtures exhibited more negative values for VE and κSE while more positive values were displayed for Δn and ΔGE* compared to toluene mixtures. For Δη, negative values were observed at low alcohol concentrations but positive values at high alcohol concentrations for both systems.

Density, viscosity, refractive index, and ultrasonic velocity were measured for the pure materials anisole, methanol, and toluene, and for the binary mixtures: methanol—anisole and methanol—toluene. Excess molar volume VE, isobaric thermal compressibility α, excess Gibbs activation energy for fluid flow ΔGE*, and excess isentropic compressibility κSE were calculated from the measured quantities. For both binary mixtures VE and κSE were <0 while Δn > 0 and ΔGE* > 0 over the entire mole fraction composition range. Anisole mixtures exhibited more negative values for VE and κSE while more positive values were displayed for Δn and ΔGE* compared to toluene mixtures. For Δη, negative values were observed at low alcohol concentrations but positive values at high alcohol concentrations for both systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glasses, composed of multiple components, contain chromium oxide x.Cr2O3. (70-x) B2O3.18Bi2O3.12Na2O, where x varies (x=0, x=0.15, x=0.25, x=0.35, x=0.50 mol %), synthesized using the melt-quench method. The amorphous nature of the synthesized samples was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). We observed that an increase in Cr2O3 content resulted in a rise in the density (ρ) of the glasses, ranging from 3.88 g/cm³ to 4.009 g/cm³. Notably, the molar volume displays behaviour opposite to the density trends. The oxygen packing density (OPD) exhibited augmentation with elevated chromium oxide concentrations, implying a more compact and tightly packed glass structure. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic data show distinct features of the synthesized glass samples corresponding to chromium oxide content. The FTIR spectra display vibrations of metal cations and Cr3+ at around 530 cm-1, and a band at approximately 1150 cm-1, attributed to the B-O bonds with non-uniform stretching vibrations in [BO3] units. The analytical findings indicate the predominant presence of [BiO6], [BiO3], and [BiO4] vibrations in the glasses. The Raman spectroscopy affirms the presence of distinct structural units, including BiO3, BiO6, BO3, and BO4. These findings provide a foundational basis for customizing glass compositions to meet specific technological requirements, encompassing applications in optics and radiation shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High density glass samples of chemical composition 70B2O3–20CaO–(10 − x)Bi2O3–xEu2O3: 0 (BCBEu0.0) ≤ x ≤ 1 (BCBEu1.0) mol% were synthesized by melt-quenched route. The amorphous structure of glass blocks is established by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum. The physical, mechanical properties as well as gamma-ray shielding characteristics of the synthesized glass blocks were investigated. Density of samples showed an increment from 5.0373 to 5.0736 gcm−3. The molar volume decreased from 25.012 cm3/mol for BCBEu0.0 (Eu = 0.0) to 24.605cm3/mol for BCBEu1.0 (Eu = 1.0). Elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio have been estimated according to Makishima and Mackenzie via the system values of dissociation free energies and packing densities. The oxygen molar volume decreased from 9.62 to 9.46346 cm3/mol, whereas Poisson's glasses ratio varies between 0.250 and 0.257 as the [Eu2O3] mol% is improved from 0 to 1.0 mol%. Young's modulus has a value of 63.202 GPa and increased to 65.002 GPa at lower and higher [Er2O3] mol%, respectively. Shielding properties of investigated glasses have been estimated utilizing XCOM, and Phys-X/PSD program. Mass and linear attenuation coefficient were found to increase as the mol% of Eu2O3 increased. The sample coded as BCBEu1.0 with high density possessed lowest values of half-value layer. The glass BCBEu1.0 pointed out to be a superior when used as radiation protection agent. The suggested glass sample loaded with high concentration of europium has a strong ability to guard against radiation as compared to glasses without and low concentration of europium and it can be used in the field of medicine, according to the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Densities of aqueous solutions of MnSO 4 , CoSO 4 , NiSO 4 and CuSO 4 have been measured by vibrating tube densimetry up to near-saturation concentrations over the temperature range 293.15 ≤ T / K ≤ 343.15 at 5 K intervals and at 0.1 MPa pressure. Apparent molar volumes, V ϕ , calculated from the densities revealed close similarities among all four electrolytes, with their V ϕ values essentially differing by constant concentration-independent addends for each salt at each temperature. It was found that there is an almost linear relationship between V ϕ (MSO 4 ,aq) and the M–O bond length of the hydrated cations obtained from structural studies. This relationship can be used to predict values of V ϕ (MSO 4 ,aq) for other sulfate salts over wide ranges of concentration and temperature, providing that the requisite structural data are available. Measurements of selected ternary, quaternary and quinary mixtures of these electrolytes at constant total concentrations showed that their V ϕ values almost always exhibit linear mixing (Young's rule) behavior at all temperatures investigated. This finding can be exploited to predict the volumetric properties of solutions containing complex mixtures of bivalent metal sulfates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been generally accepted and often mentioned in the text books that gradient in chemical potential of a species is the fundamental driving force for its diffusion. However, a general derivation of the interrelation between the diffusion flux of a component and chemical potential gradients in a non-ideal solution is lacking. Although there have been various studies in the literature reporting such interrelations for a binary system, they all assume constant molar volume. In a non-ideal system though molar volume changes with composition. Hence, in the present work, kinetic theory is used to derive a relation between diffusion flux and the chemical potential gradients for a multicomponent system with composition dependent molar volume. It is shown that the velocity of the marker as measured in a diffusion couple experiment should consist of the drift velocity (⁠ U N ⁠) due to change in molar volume accompanied by diffusion as well as the Kirkendall velocity caused by vacancy equilibration process. For the assumption of volume change occurring only in the direction of diffusion, the Kirkendall velocity is same as the marker velocity measured in a diffusion couple. However, if the lattice is allowed to relax in all directions, the contribution of U N to the marker velocity can be significant. This is shown to be as high as 20% for Cu in a Cu-Ni diffusion couple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the prediction accuracy of two models used to characterize the complete disordering potential of materials after extensive cryogenic milling. Methods: Elastic shear moduli (μs) were simulated in silico. Comparison with available literature values confirmed that computations were reasonable. Complete disordering potential was predicted using the critical dislocation density (ρcrit) and bivariate empirical models. To compare the prediction accuracy of the models, each material added for dataset expansion was cryomilled for up to 5 hr. Mechanical disordering after comminution was characterized using PXRD and DSC, and pooled with previously published results. Results: Simulated μs enabled predictions using the ρcrit model for 29 materials. This model mischaracterized the complete disordering behavior for 13/29 materials, giving an overall prediction accuracy of 55%. The originally published bivariate empirical model classification boundary correctly grouped the disordering potential for 31/32 materials from the expanded dataset. Recalibration of this model retained a 94% prediction accuracy, with only 2 misclassifications. Conclusions: Prediction accuracy of the ρcrit model decreased with dataset expansion, relative to previously published results. Overall, the ρcrit model was considerably less accurate relative to the bivariate empirical model, which retained very high prediction accuracy for the expanded dataset. Although the empirical model does not imply a mechanism, model robustness suggests the importance of glass transition temperature (Tg) and molar volume (Mv) on formation and persistence of amorphous materials following extensive cryomilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strontium phosphate glasses containing bismuth oxide were prepared using conventional melt-quenching technique. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis suggests that stable ternary glasses of composition 70 P2O5-(30-x)SrO-xBi2O3 can be obtained for x = 5–25 mol%. This study examines such physical properties as the density, molar volume (Vm), glass transition temperature (Tg), and structural properties in the interest of explaining the effect on these glasses of Bi-Sr substitution. An almost linear increase in the density when the concentration of bismuth increases between x = 5 and x = 10 mol% followed by monotonic decreasing is noted. However, the calculated molar volume (Vm) behaves in exactly the opposite way. DSC curves showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreases by 555 °C down to 490 °C as the concentration of Bi2O3 increases, due to the increase in the number of bridging oxygens. Structural investigations performed using IR spectroscopy revealed that the structure of the phosphate network contains predominately meta-phosphate (Q2) units, with contributions from pyrophosphate (Q1) and orthophosphate (Q0). The infrared spectra also revealed depolymerization of the phosphate chains in the glass system, with increased Bi2O3 concentration and the formation of P–O–Bi bonds. The study of the gamma ray shielding parameters showed that the prepared glasses can be used for shielding radiation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study reports the density (ρ), molar volume (V), partial molar volume (Vm1)/(Vm2) and refractive index (nD) of the binary mixture of 2‐methylimidazole and 1‐butanol/octanol at T=300.15–318.15 K. The accuracy of the experimental results was checked with different refractive mixing models like Lorentz‐Lorentz (L−L), Arago‐Biot (A−B), Gladstone‐Dale (G−D), Newton (N), Heller (H) and Wiener (W) and the root mean square deviation have also been presented.. The excess values were fitted to Redlich‐Kister polynomial equation and the standard deviations were also calculated. The negative VE and ΔnD values at higher mole fraction of 2‐methylimidazole indicate specific interaction between the unlike components due to hydrogen bonding but with rise in temperature the bonds tend to dissociate leading to restricted associations. Density functional theory has also been used to investigate the effective reactivity between 2‐methylimidazole and 1‐butanol/1‐octanol. The difference between ELUMO and EHOMO ranged from −12.9 to 16.523 kcal/mol. 2‐methylimidazole‐1‐octanol displayed greatest reactivity with lowest band energy gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch retrogradation is desirable for some food textures and nutritional traits but detrimental to sensory and storage qualities of other foods. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of sweetener structure and concentration on the retrogradation of wheat starch gels. The effects of 20 sweeteners selected based on common food usage and stereochemical structures of interest, and ranging in concentration from 10 to 50%w/w, on the retrogradation of wheat starch gels were monitored spectrophotometrically over time. The sweeteners were sucrose, xylose, ribose, glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, mannitol, L-sorbose, xylitol, tagatose, allulose, maltose, lactose, isomaltulose, isomalt, sorbitol, maltitol, and raffinose. Retrogradation rates and amounts were compared by Avrami equation rate constants (k = 0.1–0.7) and absorbance values measured on day 28 (Abs = 0.1–1.0), respectively. Both sweetener concentration and type significantly affected retrogradation. Gels made with sugar alcohols and high sweetener concentrations (≈≥40%) tended to retrograde more and faster, whereas gels made with sugars and low sweetener concentrations tended to have lower retrogradation rates and amounts. Sweeteners with more equatorial and exocyclic hydroxyl groups (e.g., glucose and maltitol) and those with larger molar volumes (e.g., isomaltulose and raffinose) tended to increase the rate and amount of retrogradation, particularly at higher concentrations. The impact of sweeteners on retrogradation was a balance of factors that promoted retrogradation (intermolecular interactions and residual short-range molecular order) and inhibiting behaviors (interference at crystallization sites), which are influenced by sweetener concentration and structure. Understanding which sweeteners at which concentrations can be used to promote or inhibit retrogradation is useful for product formulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses density and molar volume of liquid alloys of iron with C, B, Si, P, Cu, Al, Ni, Cr and Mn. Liquid alloys of iron with other metals are considered as substitutional solutions using the hard-sphere model. Deviations of molar volumes of Fe-Cu and Fe-Al alloys from the ideal solutions were analysed using relationship between excess volume and entropy. Alloys of iron with Ni, Cr and Mn are close to the ideal solutions. Calculated volumes are in agreement with experimental data. Alloys of Fe with C, B, Si and P are considered as interstitial solutions using P. Gaskell's model developed for amorphous alloys of transition metals with metalloids. Calculated partial molar volumes of C, B, Si and P in dilute binary solutions at 1823 K are (cm3/mol): 1.59, 3.37, 7.06 and 6.26 respectively. The model correctly describes the liquid alloys of iron with metalloids as interstitial solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of petroleum reservoir performance needs a precise understanding of the volumetric behavior of hydrocarbon mixtures, both liquid and gaseous. Prior to evaluating reservoir performance, all transient fluid flow problems require the coefficient of isothermal oil compressibility, which is often determined by reservoir fluid analysis. Sampling and analysis of reservoir fluids is frequently an expensive and time-consuming process that cannot be performed whenever the volumetric attributes of reservoir fluids are required. As a result, engineers rely on correlations designed for the purpose of calculating fluid properties, such as the coefficient of isothermal oil compressibility. A new mathematical model for determining the coefficient of isothermal oil compressibility was established in this study using the Soave Redlich Kwong equation of state (EOS). Four case studies were utilized to demonstrate that the new coefficient of isothermal oil compressibility closely matches experimental values and has the lowest average absolute relative error. Therefore, the new mathematical model can be used for quick prediction of Co in the absent of laboratory PVT data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of the xZnO--30PbO--(70 - x)B2O3 (x = 5-20 mol%) glass system is investigated by analysing the physical parameters like molar volume and density. An increase in density (5.31-5.7 g/cm³) and consistent decrease in molar volume (20.95-20.03 cm³/mol) of glass samples is observed with the rise in ZnO content. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the amorphous nature of glass samples. The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy technique is utilized to detect changes in optical parameters, like optical band gap and refractive index. The results depicted a reduction in optical band gap (2.63-2.41 eV) with an increase in ZnO content. Other parameters, such as oxygen packing density, ionic behaviour and average boron-boron separation of prepared glasses, have also shown a variation with a change in ZnO content. Infrared Spectroscopy measurements confirm the change of borate coordination from trigonal BO3 to tetrahedral BO4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—Systematic experimental data on the density and volume properties of binary melts are extremely scarce, although they are necessary for accurate measurements of the thermophysical properties of melts and the optimization of production processes in metallurgy. An original procedure for calculating the density and volume properties of binary melts is presented. In the case of the aluminum–copper system, the procedure is used to derive empirical equations to accurately calculate the density and molar and excess volumes of the melts containing from 0 to 100% copper in the temperature range from liquidus to 1730–1900 K. An adequacy of the calculation results of the density and volume properties are shown by comparing them with the experimental data. In addition, they are in good agreement with the data on the excess Gibbs energy and the aluminum–copper phase diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The buffer saline solutions containing Ura and glycylpeptides have been studied. • Co-sphere overlap model has been used to understand transfer limiting molar volumes. • Volume parameters show the presence of strong (solute – solvent) interactions. • Ura acts as structure makers by volumetric study. • Ura forms complexes with glycylpeptides. Densities of mixtures of uracil (Ura) with glycyl-glycine (GlyGly) and glycyl-phenylalanine (GlyPhe) in a buffered saline (pH 7.4) were measured at T =(288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K using the density meter DMA 5000 M (Anton Paar). The apparent molar volumes, limiting apparent molar volumes at infinite dilution and their derivatives with respect to temperature have been evaluated. Interactions of uracil (Ura) with glycylpeptides (GlyGly, GlyPhe, GlyTyr, GlyGlu) were studied with using review volumetric properties obtained early for Ura in GlyTyr and GlyGlu buffered solutions. The effect of concentration, ionic state and hydrophobicity of reagents on the Ura volume properties were discussed. The results indicate the complex formation between Ura and glycylpeptides with 1:1 stoichiometry. It was shown that the complexation of uracil with the glycylpeptides is accompanied by the positive changes of molar volume of Ura. The positive values of Hepler parameter indicate an increase in the ordering of the solvent in the environment of uracil with the addition of peptides. Uracil acts as a structure maker and its structure-making ability increases in series: Ura < GlyPhe < GlyGly < GlyGlu < GlyTyr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melt quenching technique has been used to fabricate calcium boro-phosphate glasses doped with praseodymium oxide ions. With increased P 2 O 5 content, structural parameters like oxygen molar volume (Vo) and oxygen packing density (OPD) indicate an opposing trend. In addition to optical factors like optical electronegativity, absorption edge, and direct and indirect bandgap values being estimated and discussed, optical absorption spectra have been recorded for all the glasses. The presence of ionic bond behaviour confirms the strong structural and optical property changes caused by the P 2 O 5 content. Using the Phy-X software application, the radiation shielding parameters were investigated. The incorporation of B 2 O 3 , CaCO 3 , and P 2 O 5 offers more number of bridging oxygens which further leads to closely packed nature. Considering the glass sample B0PCM:Pr, the highest linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) is determined. The LAC results showed that at high energy levels, the glass's shielding performance became more consistent. The results of the effective atomic number analysis demonstrated the impact that CaCO 3 has on the glass's shielding effectiveness, with a higher concentration of CaCO 3 improving the material's defence against gamma radiation. For B0PCM:Pr glass, the half value layer (HVL) rises from 2.101 to 3.444 cm at 0.284–1.333 MeV. Certainly, it has been observed that the glass tends to have a smaller HVL when it contains more CaCO 3 with lesser P 2 O 5 content. • Lead free calcium boro-phosphate glasses have been synthesized via melt quench method for radiation resisting applications. • Physical, structural, elastic and optical properties of all the prepared glasses were examined in detail. • B0PCM:Pr exhibits higher LAC and confirms the consistent performance of the prepared glasses at higher energy levels. • The Z eff confirms that the steady increase of CaCO 3 increases the shielding efficiency of the prepared lead free glasses. • The HVL increases from 2.10 to 3.44 cm between 0.284 and 1.33 MeV for B0PCM:Pr glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the X-ray and gamma attenuation characteristics and optical properties of a synthesized tellurite–phosphate–sodium oxide glass system with a composition of (85 − x)TeO2–10P2O5–xNa2O mol% (where x = 15, 20, and 25) were evaluated. The glass systems we re fabricated by our research group using quenching melt fabrication. The shielding parameters of as-synthesized systems, such as the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), effective atomic number (Zeff), half-value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective electron density (Neff) in a wide energy range between 15 keV and 15 MeV, were estimated using well-known PHY-X/PSD software and recently developed MIKE software. Herein, the optical parameters of prepared glasses, such as molar volume (VM), oxygen molar volume (VO), oxygen packing density (OPD), molar polarizability ( α m ), molar refractivity (Rm), reflection loss (RL), and metallization (M), were estimated using MIKE software. Furthermore, the shielding performance of the prepared glasses was compared with that of commonly used standard glass shielding materials. The results show that the incorporation of sodium oxide into the matrix TeO2/P2O5 with an optimum concentration can yield a glass system with good shielding performance as well as good optical and physical properties, especially at low photon energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductivity, density and refractive index of 1-Benzyl 3- Methyl imidazolium chloride(BzMImCl)and1-Allyl 3-Methyl imidazolium Bromide(AMImBr) ionic liquids (ILs)At 298.15 K, Mixed solvents have been tested with different mole fractions of alcohols, containing aqueous and alcoholic-aqueous (methanol, ethanol and glycerol). The conductivity and surface tension and refractive index measurements were used to assess the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of (BzMImCl) and (AMImBr). The CMC was found to increase as the alcohol mole fraction increased in all solvents used. The results indicate that the CMC of (BzMImCl) and (AMImBr) methanol, ethanol, and glycerol, in that order. Micellization was discovered to be a naturally occurring process. The molar volume of the two surfactants was calculated and discussed based on the density information. The polarizability and molar refraction of BzMImCl and AMImBr were also measured and discussed using the refractive index results. For all calculations, a computer program was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for jet fuels with high energy intensity and physical density is an urgent task in connection with the increased scope of use of unmanned aerial vehicles. This study presents the results of an investigation on the influence of various factors on the molar and mass enthalpies of combustion and molar volume of CnHm hydrocarbons of various structures. The findings can become necessary to substantiate the algorithm for searching for energy-intensive hydrocarbons. Additive group-contributions that allow predicting with sufficient accuracy the molar standard (gross) heat of combustion and the molar volume of hydrocarbons in the condensed state were proposed. It was found that the decisive factor for achieving high values of the molar-energy content of hydrocarbons is the m/n ratio and not the number of small carbon cycles in the molecule. Sometimes the presence of a large number of cycles can even lead to a decrease in the enthalpy of combustion. The proposed additive group-contributions can be used to predict the values of molar enthalpies of combustion and molar volumes of fuels with known composition and select the fuel composition according to the required value of molar or volume enthalpy of combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt and iron-based alloys with tendency to amorphization is a hot topic nowadays due to their unique magnetic and electrical properties. In the present work the differential thermal analysis (DTA) and density measurements of Co48Fe25Si4B19Nb4 alloy (base composition) with small additions of rare earth metals (Nd, Sm, Tb, Yb) are performed. The temperatures of phase transitions in the alloys are determined by DTA. It was found that small additions of rare earth metals (1 and 2 at %) increase solidus temperature and decrease liquidus of the base composition. Small thermal effects that were observed in the alloys with neodymium, terbium and ytterbium in the range 1080–1100°С, may indicate the decomposition of REM-B type compounds. In the alloys with samarium such effects were not found. That means that samarium does not form the Sm2B5 phase in the investigated alloys but goes into solution. Density was studied experimentally in a wide temperature range, including crystalline and liquid states, on an automated setup where the absolute variant of gamma-penetration method was realized. It is shown that temperature dependences of density in crystalline state are nonlinear and in liquid state are well described by linear functions. When melts are overheated above a certain temperature, density hysteresis (incoincidence of heating and cooling curves) appears; that may indicate structural transformations occurring in the melt. It is found that the rare-earth additions increase density of investigated alloys, however, this occurs non-linearly and depends on REM content. Basing on density experimental data, the coefficients of volume expansion and molar volumes are calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study has chosen densimetric method as the tool for measuring and deriving the volumetric parameters like, density (d), molar volume (), apparent molar volume (), limiting apparent molar volume (), limiting apparent molar expansibility and for two multicharged electrolytes potassium dichromate and potassium pyrophosphate dissolved in different concentrations in aqueous D‑fructose solutions of different compositions at four different temperatures ranging from 298.15 to 313.15 K. Hepler's constant and isobaric thermal expansion coefficient are also calculated. The experimental and derived data have been used to interpret different types of attractive and repulsive forces acting between different species present in the ternary mixtures. It is concluded that ion-hydrophilic attraction and structure making ability of the ions are prevailing in the systems under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To represent mathematically the reported physico-chemical properties (PCPs) of binary mixtures of 3-bromoanisol + methanol at various temperatures by using a single model with seven curve-fit parameters. Results: Besides the correlation models, the applicability of training the proposed model using a minimum number of experimental data and prediction of the rest of data points with acceptable prediction error is also shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermodynamic property data for solid phase I of benzene are reviewed and utilized to develop a new fundamental equation of state (EOS) based on Helmholtz energy, following the methodology used for solid phase I of CO2 by Trusler [J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 40, 043105 (2011)]. With temperature and molar volume as independent variables, the EOS is able to calculate all thermodynamic properties of solid benzene at temperatures up to 470 K and at pressures up to 1800 MPa. The model is constructed using the quasi-harmonic approximation, incorporating a Debye oscillator distribution for the vibrons, four discrete modes for the librons, and a further 30 distinct modes for the internal vibrations of the benzene molecule. An anharmonic term is used to account for inevitable deviations from the quasi-harmonic model, which are particularly important near the triple point. The new EOS is able to describe the available experimental data to a level comparable with the likely experimental uncertainties. The estimated relative standard uncertainties of the EOS are 0.2% and 1.5% for molar volume on the sublimation curve and in the compressed solid region, respectively; 8%–1% for isobaric heat capacity on the sublimation curve between 4 K and 278 K; 4% for thermal expansivity; 1% for isentropic bulk modulus; 1% for enthalpy of sublimation and melting; and 3% and 4% for the computed sublimation and melting pressures, respectively. The EOS behaves in a physically reasonable manner at temperatures approaching absolute zero and also at very high pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glasses with compositions 6Na2O⋅xB2O3⋅(86 – x)SiO2⋅8Fe2O3, where x varies from 16 to 21 mol %, are preliminarily heat treated at a temperature of 550°C for 8–144 h and studied by scanning electron microscopy and dilatometry. The density and Vickers microhardness are measured, and the molar volume is calculated. It is found that in the course of heat treatment, a phase-separated structure with interpenetrating phases is formed in all studied glasses. As the SiO2 content increases the diameter of the liquation channels decreases. It is shown that after 8 h, the coexisting liquid glass phases reach their equilibrium compositions, as indicated by the invariability of the glass transition temperature with an increase in the duration of heat treatment. With the maximum duration of heat treatment of 144 h for all the studied glasses, there is a decrease in the glass transition temperature of the low-viscosity phase and an increase in the density of glasses; this is accompanied by crystallization of the tridymite and cristobalite silica phases. The microhardness of the studied glasses does not depend on the SiO2 content, and is about 2.5 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dy3+ doped boro-phosphate glasses [BPXNfDy 1.0 ] were synthesized with the chemical composition 44B 2 O 3 +25P 2 O 5 +15NaF+15MO+1Dy 2 O 3 (where M=Li 2 CO 3 , Mg 2 CO 3 , Sr 2 CO 3 , ZnO and Ba 2 CO 3) by conventional melt-quenching method. The physical properties (density, refractive index), structural (boron-boron separation, phosphorous-phosphorous separation), FTIR (functional groups) and absorption properties (direct and indirect bandgap) were explored in examining the ability of the proposed multicomponent glasses for radiation protection applications. The XRD pattern declared the non-periodicity/amorphous nature of the sample. The Ba-containing glass is observed to possess a tightly packed nature among the present glass samples, which is confirmed from the evaluation of the structural parameters such as d B−B , d P−P. The molar volume (V m), and oxygen packing density (OPD) of the Ba-incorporated glass possess reversal behavior. Similarly, Mg-included glass exhibits an inverse trend for Poisson's ratio and fractal bond connectivity parameters. Furthermore, the evaluation of optical features like bandgap energy was achieved from the absorption analysis. The formation of bridging oxygens is observed to be in accordance with oxygen packing density values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-pressure behavior of the alkali metals has attracted much attention in both experimental and theoretical aspects. This study is focused on the thermodynamic optimization of the temperature and pressure dependence of the molar volumes, the compressibility and phase diagrams of Li, Na and K according to the CALPHAD method. The pressure-temperature phase diagrams of lithium, sodium and potassium up to 50–100 GPa were calculated using the obtained thermodynamic parameters. The available experimental data, such as extremely low melting temperatures at high pressure, pressure-induced structural transitions between simple bcc and fcc crystals and the molar volume changes with the increasing pressure, were well reproduced in our calculations. The good agreements between our calculations and the experiments assessed in the literature indicated that our thermodynamic parameters are reasonable. Our thermodynamic calculations would assist to understand the phase transitions and structural properties of alkali metals at high pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental analysis comprising pongamia, soyabean, and corn biodiesel was selected and mixed with diesel and di-butyl ether at different proportions for its viability and phase separation. The test samples were experimentally confirmed for their density, sound speed, and refractive index characteristics by varying the temperatures between 298 K and 343 K. The mixing models, namely the Lorentz-Lorenz (L-L) and Gladstone-Dale (G-D) methods, were tested for the uncertainty of experimental results. The use of artificial neural networks (ANN) was made as an attempt to characterize the backpropagation algorithm's gradient to pursue the minimum error function of experimental and mixing models. The L-L and G-D with and without ANN equations were used to compare the different proportions and temperatures for the fuel blends of D50PD50, D50PD45DBE05, and D50PD25DBE25, and so on. Furthermore, each sample has been computed for the excess molar volume, and interactions between the liquids have been verified. The exergy analysis for PD, SB, and CB biodiesel under ambient conditions and the experimental and predicted results of energy destruction can be narrowed. The use of ternary fuel in place of diesel shows significant improvements in terms of energy annihilation and homogeneity, which have a lesser impact on emissions and the environment. [Display omitted] • Qualitative proportions endorse fuel parameters due to temperature influences. • Experimental and mixing model error analysis using the ANN backpropagation algorithm. • Hypothetical and attainable outcomes of ternary blends in energy and exergy analysis. • Exergy analysis provides substantial prospects for resolving environmental problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch retrogradation is desirable for some food textures and nutritional traits but detrimental to sensory and storage qualities of other foods. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of sweetener structure and concentration on the retrogradation of wheat starch gels. The effects of 20 sweeteners selected based on common food usage and stereochemical structures of interest, and ranging in concentration from 10 to 50%w/w, on the retrogradation of wheat starch gels were monitored spectrophotometrically over time. The sweeteners were sucrose, xylose, ribose, glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, mannitol, L-sorbose, xylitol, tagatose, allulose, maltose, lactose, isomaltulose, isomalt, sorbitol, maltitol, and raffinose. Retrogradation rates and amounts were compared by Avrami equation rate constants (k = 0.1–0.7) and absorbance values measured on day 28 (Abs = 0.1–1.0), respectively. Both sweetener concentration and type significantly affected retrogradation. Gels made with sugar alcohols and high sweetener concentrations (≈≥40%) tended to retrograde more and faster, whereas gels made with sugars and low sweetener concentrations tended to have lower retrogradation rates and amounts. Sweeteners with more equatorial and exocyclic hydroxyl groups (e.g., glucose and maltitol) and those with larger molar volumes (e.g., isomaltulose and raffinose) tended to increase the rate and amount of retrogradation, particularly at higher concentrations. The impact of sweeteners on retrogradation was a balance of factors that promoted retrogradation (intermolecular interactions and residual short-range molecular order) and inhibiting behaviors (interference at crystallization sites), which are influenced by sweetener concentration and structure. Understanding which sweeteners at which concentrations can be used to promote or inhibit retrogradation is useful for product formulation strategies.

In this work we review the effect of physical and optical properties with different ion zinc contents of tellurite base glass. The physical properties of the glasses were evaluated and the change in density, molar volume and ionic packing density in these glasses indicates the effect of ZnO different content show on the glasses structure. The study of optical properties such as the optical band gap and refractive index of zinc tellurite glass were studied. Zinc Tellurite glasses doped with Er3+ ions were synthesized by varies researcher. The glasses were characterized by X- ray diffraction, optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra. The glassy nature of zinc Tellurite host glass has been confirmed through XRD measurements. The glasses doped or co-doped with rare-earth ions have generated much interest due to the possibility of several promising applications such as optical data storage, visible laser, fibre amplifier, optical communication and sensor devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Raman spectral behavior of N2, CO2, and CH4 in ternary N2–CO2–CH4 mixtures was studied from 22°C to 200°C and 10 to 500 bars. The peak position of N2 in all mixtures is located at lower wavenumbers compared with pure N2 at the same pressure (P)–temperature (T) (PT) conditions. The Fermi diad splitting in CO2 is greater in the pure system than in the mixtures, and the Fermi diad splitting increases in the mixtures as CO2 concentration increases at constant P and T. The peak position of CH4 in the mixtures is shifted to higher wavenumbers compared with pure CH4 at the same PT conditions. However, the relationship between peak position and CH4 mole fraction is more complicated compared with the trends observed with N2 and CO2. The relative order of the peak position isotherms of CH4 and N2 in the mixtures in pressure–peak position space mimics trends in the molar volume of the mixtures in pressure–molar volume space. Relationships between the direction of peak shift of individual components in the mixtures, the relative molar volumes of the mixtures, and the attraction and repulsion forces between molecules are developed. Additionally, the relationship between the peak position of N2 in ternary N2–CO2–CH4 mixtures with pressure is extended to other N2‐bearing systems to assess similarities in the Raman spectral behavior of N2 in various systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new activity model for Fe–Mg–Al biotites is formulated, which extends that of Mg–Al biotites (Dachs and Benisek, Contrib Mineral Petrol 174:76, 2019) to the K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (KFMASH) system. It has the two composition variables XMg = Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) and octahedral Al, and Fe–Mg and Mg–Al ordering variables resulting in five linearly independent endmembers: annite (Ann, K[Fe]M1[Fe]2M2[Al0.5Si0.5]2T1[Si]2T2O10(OH)2, phlogopite (Phl, K[Mg]M1[Mg]2M2[Al0.5Si0.5]2T1[Si]2T2O10(OH)2, ordered Fe–Mg biotite (Obi, K[Fe]M1[Mg]2M2[Al0.5Si0.5]2T1[Si]2T2O10(OH)2, ordered eastonite (Eas, K[Al]M1[Mg]2M2[Al]2T1[Si]2T2O10(OH)2, and disordered eastonite (Easd, K[Al1/3Mg2/3]M1[Al1/3Mg2/3]2M2[Al]2T1[Si]2T2O10(OH)2. The methods applied to parameterize the mixing properties of the model were: calorimetry, analysis of existing phase-equilibrium data, line-broadening in powder absorption infrared (IR) spectra, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. For the calorimetric study, various biotite compositions along the annite–phlogopite, annite–siderophyllite (Sid, K[Al]M1[Fe]2M2[Al]2T1[Si]2T2O10(OH)2), and annite–eastonite joins were synthesized hydrothermally at 700 °C, 4 kbar and logfO2 of around − 20.2, close to the redox conditions of the wüstite–magnetite oxygen buffer at that P–T conditions. The samples were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), energy-dispersive scanning electron microprobe analysis, powder absorption IR spectroscopy, and optical microscopy. The samples were studied further using relaxation calorimetry to measure their heat capacities (Cp) at temperatures from 2 to 300 K. The measured Cp/T was then integrated to get the calorimetric (vibrational) entropies of the samples at 298.15 K. These show linear behaviour when plotted as a function of composition for all three binaries. Excess entropies of mixing are thus zero for the important biotite joins. Excess volumes of mixing are also zero within error for the three binaries Phl-Ann, Ann-Sid, and Ann-Eas. KFMASH biotite, therefore, has excess enthalpies which are independent of pressure and temperature (WGij = WHij). A least-squares procedure was applied in the thermodynamic analysis of published experimental data on the Fe–Mg exchange between biotite and olivine, combined with phase-equilibrium data for phlogopite + quartz stability and experimental data for the Al-saturation level of biotite in the assemblage biotite–sillimanite–sanidine–quartz–H2O to constrain enthalpic mixing parameters and to derive enthalpy of formation values for biotite endmembers. For Fe–Mg mixing in biotite, the most important binary, this gave best-fit asymmetric Margules enthalpy parameters of WHAnnPhl = 14.3 ± 3.4 kJ/mol and WHPhlAnn = −8.8 ± 8.0 kJ/mol (3-cation basis). The resulting asymmetric molar excess Gibbs free energy (Gex) departs only slightly from ideality and is negative at Fe-rich and positive at Mg-rich compositions. Near-ideal activity–composition relationships are thus indicated for the Ann–Phl binary. The presently used low value of − 2 kJ/mol for the enthalpy change of the reaction 2/3 Phl + 1/3 Ann = Obi is generally confirmed by DFT calculations that gave − 2 ± 3 kJ/mol for this ∆HFe–Mg order, indicating that Fe–Mg ordering in biotite is weak. The large enthalpy change of ∆HMg-Al disorder = 34.5 kJ/mol for the disordering of Mg and Al on the M sites in Eas (Dachs and Benisek 2019) is reconfirmed by additional DFT calculations. In combination with WHPhlEas = 10 kJ/mol, which is the preferred value of this study describing mixing along the Phl–Eas join, Mg–Al disordering over the M sites of biotite is predicted to be only significant at high temperatures > 1000 °C. In contrast, it plays no role in metamorphic P–T settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to improve the TALSPEAK (Trivalent Actinide Lanthanide Separation with Phosphorus-Reagent Extraction from Aqueous Komplexes) Process have considered, among other options, the replacement of the organic solvent employed with a room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL). The solubility of certain extractants in RTILs has been shown to be limited, however, calling into question their potential as replacement solvents. A systematic investigation of the solubility of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) in a series of pyridinium- and imidazolium-based ionic liquids has therefore been undertaken, with the objective of relating the extractant solubility to structural characteristics of the RTIL. HDEHP solubility is shown to increase with solvent molar volume, with both larger IL cations and anions favoring dissolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloroaluminate ionic liquids are the most promising electrolytes for the low-temperature electrolysis of aluminum and in aluminum-ion batteries. An important problem in this area is the determination of the ionic composition and the ion concentrations in an ionic liquid. The low-temperature AlCl3–1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride melt is studied in the acidic range of aluminum chloride concentrations (at the molar fractions of aluminum chloride from 0.5 to 0.67). The cycle of measurements of the ionic liquid density is carried out by a dilatometric method in a wide temperature range (from 0 to 100°C) in order to calculate the molar concentrations of ions in the electrolyte under study. The molar volumes of the ionic liquid are calculated from the experimental values of density. The isotherms and polytherms of the density and molar volume of the ionic liquid are linear. The ionic liquid density decreases and the molar volume increases with increasing temperature. The density increases and the molar volume of the ionic liquid decreases with increasing molar fraction of aluminum chloride in the melt due to an increase in the concentration of the heavier anion () compared to that of the anion. The ionic liquid under study is presented as a mixture of two salts: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium– (ionic liquid at an aluminum chloride molar fraction of 0.5) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium– (ionic liquid at an aluminum chloride molar fraction of 0.67). The rule of additive addition of densities and molar volumes is proved for mixtures of these salts. The molar concentrations of ions present in the mixture are calculated. The dependences of the concentration of each ion on the temperature and the molar fraction of aluminum chloride can be described by linear functions. The molar concentrations of each type of ions decrease with increasing temperature due to an increase in the molar volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density measurements are made on a series of caesium–lead liquid alloys containing 20 to 70 at.% Pb, in a temperature range from the liquidus line to ~1000 K. The experiments are carried out using the gamma-ray attenuation technique. Based on the obtained results, the concentration dependences of the molar volume, relative excess molar volume and volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion of the caesium–lead liquid system are described. These dependences strongly deviate from the corresponding dependences for ideal solutions, which confirms a tendency for compound formation in Cs–Pb melts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]