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1. The combination of infectious bronchitis virus BR1 and Mass vaccines provides broad protection.

Author

Bataille, Hanneke, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Schaefer, Gustavo, Zuanaze, Marcelo, and De Wit, Sjaak

Subjects
*AVIAN infectious bronchitis virus, *VACCINE effectiveness, *PHARMACOPOEIAS, *VACCINATION, *VACCINES
Abstract

Two vaccination-challenge trials were performed using a commercial infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) BR1 vaccine, given alone or combined with a commercial IBV Mass vaccine against challenges with IBV M41, 793B, D388 (QX), Q1, Brasil-1 or Variant 2 challenge viruses, which includes the IB viruses that are dominant in South America. The efficacy of the vaccines against the challenge viruses was investigated by determination of the ciliary activity of the tracheal epithelium after challenge. The level of protection induced by the IBV BR1 vaccine alone against the six IBV challenge strains, of which five were of heterologous genotypes, varied from 50% to 100% with an average of 80%. The level of protection induced by the combination of the IBV BR1 and IBV Mass vaccines against the six IBV challenge strains, of which four were of heterologous genotypes, varied from 80% to 100% with an average of 92%. Vaccination with IBV BR1 alone provided a high level of protection against most tested challenge viruses, though the combination of IBV BR1 and IBV Mass was more consistent, showing less variation and compliance with the criterium mentioned in the European Pharmacopoeia 10th edition (at least 80% protection) for all tested challenge viruses. These trials show that vaccination with a combination of IBV BR1 and IBV Mass vaccines provides high levels of protection against the circulating IBV strains in South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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2. Effectiveness of Passive and Active Surveillance for Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Mink during the 2020 Outbreak in the Netherlands

Author

Santman-Berends, Inge M. G. A., primary, van Schaik, Gerdien, additional, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, additional, Bisschop, Irene P. I. H., additional, de Rond, Jan, additional, Meijer, Paola A., additional, van der Heijden, Harold M. J. F., additional, Velkers, Francisca C., additional, Koopmans, Marion P. G., additional, van der Poel, Wim H. M., additional, Smit, Lidwien A. M., additional, Stegeman, Arjan J. A., additional, Sikkema, Reina S., additional, Oude Munnink, Bas B., additional, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W., additional, and Molenaar, Robert-Jan, additional

Published
2024
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3. Effectiveness of Passive and Active Surveillance for Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Mink during the 2020 Outbreak in the Netherlands

Author

Santman-Berends, Inge M. G. A., Schaik, Gerdien van, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, Bisschop, Irene P. I. H., Rond, Jan de, Meijer, Paola A., Heijden, Harold M. J. F. van der, Velkers, Francisca C., Koopmans, Marion P. G., Poel, Wim H. M. van der, Smit, Lidwien A. M., Stegeman, Arjan J. A., Sikkema, Reina S., Munnink, Bas B. Oude, Honing, Renate W. Hakze-van der, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, Santman-Berends, Inge M. G. A., Schaik, Gerdien van, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, Bisschop, Irene P. I. H., Rond, Jan de, Meijer, Paola A., Heijden, Harold M. J. F. van der, Velkers, Francisca C., Koopmans, Marion P. G., Poel, Wim H. M. van der, Smit, Lidwien A. M., Stegeman, Arjan J. A., Sikkema, Reina S., Munnink, Bas B. Oude, Honing, Renate W. Hakze-van der, and Molenaar, Robert-Jan

Abstract

Starting December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spread among humans across the world. From 2020 onward, farmed mink were found susceptible to the virus. In this paper, we describe the Dutch surveillance system and the added surveillance components for early detection of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and their results in Dutch mink farms. In the Netherlands, a surveillance system was in place in which mink farmers could submit carcasses for postmortem evaluation and could contact a telephone helpdesk for veterinary advise. Through this system, the first SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in two mink farms was detected in April 2020. Immediately, the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture commissioned a consortium of statutory and research institutes to intensify the surveillance system. The program consisted of both passive surveillance, i.e., mandatory notifications and active surveillance components, i.e., serological screenings and weekly risk-based sampling of dead mink for early detection of new SARS-CoV-2 infections. When one of the surveillance components indicated a suspicion of a possible SARS-CoV-2 infection, follow-up samplings were conducted and at confirmation, all mink were culled. During 2020, 67 out of 124 mink farms that were under surveillance became infected with SARS-CoV-2 (54%). Of these, 31 were detected based on clinical signs (passive surveillance of clinical signs) and 36 were detected through active surveillance. From the mink farms with a new SARS-CoV-2 outbreak that was detected through the surveillance, in 19% of the farms (n = 7), the mink never showed any clinical signs of SARS-CoV-2 and might have been missed by the passive notification system. This study underlines the added value of a surveillance system that can quickly be intensified. The subsequent combination of both passive and active surveillance has shown to be effective in the early detection of emerging pathogens, which is important to minimize the risk of zoonotic spill-over.

Published
2024

4. Effectiveness of Passive and Active Surveillance for Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Mink during the 2020 Outbreak in the Netherlands

Author

Santman-Berends, Inge, van Schaik, Gerdien, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, Bisschop, Irene, de Rond, Jan, Meijer, Paola, van der Heijden, Harold, Velkers, Francisca, Koopmans, Marion, van der Poel, Wim, Smit, Lidwien, Stegeman, Arjan, Sikkema, Reina, Oude Munnink, Bas, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, Santman-Berends, Inge, van Schaik, Gerdien, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, Bisschop, Irene, de Rond, Jan, Meijer, Paola, van der Heijden, Harold, Velkers, Francisca, Koopmans, Marion, van der Poel, Wim, Smit, Lidwien, Stegeman, Arjan, Sikkema, Reina, Oude Munnink, Bas, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate, and Molenaar, Robert-Jan

Abstract

Starting December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spread among humans across the world. From 2020 onward, farmed mink were found susceptible to the virus. In this paper, we describe the Dutch surveillance system and the added surveillance components for early detection of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and their results in Dutch mink farms. In the Netherlands, a surveillance system was in place in which mink farmers could submit carcasses for postmortem evaluation and could contact a telephone helpdesk for veterinary advise. Through this system, the first SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in two mink farms was detected in April 2020. Immediately, the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture commissioned a consortium of statutory and research institutes to intensify the surveillance system. The program consisted of both passive surveillance, i.e., mandatory notifications and active surveillance components, i.e., serological screenings and weekly risk-based sampling of dead mink for early detection of new SARS-CoV-2 infections. When one of the surveillance components indicated a suspicion of a possible SARS-CoV-2 infection, follow-up samplings were conducted and at confirmation, all mink were culled. During 2020, 67 out of 124 mink farms that were under surveillance became infected with SARS-CoV-2 (54%). Of these, 31 were detected based on clinical signs (passive surveillance of clinical signs) and 36 were detected through active surveillance. From the mink farms with a new SARS-CoV-2 outbreak that was detected through the surveillance, in 19% of the farms (n = 7), the mink never showed any clinical signs of SARS-CoV-2 and might have been missed by the passive notification system. This study underlines the added value of a surveillance system that can quickly be intensified. The subsequent combination of both passive and active surveillance has shown to be effective in the early detection of emerging pathogens, which is important to minimize the risk of zoonotic spill-over.

Published
2024

5. Effectiveness of Passive and Active Surveillance for Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Mink during the 2020 Outbreak in the Netherlands

Author

FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, FAH – One Health Epidemiology, IRAS – One Health Microbial, FAH – Veterinary Epidemiology, Santman-Berends, Inge M. G. A., Schaik, Gerdien van, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, Bisschop, Irene P. I. H., Rond, Jan de, Meijer, Paola A., Heijden, Harold M. J. F. van der, Velkers, Francisca C., Koopmans, Marion P. G., Poel, Wim H. M. van der, Smit, Lidwien A. M., Stegeman, Arjan J. A., Sikkema, Reina S., Munnink, Bas B. Oude, Honing, Renate W. Hakze-van der, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, FAH – One Health Epidemiology, IRAS – One Health Microbial, FAH – Veterinary Epidemiology, Santman-Berends, Inge M. G. A., Schaik, Gerdien van, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, Bisschop, Irene P. I. H., Rond, Jan de, Meijer, Paola A., Heijden, Harold M. J. F. van der, Velkers, Francisca C., Koopmans, Marion P. G., Poel, Wim H. M. van der, Smit, Lidwien A. M., Stegeman, Arjan J. A., Sikkema, Reina S., Munnink, Bas B. Oude, Honing, Renate W. Hakze-van der, and Molenaar, Robert-Jan

Published
2024

6. Adaptation, spread and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in farmed minks and associated humans in the Netherlands

Author

Lu, Lu, Sikkema, Reina S., Velkers, Francisca C., Nieuwenhuijse, David F., Fischer, Egil A. J., Meijer, Paola A., Bouwmeester-Vincken, Noortje, Rietveld, Ariene, Wegdam-Blans, Marjolijn C. A., Tolsma, Paulien, Koppelman, Marco, Smit, Lidwien A. M., Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W., van der Poel, Wim H. M., van der Spek, Arco N., Spierenburg, Marcel A. H., Molenaar, Robert Jan, Rond, Jan de, Augustijn, Marieke, Woolhouse, Mark, Stegeman, J. Arjan, Lycett, Samantha, Oude Munnink, Bas B., and Koopmans, Marion P. G.

Published
2021
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8. A Salmonella Pullorum outbreak with neurological signs in adult layers and outbreak investigation using whole genome sequencing.

Author

Molenaar, Robert Jan, Dijkman, Remco, ter Veen, Christiaan, Heuvelink, Annet, van Kaam, Fiona, Augustijn, Marieke, and Feberwee, Anneke

Subjects
*WHOLE genome sequencing, *SALMONELLA, *SALMONELLA enterica, *AGGLUTINATION tests, *BONE marrow, *EGGS, *IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Abstract

This report describes a Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica Serovar Gallinarum Biovar Pullorum (SP) outbreak in a Dutch laying flock of 65 weeks of age (W) showing increased mortality, decreased egg production, and neurological signs. The flock was vaccinated three times with a live S. enteritis and S. typhimurium vaccine in the rearing period. At 71 W, as mortality peaked, a live SG 9R vaccine was applied. At 76 W, mortality decreased and egg production stabilized but did not return to a normal level. Post-mortem, histological, bacteriological, and serological examinations were frequently performed. Gross findings in diseased and dead birds were characterized by hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and oophoritis. SP was frequently isolated from the liver, spleen, ovary, and bone marrow, and the isolation rate did not vary significantly between the different organs. In birds with neurological signs, histological examination and immunostaining showed cerebral granulomas in the presence of Salmonella. Previous Salmonella vaccinations did not hamper the detection of specific SP antibodies (positive at serum dilution ≥ 1:8) using a commercial rapid plate agglutination test. At 85 W, 40 clinically healthy birds were investigated and three had ovarian lesions, explaining egg production not returning to normal. These birds had antibodies against SP, indicating contact with the bacterium, but carrier status could not be confirmed by culture. Phylogenetic analysis showed SP isolates within this outbreak to be clonal and differing from SP isolates from previous outbreaks. Cerebral granulomas are associated with nervous signs in Salmonella Pullorum outbreak. Bone marrow is also a recommended tissue for isolation of Salmonella Pullorum. Rapid plate agglutination test detects Pullorum antibodies in a vaccinated flock. Phylogenetic analysis showed clonality of isolates within the outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Mink Related to Host-, Virus- and Farm-Associated Factors, The Netherlands 2020

Author

Wolters, Wendy J., Rooij, Myrna M. T. de, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Rond, Jan de, Vernooij, Johannes, Meijer, Paola A., Munnink, Bas B. Oude, Sikkema, Reina, Spek, Arco N. van der, Spierenburg, Marcel A. H., Honing, Renate Hakze - v/d, VanderPoel, Wim, Koopmans, Marion, Stegeman, Arjan, Smit, Lidwien AM, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, Velkers, Francisca, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, and FAH GZ pluimvee

Subjects
one health, Infectious Diseases, SARS-CoV-2, spillover and spillback, zoonoses and reverse zoonoses, Virology, disease outbreaks, mink, risk factors, mink farms, animal reservoirs, biosecurity
Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks on 69 Dutch mink farms in 2020 were studied to identify risk factors for virus introduction and transmission and to improve surveillance and containment measures. Clinical signs, laboratory test results, and epidemiological aspects were investigated, such as the date and reason of suspicion, housing, farm size and distances, human contact structure, biosecurity measures, and presence of wildlife, pets, pests, and manure management. On seven farms, extensive random sampling was performed, and age, coat color, sex, and clinical signs were recorded. Mild to severe respiratory signs and general diseases such as apathy, reduced feed intake, and increased mortality were detected on 62/69 farms. Throat swabs were more likely to result in virus detection than rectal swabs. Clinical signs differed between virus clusters and were more severe for dark-colored mink, males, and animals infected later during the year. Geographical clustering was found for one virus cluster. Shared personnel could explain some cases, but other transmission routes explaining farm-to-farm spread were not elucidated. An early warning surveillance system, strict biosecurity measures, and a (temporary) ban on mink farming and vaccinating animals and humans can contribute to reducing the risks of the virus spreading and acquisition of potential mutations relevant to human and animal health.

Published
2022

10. Occupational and environmental exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in and around infected mink farms

Author

de Rooij, Myrna M T, Hakze-Van der Honing, Renate W, Hulst, Marcel M, Harders, Frank, Engelsma, Marc, van de Hoef, Wouter, Meliefste, Kees, Nieuwenweg, Sigrid, Oude Munnink, Bas B, van Schothorst, Isabella, Sikkema, Reina S, van der Spek, Arco N, Spierenburg, Marcel, Spithoven, Jack, Bouwstra, Ruth, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, Koopmans, Marion, Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, Wim H M, Smit, Lidwien A M, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, and Virology

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Bio Process Engineering, Veterinary medicine, Exposure Assessment, Range (biology), Epidemiology, animal diseases, Kwantitatieve Veterinaire Epidemiologie, viruses, air pollution, Air pollution, medicine.disease_cause, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, law, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mink, skin and connective tissue diseases, Netherlands, biology, Bacteriologie, Dust, Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Environmental exposure, Virology & Molecular Biology, Geography, Transmission (mechanics), RNA, Viral, Public Health, Occupational exposure, environment, Animal Breeding & Genomics, Air sampling, Farms, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), farmers, Respirable dust, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Occupational Exposure, Environmental health, biology.animal, Bio-informatics & Animal models, medicine, Animals, Humans, Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models, Fokkerij & Genomica, Environmental risk assessment, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Epidemiologie, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Environmental and Occupational Health, fungi, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, COVID-19, RNA, Bacteriology, Environmental Exposure, Virology, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, respiratory tract diseases, Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie, 030104 developmental biology, Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, WIAS, business
Abstract

ObjectiveUnprecedented SARS-CoV-2 infections in farmed minks raised immediate concerns regarding transmission to humans and initiated intensive environmental investigations to assess occupational and environmental exposure.MethodsAir sampling was performed at infected Dutch mink farms, at farm premises and at nearby residential sites. A range of other environmental samples were collected from minks’ housing units, including bedding materials. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was analysed in all samples by quantitative PCR.ResultsInside the farms, considerable levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA were found in airborne dust, especially in personal inhalable dust samples (approximately 1000–10 000 copies/m3). Most of the settling dust samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (82%, 75 of 92). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in outdoor air samples, except for those collected near the entrance of the most recently infected farm. Many samples of minks’ housing units and surfaces contained SARS-CoV-2 RNA.ConclusionsInfected mink farms can be highly contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This warns of occupational exposure, which was substantiated by considerable SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in personal air samples. Dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 to outdoor air was found to be limited and SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in air samples collected beyond farm premises, implying a negligible risk of environmental exposure to nearby communities. Our occupational and environmental risk assessment is in line with whole genome sequencing analyses showing mink-to-human transmission among farm workers, but no indications of direct zoonotic transmission events to nearby communities.

Published
2021
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11. Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Mink Related to Host-, Virus- and Farm-Associated Factors, The Netherlands 2020

Author

Wolters, Wendy J., primary, de Rooij, Myrna M. T., additional, Molenaar, Robert Jan, additional, de Rond, Jan, additional, Vernooij, J. C. M., additional, Meijer, Paola A., additional, Oude Munnink, Bas B., additional, Sikkema, Reina S., additional, van der Spek, Arco N., additional, Spierenburg, Marcel A. H., additional, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W., additional, van der Poel, Wim H. M., additional, Koopmans, Marion P. G., additional, Stegeman, J. Arjan, additional, Smit, Lidwien A. M., additional, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, additional, and Velkers, Francisca C., additional

Published
2022
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12. SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats and dogs in infected mink farms

Author

van Aart, Anna E, Velkers, Francisca C, Fischer, Egil A J, Broens, Els M, Egberink, Herman, Zhao, Shan, Engelsma, Marc, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Harders, Frank, de Rooij, Myrna M T, Radstake, Carien, Meijer, Paola A, Munnink, Bas B Oude, de Rond, Jan, Sikkema, Reina S, van der Spek, Arco N, Spierenburg, Marcel, Wolters, Wendy J, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, Koopmans, Marion P G, van der Poel, Wim H M, Stegeman, Arjan, Smit, Lidwien A M, van Aart, Anna E, Velkers, Francisca C, Fischer, Egil A J, Broens, Els M, Egberink, Herman, Zhao, Shan, Engelsma, Marc, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Harders, Frank, de Rooij, Myrna M T, Radstake, Carien, Meijer, Paola A, Munnink, Bas B Oude, de Rond, Jan, Sikkema, Reina S, van der Spek, Arco N, Spierenburg, Marcel, Wolters, Wendy J, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, Koopmans, Marion P G, van der Poel, Wim H M, Stegeman, Arjan, and Smit, Lidwien A M

Abstract

Animals like mink, cats and dogs are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the Netherlands, 69 out of 127 mink farms were infected with SARS-CoV-2 between April and November 2020 and all mink on infected farms were culled after SARS-CoV-2 infection to prevent further spread of the virus. On some farms, (feral) cats and dogs were present. This study provides insight into the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-positive cats and dogs in 10 infected mink farms and their possible role in transmission of the virus. Throat and rectal swabs of 101 cats (12 domestic and 89 feral cats) and 13 dogs of 10 farms were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using PCR. Serological assays were performed on serum samples from 62 adult cats and all 13 dogs. Whole Genome Sequencing was performed on one cat sample. Cat-to-mink transmission parameters were estimated using data from all 10 farms. This study shows evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 12 feral cats and 2 dogs. Eleven cats (18%) and two dogs (15%) tested serologically positive. Three feral cats (3%) and one dog (8%) tested PCR-positive. The sequence generated from the cat throat swab clustered with mink sequences from the same farm. The calculated rate of mink-to-cat transmission showed that cats on average had a chance of 12% (95%CI 10%–18%) of becoming infected by mink, assuming no cat-to-cat transmission. As only feral cats were infected it is most likely that infections in cats were initiated by mink, not by humans. Whether both dogs were infected by mink or humans remains inconclusive. This study presents one of the first reports of interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 that does not involve humans, namely mink-to-cat transmission, which should also be considered as a potential risk for spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Published
2022

13. Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Mink Related to Host-, Virus- and Farm-Associated Factors, The Netherlands 2020

Author

FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, FAH GZ pluimvee, Wolters, Wendy J., Rooij, Myrna M. T. de, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Rond, Jan de, Vernooij, Johannes, Meijer, Paola A., Munnink, Bas B. Oude, Sikkema, Reina, Spek, Arco N. van der, Spierenburg, Marcel A. H., Honing, Renate Hakze - v/d, VanderPoel, Wim, Koopmans, Marion, Stegeman, Arjan, Smit, Lidwien AM, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, Velkers, Francisca, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, FAH GZ pluimvee, Wolters, Wendy J., Rooij, Myrna M. T. de, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Rond, Jan de, Vernooij, Johannes, Meijer, Paola A., Munnink, Bas B. Oude, Sikkema, Reina, Spek, Arco N. van der, Spierenburg, Marcel A. H., Honing, Renate Hakze - v/d, VanderPoel, Wim, Koopmans, Marion, Stegeman, Arjan, Smit, Lidwien AM, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, and Velkers, Francisca

Published
2022

14. SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats and dogs in infected mink farms

Author

FAH GZ pluimvee, dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., dI&I I&I-4, Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dFAH AVR, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, van Aart, Anna E, Velkers, Francisca C, Fischer, Egil A J, Broens, Els M, Egberink, Herman, Zhao, Shan, Engelsma, Marc, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Harders, Frank, de Rooij, Myrna M T, Radstake, Carien, Meijer, Paola A, Munnink, Bas B Oude, de Rond, Jan, Sikkema, Reina S, van der Spek, Arco N, Spierenburg, Marcel, Wolters, Wendy J, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, Koopmans, Marion P G, van der Poel, Wim H M, Stegeman, Arjan, Smit, Lidwien A M, FAH GZ pluimvee, dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., dI&I I&I-4, Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dFAH AVR, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, van Aart, Anna E, Velkers, Francisca C, Fischer, Egil A J, Broens, Els M, Egberink, Herman, Zhao, Shan, Engelsma, Marc, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Harders, Frank, de Rooij, Myrna M T, Radstake, Carien, Meijer, Paola A, Munnink, Bas B Oude, de Rond, Jan, Sikkema, Reina S, van der Spek, Arco N, Spierenburg, Marcel, Wolters, Wendy J, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, Koopmans, Marion P G, van der Poel, Wim H M, Stegeman, Arjan, and Smit, Lidwien A M

Published
2022

15. Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Mink Related to Host-, Virus- and Farm-Associated Factors, The Netherlands 2020

Author

IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, FAH GZ pluimvee, Wolters, Wendy J., Rooij, Myrna M. T. de, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Rond, Jan de, Vernooij, Johannes, Meijer, Paola A., Munnink, Bas B. Oude, Sikkema, Reina, Spek, Arco N. van der, Spierenburg, Marcel A. H., Honing, Renate Hakze - v/d, VanderPoel, Wim, Koopmans, Marion, Stegeman, Arjan, Smit, Lidwien AM, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, Velkers, Francisca, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, FAH GZ pluimvee, Wolters, Wendy J., Rooij, Myrna M. T. de, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Rond, Jan de, Vernooij, Johannes, Meijer, Paola A., Munnink, Bas B. Oude, Sikkema, Reina, Spek, Arco N. van der, Spierenburg, Marcel A. H., Honing, Renate Hakze - v/d, VanderPoel, Wim, Koopmans, Marion, Stegeman, Arjan, Smit, Lidwien AM, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, and Velkers, Francisca

Published
2022

16. SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats and dogs in infected mink farms

Author

van Aart, Anna E., Velkers, Francisca C., Fischer, Egil A.J., Broens, Els M., Egberink, Herman, Zhao, Shan, Engelsma, Marc, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W., Harders, Frank, de Rooij, Myrna M.T., Radstake, Carien, Meijer, Paola A., Oude Munnink, Bas B., de Rond, Jan, Sikkema, Reina S., van der Spek, Arco N., Spierenburg, Marcel, Wolters, Wendy J., Molenaar, Robert Jan, Koopmans, Marion P.G., van der Poel, Wim H.M., Stegeman, Arjan, Smit, Lidwien A.M., van Aart, Anna E., Velkers, Francisca C., Fischer, Egil A.J., Broens, Els M., Egberink, Herman, Zhao, Shan, Engelsma, Marc, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W., Harders, Frank, de Rooij, Myrna M.T., Radstake, Carien, Meijer, Paola A., Oude Munnink, Bas B., de Rond, Jan, Sikkema, Reina S., van der Spek, Arco N., Spierenburg, Marcel, Wolters, Wendy J., Molenaar, Robert Jan, Koopmans, Marion P.G., van der Poel, Wim H.M., Stegeman, Arjan, and Smit, Lidwien A.M.

Abstract

Animals like mink, cats and dogs are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the Netherlands, 69 out of 127 mink farms were infected with SARS-CoV-2 between April and November 2020 and all mink on infected farms were culled after SARS-CoV-2 infection to prevent further spread of the virus. On some farms, (feral) cats and dogs were present. This study provides insight into the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-positive cats and dogs in 10 infected mink farms and their possible role in transmission of the virus. Throat and rectal swabs of 101 cats (12 domestic and 89 feral cats) and 13 dogs of 10 farms were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using PCR. Serological assays were performed on serum samples from 62 adult cats and all 13 dogs. Whole Genome Sequencing was performed on one cat sample. Cat-to-mink transmission parameters were estimated using data from all 10 farms. This study shows evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 12 feral cats and 2 dogs. Eleven cats (18%) and two dogs (15%) tested serologically positive. Three feral cats (3%) and one dog (8%) tested PCR-positive. The sequence generated from the cat throat swab clustered with mink sequences from the same farm. The calculated rate of mink-to-cat transmission showed that cats on average had a chance of 12% (95%CI 10%–18%) of becoming infected by mink, assuming no cat-to-cat transmission. As only feral cats were infected it is most likely that infections in cats were initiated by mink, not by humans. Whether both dogs were infected by mink or humans remains inconclusive. This study presents one of the first reports of interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 that does not involve humans, namely mink-to-cat transmission, which should also be considered as a potential risk for spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Published
2022

17. Occupational and environmental exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in and around infected mink farms

Author

de Rooij, Myrna M.T., primary, Hakze-Van Der Honing, Renate, additional, Hulst, Marcel M., additional, Haders, Frank, additional, Engelsma, Marc, additional, Van De Hoef, Wouter, additional, Meliefste, Kees, additional, Nieuwenweg, Sigrid, additional, Oude Munnink, Bas B., additional, Van Schothorst, Isabella, additional, Sikkema, Reina S., additional, Van Der Spek, Arco N., additional, Spierenbrug, Marcel, additional, Spithoven, Jack, additional, Bouwstra, Ruth, additional, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, additional, Koopmans, Marion, additional, Stegeman, Arjan, additional, Van Der Poel, Wim H.M., additional, and Smit, Lidwien A.M., additional

Published
2021
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18. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans

Author

Oude Munnink, Bas B, Sikkema, Reina S, Nieuwenhuijse, David F, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Munger, Emmanuelle, Molenkamp, Richard, van der Spek, Arco, Tolsma, Paulien, Rietveld, Ariene, Brouwer, Miranda, Bouwmeester-Vincken, Noortje, Harders, Frank, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate, Wegdam-Blans, Marjolein C A, Bouwstra, Ruth J, GeurtsvanKessel, Corine, van der Eijk, Annemiek A, Velkers, Francisca C, Smit, Lidwien A M, Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, Wim H M, Koopmans, Marion P G, Sub GZ Herkauwer, FAH GZ pluimvee, dFAH I&I, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, Virology, Sub GZ Herkauwer, FAH GZ pluimvee, dFAH I&I, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, and dFAH AVR

Subjects
Kwantitatieve Veterinaire Epidemiologie, viruses, animal diseases, Biosecurity, Culling, Disease Outbreaks, Zoonoses, Mink, Phylogeny, Netherlands, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Likelihood Functions, Multidisciplinary, biology, Transmission (medicine), Bacteriologie, Microbio, Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, 3. Good health, Virology & Molecular Biology, RNA, Viral, Farms, Evolution, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Zoology, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Viral genetics, biology.animal, Report, Animals, Humans, Life Science, 030304 developmental biology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Whole Genome Sequencing, 030306 microbiology, SARS-CoV-2, fungi, Outbreak, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, COVID-19, Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie, Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, Mutation, Reports
Abstract

Two-way transmission on mink farms Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a zoonotic virus—one that spilled over from another species to infect and transmit among humans. We know that humans can infect other animals with SARS-CoV-2, such as domestic cats and even tigers in zoos. Oude Munnink et al. used whole-genome sequencing to show that SARS-CoV-2 infections were rife among mink farms in the southeastern Netherlands, all of which are destined to be closed by March 2021 (see the Perspective by Zhou and Shi). Toward the end of June 2020, 68% of mink farm workers tested positive for the virus or had antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. These large clusters of infection were initiated by human COVID-19 cases with viruses that bear the D614G mutation. Sequencing has subsequently shown that mink-to-human transmission also occurred. More work must be done to understand whether there is a risk that mustelids may become a reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Science, this issue p. 172; see also p. 120, Genetic evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 transmission occurred from humans to mink as well as from mink to humans on farms in the Netherlands., Animal experiments have shown that nonhuman primates, cats, ferrets, hamsters, rabbits, and bats can be infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In addition, SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected in felids, mink, and dogs in the field. Here, we describe an in-depth investigation using whole-genome sequencing of outbreaks on 16 mink farms and the humans living or working on these farms. We conclude that the virus was initially introduced by humans and has since evolved, most likely reflecting widespread circulation among mink in the beginning of the infection period, several weeks before detection. Despite enhanced biosecurity, early warning surveillance, and immediate culling of animals in affected farms, transmission occurred between mink farms in three large transmission clusters with unknown modes of transmission. Of the tested mink farm residents, employees, and/or individuals with whom they had been in contact, 68% had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Individuals for which whole genomes were available were shown to have been infected with strains with an animal sequence signature, providing evidence of animal-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within mink farms.

Published
2021

19. Adaptation, spread and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in farmed minks and related humans in the Netherlands

Author

Lu, Lu, primary, Sikkema, Reina S., additional, Velkers, Francisca C., additional, Nieuwenhuijse, David F., additional, Fischer, Egil A.J., additional, Meijer, Paola A., additional, Bouwmeester-Vincken, Noortje, additional, Rietveld, Ariene, additional, Wegdam-Blans, Marjolijn C.A., additional, Tolsma, Paulien, additional, Koppelman, Marco, additional, Smit, Lidwien A.M., additional, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W., additional, van der Poel, Wim H. M., additional, van der Spek, Arco N., additional, Spierenburg, Marcel A. H., additional, Molenaar, Robert Jan, additional, de Rond, Jan, additional, Augustijn, Marieke, additional, Woolhouse, Mark, additional, Stegeman, J. Arjan, additional, Lycett, Samantha, additional, Oude Munnink, Bas B., additional, and Koopmans, Marion P. G., additional

Published
2021
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20. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in cats and dogs in infected mink farms

Author

van Aart, Anna E., primary, Velkers, Francisca C., additional, Fischer, Egil A.J., additional, Broens, Els M., additional, Egberink, Herman, additional, Zhao, Shan, additional, Engelsma, Marc, additional, Hakze‐van der Honing, Renate W., additional, Harders, Frank, additional, de Rooij, Myrna M.T., additional, Radstake, Carien, additional, Meijer, Paola A., additional, Oude Munnink, Bas B., additional, de Rond, Jan, additional, Sikkema, Reina S., additional, van der Spek, Arco N., additional, Spierenburg, Marcel, additional, Wolters, Wendy J., additional, Molenaar, Robert‐Jan, additional, Koopmans, Marion P.G., additional, van der Poel, Wim H.M., additional, Stegeman, Arjan, additional, and Smit, Lidwien A.M., additional

Published
2021
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21. SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, April and May 2020

Author

Oreshkova, Nadia, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Vreman, Sandra, Harders, Frank, Oude Munnink, Bas B, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Gerhards, Nora, Tolsma, Paulien, Bouwstra, Ruth, Sikkema, Reina S, Tacken, Mirriam GJ, de Rooij, Myrna MT, Weesendorp, Eefke, Engelsma, Marc Y, Bruschke, Christianne JM, Smit, Lidwien AM, Koopmans, Marion, van der Poel, Wim HM, Stegeman, Arjan, LS Virologie, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, LS IRAS EEPI GRA (Gezh.risico-analyse), LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, dFAH AVR, LS Virologie, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, VPDC pathologie, Sub GZ Herkauwer, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, and Virology

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Epidemiology, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), animal diseases, viruses, 030106 microbiology, medicine.disease_cause, Virus, Diagnostics & Crisis Organization, 03 medical and health sciences, biology.animal, Virology, Pandemic, medicine, Mink, Coronavirus, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, interstitial pneumonia, biology, Diagnostiek & Crisisorganisatie, Transmission (medicine), SARS-CoV-2, Bacteriologie, mink, transmission, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Outbreak, Bacteriology, Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, biology.organism_classification, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, Virology & Molecular Biology, Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie, 030104 developmental biology, Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, Betacoronavirus
Abstract

Respiratory disease and increased mortality occurred in minks on two farms in the Netherlands, with interstitial pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in organ and swab samples. On both farms, at least one worker had coronavirus disease-associated symptoms before the outbreak. Variations in mink-derived viral genomes showed between-mink transmission and no infection link between the farms. Inhalable dust contained viral RNA, indicating possible exposure of workers. One worker is assumed to have attracted the virus from mink.

Published
2020

22. Characterization of infectious bronchitis virus D181, a new serotype (GII-2). Avian Pathology

Author

Molenaar, Robert Jan, Dijkman, Remco, de Wit, Sjaak, and FAH veterinaire epidemiologie

Subjects
genotype, Infectious bronchitis virus, pathotype, serotype, D181
Abstract

This paper describes the characterization of a new infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain D181, that rapidly evolved from a low-level incidental finding in 2017 to become the second most isolated IBV strain in Dutch layers and breeders in 2018, as well as being found in samples from Germany and Belgium. Based on the sequence of the S gene and the results of cross-neutralization tests, D181 can be considered as a new serotype and the second lineage within genotype II (GII-2). The experimental infection of SPF hens confirmed the ability of D181 to cause a drop in egg production, and immunohistochemistry showed presence of the virus in the trachea, lung and conjunctiva at 5 days post inoculation and in the caecal tonsils at 5 and 8 days post inoculation. In silico analysis of several widely used PCR primers indicated that primer sets adapted for GII might be needed to detect D181, as many general S1 primers might miss it.

Published
2020

23. Adaptation, spread and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in farmed minks and related humans in the Netherlands

Author

Lu, Lu, Sikkema, Reina S., Velkers, Francisca C., Nieuwenhuijse, David F., Fischer, Egil A.J., Meijer, Paola A., Bouwmeester-Vincken, Noortje, Rietveld, Ariene, Wegdam-Blans, Marjolijn C.A., Tolsma, Paulien, Koppelman, Marco, Smit, Lidwien A.M., Honing, Renate W. Hakze-van der, Poel, Wim H. M. van der, Spek, Arco N. van der, Spierenburg, Marcel A. H., Molenaar, Robert Jan, Rond, Jan de, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, Woolhouse, Mark, Stegeman, J. Arjan, Lycett, Samantha, Munnink, Bas B. Oude, Koopmans, Marion P. G., Lu, Lu, Sikkema, Reina S., Velkers, Francisca C., Nieuwenhuijse, David F., Fischer, Egil A.J., Meijer, Paola A., Bouwmeester-Vincken, Noortje, Rietveld, Ariene, Wegdam-Blans, Marjolijn C.A., Tolsma, Paulien, Koppelman, Marco, Smit, Lidwien A.M., Honing, Renate W. Hakze-van der, Poel, Wim H. M. van der, Spek, Arco N. van der, Spierenburg, Marcel A. H., Molenaar, Robert Jan, Rond, Jan de, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, Woolhouse, Mark, Stegeman, J. Arjan, Lycett, Samantha, Munnink, Bas B. Oude, and Koopmans, Marion P. G.

Abstract

In the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (April 2020), SARS-CoV-2 was detected in farmed minks and genomic sequencing was performed on mink farms and farm personnel. Here, we describe the outbreak and use sequence data with Bayesian phylodynamic methods to explore SARS-CoV-2 transmission in minks and related humans on farms. High number of farm infections (68/126) in minks and farm related personnel (>50% of farms) were detected, with limited spread to the general human population. Three of five initial introductions of SARS-CoV-2 lead to subsequent spread between mink farms until November 2020. The largest cluster acquired a mutation in the receptor binding domain of the Spike protein (position 486), evolved faster and spread more widely and longer. Movement of people and distance between farms were statistically significant predictors of virus dispersal between farms. Our study provides novel insights into SARS-CoV-2 transmission between mink farms and highlights the importance of combing genetic information with epidemiological information at the animal-human interface.

Published
2021

24. Adaptation, spread and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in farmed minks and associated humans in the Netherlands

Author

FAH GZ pluimvee, dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, dFAH AVR, Lu, Lu, Sikkema, Reina S, Velkers, Francisca C, Nieuwenhuijse, David F, Fischer, Egil A J, Meijer, Paola A, Bouwmeester-Vincken, Noortje, Rietveld, Ariene, Wegdam-Blans, Marjolijn C A, Tolsma, Paulien, Koppelman, Marco, Smit, Lidwien A M, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, van der Poel, Wim H M, van der Spek, Arco N, Spierenburg, Marcel A H, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Rond, Jan de, Augustijn, Marieke, Woolhouse, Mark, Stegeman, J Arjan, Lycett, Samantha, Oude Munnink, Bas B, Koopmans, Marion P G, FAH GZ pluimvee, dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, dFAH AVR, Lu, Lu, Sikkema, Reina S, Velkers, Francisca C, Nieuwenhuijse, David F, Fischer, Egil A J, Meijer, Paola A, Bouwmeester-Vincken, Noortje, Rietveld, Ariene, Wegdam-Blans, Marjolijn C A, Tolsma, Paulien, Koppelman, Marco, Smit, Lidwien A M, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, van der Poel, Wim H M, van der Spek, Arco N, Spierenburg, Marcel A H, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Rond, Jan de, Augustijn, Marieke, Woolhouse, Mark, Stegeman, J Arjan, Lycett, Samantha, Oude Munnink, Bas B, and Koopmans, Marion P G

Published
2021

25. Occupational and environmental exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in and around infected mink farms

Author

LS IRAS EEPI GRA (Gezh.risico-analyse), IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, de Rooij, Myrna M T, Hakze-Van der Honing, Renate W, Hulst, Marcel M, Harders, Frank, Engelsma, Marc, van de Hoef, Wouter, Meliefste, Kees, Nieuwenweg, Sigrid, Oude Munnink, Bas B, van Schothorst, Isabella, Sikkema, Reina S, van der Spek, Arco N, Spierenburg, Marcel, Spithoven, Jack, Bouwstra, Ruth, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, Koopmans, Marion, Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, Wim H M, Smit, Lidwien A M, LS IRAS EEPI GRA (Gezh.risico-analyse), IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, de Rooij, Myrna M T, Hakze-Van der Honing, Renate W, Hulst, Marcel M, Harders, Frank, Engelsma, Marc, van de Hoef, Wouter, Meliefste, Kees, Nieuwenweg, Sigrid, Oude Munnink, Bas B, van Schothorst, Isabella, Sikkema, Reina S, van der Spek, Arco N, Spierenburg, Marcel, Spithoven, Jack, Bouwstra, Ruth, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, Koopmans, Marion, Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, Wim H M, and Smit, Lidwien A M

Published
2021

26. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans

Author

Sub GZ Herkauwer, FAH GZ pluimvee, dFAH I&I, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, Oude Munnink, Bas B, Sikkema, Reina S, Nieuwenhuijse, David F, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Munger, Emmanuelle, Molenkamp, Richard, van der Spek, Arco, Tolsma, Paulien, Rietveld, Ariene, Brouwer, Miranda, Bouwmeester-Vincken, Noortje, Harders, Frank, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate, Wegdam-Blans, Marjolein C A, Bouwstra, Ruth J, GeurtsvanKessel, Corine, van der Eijk, Annemiek A, Velkers, Francisca C, Smit, Lidwien A M, Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, Wim H M, Koopmans, Marion P G, Sub GZ Herkauwer, FAH GZ pluimvee, dFAH I&I, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, Oude Munnink, Bas B, Sikkema, Reina S, Nieuwenhuijse, David F, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Munger, Emmanuelle, Molenkamp, Richard, van der Spek, Arco, Tolsma, Paulien, Rietveld, Ariene, Brouwer, Miranda, Bouwmeester-Vincken, Noortje, Harders, Frank, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate, Wegdam-Blans, Marjolein C A, Bouwstra, Ruth J, GeurtsvanKessel, Corine, van der Eijk, Annemiek A, Velkers, Francisca C, Smit, Lidwien A M, Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, Wim H M, and Koopmans, Marion P G

Published
2021

27. Adaptation, spread and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in farmed minks and related humans in the Netherlands

Author

FAH GZ pluimvee, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, Lu, Lu, Sikkema, Reina S., Velkers, Francisca C., Nieuwenhuijse, David F., Fischer, Egil A.J., Meijer, Paola A., Bouwmeester-Vincken, Noortje, Rietveld, Ariene, Wegdam-Blans, Marjolijn C.A., Tolsma, Paulien, Koppelman, Marco, Smit, Lidwien A.M., Honing, Renate W. Hakze-van der, Poel, Wim H. M. van der, Spek, Arco N. van der, Spierenburg, Marcel A. H., Molenaar, Robert Jan, Rond, Jan de, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, Woolhouse, Mark, Stegeman, J. Arjan, Lycett, Samantha, Munnink, Bas B. Oude, Koopmans, Marion P. G., FAH GZ pluimvee, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, Lu, Lu, Sikkema, Reina S., Velkers, Francisca C., Nieuwenhuijse, David F., Fischer, Egil A.J., Meijer, Paola A., Bouwmeester-Vincken, Noortje, Rietveld, Ariene, Wegdam-Blans, Marjolijn C.A., Tolsma, Paulien, Koppelman, Marco, Smit, Lidwien A.M., Honing, Renate W. Hakze-van der, Poel, Wim H. M. van der, Spek, Arco N. van der, Spierenburg, Marcel A. H., Molenaar, Robert Jan, Rond, Jan de, Augustijn-Schretlen, Marieke, Woolhouse, Mark, Stegeman, J. Arjan, Lycett, Samantha, Munnink, Bas B. Oude, and Koopmans, Marion P. G.

Published
2021

28. Occupational and environmental exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in and around infected mink farms

Author

IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, de Rooij, Myrna M T, Hakze-Van der Honing, Renate W, Hulst, Marcel M, Harders, Frank, Engelsma, Marc, van de Hoef, Wouter, Meliefste, Kees, Nieuwenweg, Sigrid, Oude Munnink, Bas B, van Schothorst, Isabella, Sikkema, Reina S, van der Spek, Arco N, Spierenburg, Marcel, Spithoven, Jack, Bouwstra, Ruth, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, Koopmans, Marion, Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, Wim H M, Smit, Lidwien A M, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, de Rooij, Myrna M T, Hakze-Van der Honing, Renate W, Hulst, Marcel M, Harders, Frank, Engelsma, Marc, van de Hoef, Wouter, Meliefste, Kees, Nieuwenweg, Sigrid, Oude Munnink, Bas B, van Schothorst, Isabella, Sikkema, Reina S, van der Spek, Arco N, Spierenburg, Marcel, Spithoven, Jack, Bouwstra, Ruth, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, Koopmans, Marion, Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, Wim H M, and Smit, Lidwien A M

Published
2021

29. Occupational and environmental exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in and around infected mink farms

Author

De Rooij, Myrna M.T., Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W., Hulst, Marcel M., Harders, Frank, Engelsma, Marc, Van De Hoef, Wouter, Meliefste, Kees, Nieuwenweg, Sigrid, Oude Munnink, Bas B., Van Schothorst, Isabella, Sikkema, Reina S., Van Der Spek, Arco N., Spierenburg, Marcel, Spithoven, Jack, Bouwstra, Ruth, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Koopmans, Marion, Stegeman, Arjan, Van Der Poel, Wim H.M., Smit, Lidwien A.M., De Rooij, Myrna M.T., Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W., Hulst, Marcel M., Harders, Frank, Engelsma, Marc, Van De Hoef, Wouter, Meliefste, Kees, Nieuwenweg, Sigrid, Oude Munnink, Bas B., Van Schothorst, Isabella, Sikkema, Reina S., Van Der Spek, Arco N., Spierenburg, Marcel, Spithoven, Jack, Bouwstra, Ruth, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Koopmans, Marion, Stegeman, Arjan, Van Der Poel, Wim H.M., and Smit, Lidwien A.M.

Abstract

Objective: Unprecedented SARS-CoV-2 infections in farmed minks raised immediate concerns regarding transmission to humans and initiated intensive environmental investigations to assess occupational and environmental exposure. Methods: Air sampling was performed at infected Dutch mink farms, at farm premises and at nearby residential sites. A range of other environmental samples were collected from minks' housing units, including bedding materials. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was analysed in all samples by quantitative PCR. Results: Inside the farms, considerable levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA were found in airborne dust, especially in personal inhalable dust samples (approximately 1000-10 000 copies/m3). Most of the settling dust samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (82%, 75 of 92). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in outdoor air samples, except for those collected near the entrance of the most recently infected farm. Many samples of minks' housing units and surfaces contained SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Conclusions: Infected mink farms can be highly contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This warns of occupational exposure, which was substantiated by considerable SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in personal air samples. Dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 to outdoor air was found to be limited and SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in air samples collected beyond farm premises, implying a negligible risk of environmental exposure to nearby communities. Our occupational and environmental risk assessment is in line with whole genome sequencing analyses showing mink-to-human transmission among farm workers, but no indications of direct zoonotic transmission events to nearby communities.

Published
2021

30. SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats and dogs in infected mink farms

Author

Aart, Anna van, primary, Velkers, Francisca, additional, Fischer, Egil, additional, Broens, Els, additional, Egberink, Herman, additional, Zhao, Shan, additional, Engelsma, Marc, additional, Honing, Renate Hakze-van der, additional, Harders, Frank, additional, Rooij, Myrna de, additional, Radstake, Carien, additional, Meijer, Paola, additional, Munnink, Bas Oude, additional, Rond, Jan de, additional, Sikkema, Reina, additional, Spek, Arco Van der, additional, Spierenburg, Marcel, additional, Wolters, Wendy, additional, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, additional, Koopmans, Marion, additional, Poel, Wim van der, additional, Stegeman, Arjan, additional, and Smit, Lidwien, additional

Published
2021
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31. Jumping back and forth: anthropozoonotic and zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms

Author

Oude Munnink, Bas B., primary, Sikkema, Reina S., additional, Nieuwenhuijse, David F., additional, Molenaar, Robert Jan, additional, Munger, Emmanuelle, additional, Molenkamp, Richard, additional, van der Spek, Arco, additional, Tolsma, Paulin, additional, Rietveld, Ariene, additional, Brouwer, Miranda, additional, Bouwmeester-Vincken, Noortje, additional, Harders, Frank, additional, der Honing, Renate Hakze-van, additional, Wegdam-Blans, Marjolein C.A., additional, Bouwstra, Ruth J., additional, GeurtsvanKessel, Corine, additional, van der Eijk, Annemiek A., additional, Velkers, Francisca C., additional, Smit, Lidwien A.M., additional, Stegeman, Arjan, additional, van der Poel, Wim H.M., additional, and Koopmans, Marion P.G., additional

Published
2020
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33. SARS-CoV2 infection in farmed mink, Netherlands, April 2020

Author

Oreshkova, Nadia, primary, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, additional, Vreman, Sandra, additional, Harders, Frank, additional, Munnink, Bas B. Oude, additional, Hakze, Renate, additional, Gerhards, Nora, additional, Tolsma, Paulien, additional, Bouwstra, Ruth, additional, Sikkema, Reina, additional, Tacken, Mirriam, additional, de Rooij, Myrna M.T., additional, Weesendorp, Eefke, additional, Engelsma, Marc, additional, Bruschke, Christianne, additional, Smit, Lidwien A.M., additional, Koopmans, Marion, additional, van der Poel, Wim H.M., additional, and Stegeman, Arjan, additional

Published
2020
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34. Eindrapportage SARS-CoV-2 bij besmette nertsenbedrijven

Author

Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, W.H.M., Vreman, S., van der Honing-Hakze, R.W., Harders, F.L., Tacken, M.G.J., Engelsma, M.Y., Hulst, M.M., Koopmans, Marion, Oude Munnink, B.B., Sikkema, Reina S., Molenaar, Robert Jan, Bouwstra, Ruth, Smit, Lidwien, and de Rooij, M.

Subjects
Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, Life Science, Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Virology & Molecular Biology, Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie
Published
2020

35. Supplemental_materials-Molenaar_et_al - Clinical and Pathological Findings in SARS-CoV-2 Disease Outbreaks in Farmed Mink (Neovison vison)

Author

Molenaar, Robert Jan, Vreman, Sandra, Honing, Renate W Hakze-Van Der, Zwart, Rob, Rond, Jan De, Weesendorp, Eefke, Smit, Lidwien A. M., Koopmans, Marion, Bouwstra, Ruth, Stegeman, Arjan, and Poel, Wim H. M. Van Der

Subjects
70706 Veterinary Medicine, FOS: Clinical medicine, FOS: Veterinary sciences, 111599 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences not elsewhere classified
Abstract

Supplemental_materials-Molenaar_et_al for Clinical and Pathological Findings in SARS-CoV-2 Disease Outbreaks in Farmed Mink (Neovison vison) by Robert Jan Molenaar, Sandra Vreman, Renate W Hakze-van der Honing, Rob Zwart, Jan de Rond, Eefke Weesendorp, Lidwien A. M. Smit, Marion Koopmans, Ruth Bouwstra, Arjan Stegeman and Wim H. M. van der Poel in Veterinary Pathology

Published
2020
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36. Major difference in clinical outcome and replication of a H3N1 avian influenza strain in young pullets and adult layers

Author

de Wit, Sjaak, Fabri, T., Molenaar, Robert Jan, Dijkman, R., de Bruijn, Naomi, Bouwstra, R., de Wit, Sjaak, Fabri, T., Molenaar, Robert Jan, Dijkman, R., de Bruijn, Naomi, and Bouwstra, R.

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the pathogenicity, replication and tropism of the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) strain A/chicken/Belgium/460/2019(H3N1) in adult SPF layers and young SPF males. The inoculated hens showed 58% mortality and a 100% drop in egg production in the second week post inoculation. The high viral loads in the cloacal samples coincided with the period of the positive immunohistochemistry of the oviduct, acute peritonitis and time of mortality, suggesting that the replication of H3N1 in the oviduct was a major component of the onset of clinical disease and increased level of excretion of the virus. In the inoculated young birds, the clinical signs were very mild with the exception of one bird. The results suggest that the time of replication of the virus was much shorter than in the adult layers; some of the young males did not show any proof of being infected at all. To conclude, the results of the study in young birds confirmed the intravenous pathogenicity test results but also showed that the clinical signs in adult layers were very severe. Based on the mortality without a bacterial component, complete drop of egg production and post mortem findings, this H3N1 strain is a moderately virulent strain, the highest category for LPAI strains. It is important to realize that if HPAI did not exist, this moderately virulent H3N1 virus would most likely to be considered as a very virulent virus.

Published
2020

37. Clinical and Pathological Findings in SARS-CoV-2 Disease Outbreaks in Farmed Mink (Neovison vison)

Author

Molenaar, Robert Jan, Vreman, Sandra, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Zwart, Rob, de Rond, Jan, Weesendorp, Eefke, Smit, Lidwien A M, Koopmans, Marion, Bouwstra, Ruth, Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, Wim H M, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Vreman, Sandra, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Zwart, Rob, de Rond, Jan, Weesendorp, Eefke, Smit, Lidwien A M, Koopmans, Marion, Bouwstra, Ruth, Stegeman, Arjan, and van der Poel, Wim H M

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, caused respiratory disease outbreaks with increased mortality in 4 mink farms in the Netherlands. The most striking postmortem finding was an acute interstitial pneumonia, which was found in nearly all examined mink that died at the peak of the outbreaks. Acute alveolar damage was a consistent histopathological finding in mink that died with pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2 infections were confirmed by detection of viral RNA in throat swabs and by immunohistochemical detection of viral antigen in nasal conchae, trachea, and lung. Clinically, the outbreaks lasted for about 4 weeks but some animals were still polymerase chain reaction-positive for SARS-CoV-2 in throat swabs after clinical signs had disappeared. This is the first report of the clinical and pathological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in mink farms.

Published
2020

40. Clinical and Pathological Findings in SARS-CoV-2 Disease Outbreaks in Farmed Mink (Neovison vison)

Author

LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, dFAH AVR, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Vreman, Sandra, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Zwart, Rob, de Rond, Jan, Weesendorp, Eefke, Smit, Lidwien A M, Koopmans, Marion, Bouwstra, Ruth, Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, Wim H M, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, dFAH AVR, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Vreman, Sandra, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Zwart, Rob, de Rond, Jan, Weesendorp, Eefke, Smit, Lidwien A M, Koopmans, Marion, Bouwstra, Ruth, Stegeman, Arjan, and van der Poel, Wim H M

Published
2020

41. SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, April and May 2020

Author

LS Virologie, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, LS IRAS EEPI GRA (Gezh.risico-analyse), LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, dFAH AVR, Oreshkova, Nadia, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Vreman, Sandra, Harders, Frank, Oude Munnink, Bas B, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Gerhards, Nora, Tolsma, Paulien, Bouwstra, Ruth, Sikkema, Reina S, Tacken, Mirriam GJ, de Rooij, Myrna MT, Weesendorp, Eefke, Engelsma, Marc Y, Bruschke, Christianne JM, Smit, Lidwien AM, Koopmans, Marion, van der Poel, Wim HM, Stegeman, Arjan, LS Virologie, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, LS IRAS EEPI GRA (Gezh.risico-analyse), LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, dFAH AVR, Oreshkova, Nadia, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Vreman, Sandra, Harders, Frank, Oude Munnink, Bas B, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Gerhards, Nora, Tolsma, Paulien, Bouwstra, Ruth, Sikkema, Reina S, Tacken, Mirriam GJ, de Rooij, Myrna MT, Weesendorp, Eefke, Engelsma, Marc Y, Bruschke, Christianne JM, Smit, Lidwien AM, Koopmans, Marion, van der Poel, Wim HM, and Stegeman, Arjan

Published
2020

42. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans.

Author

Munnink, Bas B. Oude, Sikkema, Reina S., Nieuwenhuijse, David F., Molenaar, Robert Jan, Munger, Emmanuelle, Molenkamp, Richard, van der Spek, Arco, Tolsma, Paulien, Rietveld, Ariene, Brouwer, Miranda, Bouwmeester-Vincken, Noortje, Harders, Frank, Honing, Renate Hakze-van der, Wegdam-Blans, Marjolein C. A., Bouwstra, Ruth J., GeurtsvanKessel, Corine, van der Eijk, Annemiek A., Velkers, Francisca C., Smit, Lidwien A. M., and Stegeman, Arjan

Published
2021
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43. SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, April and May 2020.

Author

Oreshkova N, Molenaar RJ, Vreman S, Harders F, Oude Munnink BB, Hakze-van der Honing RW, Gerhards N, Tolsma P, Bouwstra R, Sikkema RS, Tacken MG, de Rooij MM, Weesendorp E, Engelsma MY, Bruschke CJ, Smit LA, Koopmans M, van der Poel WH, and Stegeman A

Subjects
Animals, Antibodies, Viral immunology, Betacoronavirus immunology, COVID-19, Coronavirus genetics, Coronavirus Infections transmission, Coronavirus Infections veterinary, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Genome, Viral, Netherlands, Pandemics veterinary, Pneumonia, Viral transmission, Pneumonia, Viral veterinary, SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome epidemiology, Coronavirus isolation & purification, Coronavirus Infections diagnosis, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Farms, Mink, Pneumonia, Viral diagnosis, RNA, Viral genetics, Sequence Analysis, RNA veterinary
Abstract

Respiratory disease and increased mortality occurred in minks on two farms in the Netherlands, with interstitial pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in organ and swab samples. On both farms, at least one worker had coronavirus disease-associated symptoms before the outbreak. Variations in mink-derived viral genomes showed between-mink transmission and no infection link between the farms. Inhalable dust contained viral RNA, indicating possible exposure of workers. One worker is assumed to have attracted the virus from mink.

Published
2020
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44. [Trends from the GD-monitoring].

Author

Van Wuyckhuise L, Van Der Wolf P, Molenaar RJ, and Van den Brom R

Subjects
Animals, Animals, Domestic, Animals, Wild, Disease Outbreaks statistics & numerical data, Netherlands epidemiology, Animal Diseases epidemiology, Animal Welfare statistics & numerical data, Animal Welfare trends, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Sentinel Surveillance veterinary
Published
2013

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