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The aim of our study is to evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of individuals with Colorectal Cancer (CRC), tumour-intrinsic characteristics and treatment received with health-related quality of life (HRQoL)., Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of data from 805 survivors from the MCC study was conducted. HRQoL was assessed through a general and specific questionnaire, SF-12 and FCSI (Colorectal Symptom Index). Statistical analyses were performed with linear regression with adjustment for sociodemographic variables, stage at diagnosis and histological grade., Results: Participants had survived a median of 7.9 years from diagnosis (IQR 7.1-8.5 years). Age at diagnosis, sex and area showed a clear association with HRQoL in both physical and mental dimensions of the SF-12 questionnaire. A direct association between CRC recurrence was also found in the PCS-12 and MCS-12 dimensions and radical surgery in the PCS-12. Regarding the scores in FCSI questionnaire, statistically significant differences were observed by sex, age and area, with older women being the most impaired ( p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Age, sex and area was associated with lower scores of HRQoL among CRC survivors. Knowing the determinants related to HRQoL would allow us to lay the groundwork to develop strategies that help reduce morbidity and mortality, relapses and increase HRQoL.

Objective: The first COVID-19 lockdown was a very restrictive situation that may have impacted on the prevalence and patterns of cannabis use. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the evidence on cannabis use and reasons for use in different countries during first lockdown in young adults and general population., Methods: This study followed PRISMA guidelines, and the review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration CRD42022303181). The search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y Embase databases. Inclusion criteria were: cross-sectional or cohort studies; population ≥16 years; exploring cannabis use during lockdown; and English or Spanish language., Results: Thirty studies, conducted in European countries (n=17), North America (n=12) and rest of the world (n=1), were analysed. The overall prevalence of cannabis use was found to be largely unchanged, but regular users tended to maintain (between 39.5% and 96.8% of the sample) or increase cannabis use (between 2.9% and 51.6%). The main decreases were among occasional users. Some reasons for the increase were boredom, loneliness, stress, coping and depressive symptoms. In addition, young people were the heaviest users, and being younger, live without family, financial problems and a low educational level were significantly (p-value<0.05) associated with increased use., Conclusions: Most regular users maintained or slightly increased their use, with young people being the main users. Concerning reasons for use like coping and depressive symptoms were found. Cannabis use needs to be addressed with strategies focused on the young population, considering occasional and regular use, as well as motivations.

Background: Although physical activity (PA) has been recognized as a favourable factor in the prevention of various diseases, including certain forms of cancer, the relationship between PA and gastric cancer (GC) is not yet fully understood. This study aims to provide data from a pooled analysis of case-control studies within the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project to estimate the association between leisure-time PA and the occurrence of GC., Methods: Six case-control studies from StoP project collected data on leisure-time PA, for a total of 2,343 cases and 8,614 controls. Subjects were classified into three leisure-time PA categories, either none/low, intermediate or high, based on study-specific tertiles. We used a two-stage approach. Firstly, we applied multivariable logistic regression models to obtain study-specific odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) then, we used a random-effect models to obtain pooled effect estimates. We performed stratified analyses according to demographic, lifestyle and clinical covariates., Results: The meta-analysis showed ORs of GC with no significant differences between intermediate vs low and high vs low PA level (OR 1.05 [95%CI 0.76-1.45]; OR 1.23 [95%CI 0.78-1.94], respectively). GC risk estimates did not strongly differ across strata of selected covariates except for age ≤ 55 years old (high vs low level: OR 0.72 [95%CI 0.55-0.94]) and for control population-based studies (high vs low level: OR 0.79 [95%CI 0.68-0.93])., Conclusions: No association was found between leisure time PA and GC, apart from a slight suggestion of decreased risk below age 55 and in control population-based studies. These results may reflect specific characteristics of GC at a younger age, or the presence of a cohort effect mediating and interacting with socioeconomic determinants of GC The different distribution of PA levels among hospitalized controls could have led to an underestimated effect of PA on GC risk., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Mariani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Toenails are commonly used as biomarkers of exposure to zinc (Zn), but there is scarce information about their relationship with sources of exposure to Zn., Objectives: To investigate the main determinants of toenail Zn, including selected sources of environmental exposure to Zn and individual genetic variability in Zn metabolism., Methods: We determined toenail Zn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in 3,448 general population controls from the MultiCase-Control study MCC-Spain. We assessed dietary and supplement Zn intake using food frequency questionnaires, residential proximity to Zn-emitting industries and residential topsoil Zn levels through interpolation methods. We constructed a polygenic score of genetic variability based on 81 single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in Zn metabolism. Geometric mean ratios of toenail Zn across categories of each determinant were estimated from multivariate linear regression models on log-transformed toenail Zn., Results: Geometric mean toenail Zn was 104.1 µg/g in men and 100.3 µg/g in women. Geometric mean toenail Zn levels were 7 % lower (95 % confidence interval 1-13 %) in men older than 69 years and those in the upper tertile of fibre intake, and 9 % higher (3-16 %) in smoking men. Women residing within 3 km from Zn-emitting industries had 4 % higher geometric mean toenail Zn levels (0-9 %). Dietary Zn intake and polygenic score were unrelated to toenail Zn. Overall, the available determinants only explained 9.3 % of toenail Zn variability in men and 4.8 % in women., Discussion: Sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, diet, and environmental exposure explained little of the individual variability of toenail Zn in the study population. The available genetic variants related to Zn metabolism were not associated with toenail Zn., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) is a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker related to clinical outcomes in breast cancer (BC). The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between ALDH1A1, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in triple negative (TN) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) BC tumors, and its association with clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes. A retrospective, historical cohort study of patients diagnosed with early or locally advanced BC treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy was conducted. ALDH1A1, PD-L1 expression and TILs were assessed using immunohistochemistry. A total of 75 patients were analyzed (42.7% TN, 57.3% HER2+ tumors). ALDH1A1+ was related to HTILs (p = 0.005) and PD-L1+ tumors (p = 0.004). ALDH1A1+ tumors presented higher CD3+ (p = 0.008), CD4+ (p = 0.005), CD8+ (p = 0.003) and CD20+ (p = 0.006) TILs. ALDH1A1+ (p = 0.018), PD-L1+ (p = 0.004) and HTILs (p < 0.001) were related to smaller tumors. ALDH1A1+ was related to pathologic complete response (pCR) (p = 0.048). At the end of the follow-up (54.4 [38.3−87.6] months), 47 patients (62.7%) remained disease-free, and 20 (26.7%) had died. HTILs were related to improved disease-free survival (p = 0.027). ALDH1A1+ was related to PD-L1+ and HITLs, that might be related to higher pCR rates with neoadjuvant therapy.

The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between the intake of the major nutrients and prognosis in breast cancer. A cohort based on 1350 women with invasive (stage I-IV) breast cancer (BC) was followed up. Information about their dietary habits before diagnosis was collected using a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Participants without FFQ or with implausible energy intake were excluded. The total amount consumed of each nutrient (Kcal/day) was divided into tertiles, considering as "high intakes" those above third tertile. The main effect studied was overall survival. Cox regression was used to assess the association between death and nutrient intake. During a median follow-up of 6.5 years, 171 deaths were observed. None of the nutrients analysed was associated with mortality in the whole sample. However, in normal-weight women (BMI 18.5-25 kg/m 2 ) a high intake of carbohydrates (≥809 Kcal/day), specifically monosaccharides (≥468 Kcal/day), worsened prognostic compared to lowest (≤352 Kcal/day). Hazard Ratios (HRs) for increasing tertiles of intake were HR:2.22 95% CI (1.04 to 4.72) and HR:2.59 95% CI (1.04 to 6.48), respectively ( p trend = 0.04)). Conversely, high intakes of polyunsaturated fats (≥135 Kcal/day) improved global survival (HR: 0.39 95% CI (0.15 to 1.02) p -trend = 0.05) compared to the lowest (≤92.8 kcal/day). In addition, a protective effect was found substituting 100 kcal of carbohydrates with 100 kcal of fats in normal-weight women (HR: 0.76 95% CI (0.59 to 0.98)). Likewise, in premenopausal women a high intake of fats (≥811 Kcal/day) showed a protective effect (HR:0.20 95% CI (0.04 to 0.98) p trend = 0.06). Finally, in Estrogen Receptors (ER) negative tumors, we found a protective effect of high intake of animal proteins (≥238 Kcal/day, HR: 0.24 95% CI (0.06 to 0.98). According to our results, menopausal status, BMI and ER status could play a role in the relationship between diet and BC survival and must be taken into account when studying the influence of different nutrients.

Menstrual problems affect many young women worldwide, conditioning both their academic performance and quality of life. This study sought to analyse the prevalence of menstrual problems and their possible relationship with lifestyle among Spanish university women, as part of a research project (UniHcos Project) involving a cohort of 11 Spanish universities with 7208 university students. A descriptive analysis was performed using the bivariate chi-square test and the Student's t -test together with a binary logistic regression, in which the dependent variable was 'suffering from menstrual problems'. Menstrual problems were identified in 23.8% of the students, representing women who paid more visits to the doctor and to emergency rooms, and who consumed more painkillers and contraceptives. In relation to dietary preferences, menstrual problems were 1.39 (CI 95% 1.22-1.61; p = 0.000) times more likely among women classified as high-risk alcohol users according to the AUDIT questionnaire, and 1.187 (CI 95% 1.029-1.370; p = 0.019) times greater among those who consumed sweets daily, 1.592 (CI 95% 1.113-2.276; p = 0.011) times more frequent among those who eat fish daily, and 1.199 (CI 95% 1.004-1.432; p = 0.045) times greater among those who were dieting. Menstrual problems affect many college students and potentially modifiable lifestyle variables exist which may influence their prevalence. It would be interesting to develop programmes to promote women's health in the university context.

Natural killer cells (NK cells) play a major role in the immune response to cancer. An important element of NK target recognition is the binding of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules by killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common types of inflammation-based cancer. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence of KIR genes and HLA class I and II alleles in 1074 CRC patients and 1272 controls. We imputed data from single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Illumina OncoArray to identify associations at HLA (HLA-A, B, C, DPB1, DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1) and KIRs (HIBAG and KIR*IMP, respectively). For association analysis, we used PLINK (v1.9), the PyHLA software, and R version 3.4.0. Only three SNP markers showed suggestive associations ( p < 10 -3 ; rs16896742, rs28367832, and rs9277952). The frequency of KIR2DS3 was significantly increased in the CRC patients compared to healthy controls ( p < 0.005). Our results suggest that the implication of NK cells in CRC may not act through allele combinations in KIR and HLA genes. Much larger studies in ethnically homogeneous populations are needed to rule out the possible role of allelic combinations in KIR and HLA genes in CRC risk.

The level of meat consumption is one of the main deviations from the Mediterranean diet pattern in Spanish university students. The objective of this cross-sectional descriptive study is to analyze the association between sociodemographic factors and the consumption of fresh and processed meat in Spanish university students. This study is part of a cohort of 11 Spanish universities with 9862 university students (UniHcos Project). A descriptive analysis and a chi2 test were carried out to assess differences between personal and sociodemographic variables and meat consumption, and binary logistic regression analysis to assess factors associated with consumption; 19.9% and 73.5% met the recommendations for meat-fresh and meat-processed consumption, respectively. Only 3.8% of students meet the recommendations for both fresh and processed meat. Statistically significant differences were found between sex, BMI, employment, housing, and coexistence regarding compliance with recommendations. Female employed students living in rental accommodations with a partner are more likely to meet the recommendations for fresh meats while male, normal weight, employed students living in rental accommodations with a partner are more likely to meet the recommendations for processed meats. There is a lack of compliance with the recommendations for consumption of fresh meat in Spanish university students, differences in compliance among students of differing regions and an association with sex, employment, housing, and coexistence regarding compliance., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Objective: For cancer incidence, tobacco use is one of the main avoidable risk factors.The aim of this study is to describe the frequency, trend and geographical distribution of the incidence of tobacco-associated tumours in the León Health Area, Spain., Material and Methods: An observational, descriptive study was carried out on tumours of Hospital Registry of Tumours of the University Hospital Complex of León between 1997 and 2014. León Health Area residents, associated with smoking were included. Gross and adjusted rates were calculated and adjusted for triennials. For the analysis of spatial distribution, municipal relative hazards were smoothed by adjusting the Besag, York, and Mollié model and for their posterior probabilities for relative hazards to be higher than 1, using Bayesian methods., Results: A total of 7,103 cases were included. Crude incidence rates rose from 116.4 (1997-1999) to 228.0 (2012-2014) per 100,000 men, and from 19.8 (1997-1999) to 44.5 (2012-2014) per 100,000 women. The adjusted rates for the European population also increased from 116.2 (1997-1999) to 136.9 (2012-2014) per 100,000 men, and from 11 (1997-1999) to 24.5 (2012-2014) per 100,000 women. In the south and centre of the province, there were municipalities with high relative hazards, several of them higher than 2 with posterior probabilities of 1., Conclusions: Tumours associated with tobacco increased in the triennial studied, especially in women. The different geographical distribution can be used as a tool to prevent tobacco consumption in the areas involved., (Copyright © 2018 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) chronic infection causes severe digestive diseases, including gastric cancer, and certain strains entail a higher risk. Risk factors for this infection are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to describe the association of adult and childhood sociodemographic factors with the seroprevalence of H. pylori, and with CagA and VacA antigen-specific seropositivity among H. pylori-seropositive individuals in the Spanish adult population. Serum antibody reactivity to H. pylori proteins was evaluated using multiplex serology in 2555 population-based controls enrolled in the MCC-Spain study, a multicase-control study recruiting participants from 2008 to 2013 in different areas of Spain. H. pylori seroprevalence was defined as seropositivity against at least four bacterial proteins. Information on sociodemographics, lifestyles, and environmental exposures was collected through personal interviews. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression models to assess the association of lifetime sociodemographic factors with H. pylori seroprevalence and with seropositivity for CagA and VacA. H. pylori seroprevalence was 87.2%. Seropositivity was statistically significantly higher in men, increased with age, BMI, and number of siblings, and decreased with education and socioeconomic family level at birth. Among H. pylori-seropositive individuals, seropositivity was 53.3% for CagA, 61.4% for VacA, and 38.8% for both CagA and VacA. Ever smokers had lower seroprevalence for CagA and VacA than never smokers. H. pylori seroprevalence among this Spanish adult population was high and one third of the population was seropositive for two well-known markers of gastric cancer risk: CagA and VacA. Sex, age, education, and BMI were associated with H. pylori seroprevalence.

There are many different methods used to measure the degree of adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD), limiting comparison and interpretation of their results. The concordance between different methodologies has been questioned and their evaluation recommended. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement among five indexes that measure adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern. The study population included healthy adults selected in the Multi-Case Control Spain (MCC-Spain) study recruited in 12 provinces. A total of 3640 controls were matched to cases by age and sex. To reach the aim, the following scores of adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern were calculated: Mediterranean diet score (MDS), alternative Mediterranean diet (aMED), relative Mediterranean diet (rMED), dietary score (DS) and literature-based adherence score (LBAS). The relative frequency of subjects with a high level of adherence to a MD varied from 22% (aMED index) to 37.2% (DS index). Similarly, a high variability was observed for the prevalence of a low level of MD: from 24% (rMED) to 38.4% (aMED). The correlation among MDS, aMED and rMED indexes was moderate, except for MDS and aMED with a high coefficient of correlation 0.75 (95% CI 0.74⁻0.77). The Cohen's Kappa coefficient among indexes showed a moderate⁻fair concordance, except for MDS and aMED with a 0.56 (95% CI 0.55⁻0.59) and 0.67 (95% CI 0.66⁻0.68) using linear and quadratic weighting, respectively. The existing MD adherence indexes measured the same, although they were based on different constructing algorithms and varied in the food groups included, leading to a different classification of subjects. Therefore, concordance between these indexes was moderate or low.

Background: Alkylphenolic compounds are chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties that have been widely used in industry with important changes in their usage over time. Few epidemiologic studies have evaluated the effect of alkylphenolic compounds on human health., Objectives: We investigated whether occupational exposure to alkylphenolic compounds is associated with breast and prostate cancer., Methods: We carried out a population-based case-control study including 1513 incident cases of breast cancer, 1095 of prostate cancer, and 3055 controls, frequency matched by sex, age and region. Occupational exposure to alkylphenolic compounds was estimated using a recently developed job-exposure matrix, which considered different scenarios of exposure and different subtypes of alkylphenolic compounds., Results: History of occupational exposure to alkylphenolic compounds was modestly associated with breast cancer (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.01-1.48). Within the different scenarios, the occupational use of domestic tensioactives was positively associated with breast cancer (OR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.02-1.60), while occupational exposure in other scenarios showed mostly a suggestion of a similar positive associations. Exposure to nonylphenol ethoxylates was positively associated with breast cancer (OR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.00-1.47), while exposure to other compounds was uncommon. In general, we did not observe associations between alkylphenolic compounds and prostate cancer, except for a positive association among men occupationally exposed to cosmetic, hair and personal hygiene products., Conclusions: Our findings suggest a modest association between breast cancer risk and occupational exposure to alkylphenolic compounds, and no associations between these compounds and prostate cancer risk. These findings warrant further corroboration in other studies., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To explore the association of colorectal cancer with environmental solar radiation and sun exposure behavior, considering phenotypic variables (eye color, hair color and skin phenotype), dietary intake of vitamin D and calcium, and socio-demographic factors., Study Design: Multicenter population-based frequency matched case-control study in Spain (MCC-Spain), with 2140 CRC cases and 3950 controls., Methods: Data were obtained through personal interviews using a structured epidemiological questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, residential history, environmental exposures, behavior, phenotypic and dietary information. An environmental-lifetime sun exposure score was constructed combining residential history and average daily solar radiation, direct and diffuse. Logistic regression was used to explore the association between different variables. A structural equation model was used to verify the associations of the conceptual model., Results: We found a lower risk of CRC in subjects frequently exposed to sunlight during the previous summer and skin burning due to sun exposure. No association was observed in relation to the residential solar radiation scores. Subjects with light eye or light hair colors had a lower risk of CRC that those with darker colors. Dietary calcium and vitamin D were also protective factors, but not in the multivariate model. The structural equation model analysis suggested that higher sun exposure was associated with a decreased risk of CRC, as well as dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D, and these factors are correlated among themselves and with environmental solar radiation and skin phenotypes., Conclusion: The results agree with previous observations that sun exposure, dietary vitamin D and calcium intake, and serum 25(OH)D concentration reduce the risk of CRC and indicate that these factors may be relevant for cancer prevention., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The evidence on the relationship between breast cancer and different types of antihypertensive drugs taken for at least 5 years is limited and inconsistent. Furthermore, the debate has recently been fueled again with new data reporting an increased risk of breast cancer among women with a long history of use of antihypertensive drugs compared with nonusers., Methods: In this case-control study, we report the antihypertensive drugs-breast cancer relationship in 1,736 breast cancer cases and 1,895 healthy controls; results are reported stratifying by the women's characteristics (i.e., menopausal status or body mass index category) tumor characteristics and length of use of antihypertensive drugs., Results: The relationship among breast cancer and use of calcium channel blockers (CCB) for 5 or more years had odds ratio (OR) = 1.77 (95% CI, 0.99 to 3.17). Stratifying by BMI, the OR increased significantly in the group with BMI ≥ 25 (OR 2.54, 95% CI, 1.24 to 5.22). CCBs were even more strongly associated with more aggressive tumors, (OR for invasive tumors = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.09 to 3.53; OR for non ductal cancers = 3.97, 95% CI = 1.73 to 9.05; OR for Erbb2+ cancer = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.20 to 7.32). On the other hand, premenopausal women were the only group in which angiotensin II receptor blockers may be associated with breast cancer (OR = 4.27, 95% CI = 1.32 to 13.84) but this could not be identified with any type or stage. Use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, beta blockers and diuretics were not associated with risk., Conclusions: In this large population-based study we found that long term use of calcium channel blockers is associated with some subtypes of breast cancer (and with breast cancer in overweight women).

Objectives: To identify the self-administered instruments to assess mobility in adults with disability, to link the mobility assessed by these instruments to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and to evaluate their methodological quality., Data Sources: Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science were systematically searched up to July 2015., Study Selection: Studies on the development and validation of self-administered questionnaires in which at least half of the items were related to movement or mobility were included., Data Extraction: The mobility assessed by the instruments was classified according to the ICF categories. The methodological quality was assessed according to the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments checklist., Data Synthesis: Of 5791 articles, 34 studies were eligible for inclusion. Only 10 of the instruments contained items that exclusively assessed mobility. The most frequently linked ICF categories were "changing basic body position" (19.4%), "walking" (14.8%), and "moving around" (13.5%). Measurement properties evaluated included internal consistency (5 studies), reliability (5 studies), measurement error (1 study), content validity (9 studies), structural validity (4 studies), hypotheses testing (6 studies), and responsiveness (1 study). Only content validity obtained the highest quality, probably because the studies included in the review reported the development and initial validation of the instruments., Conclusions: Self-administered mobility questionnaires published in the scientific literature assess mobility activities rather than functions related to movement, and do so from the perspective of disability, frequently including self-care and domestic life as domains for assessment. The instruments that presented the highest methodological quality were the Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Assessment Log, the Movement Ability Measure, and the Mobility Activities Measure for Inpatient Rehabilitation Settings., (Copyright © 2016 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Accumulated exposure to hormones and growth factors during early life may influence the future risk of breast cancer (BC). This study examines the influence of childhood-related, socio-demographic and anthropometric variables on BC risk, overall and by specific pathologic subtypes., Methods: This is a case-control study where 1539 histologically-confirmed BC cases (23-85 years) and 1621 population controls, frequency matched by age, were recruited in 10 Spanish provinces. Perinatal and childhood-related characteristics were directly surveyed by trained staff. The association with BC risk, globally and according to menopausal status and pathologic subtypes, was evaluated using logistic and multinomial regression models, adjusting for tumor specific risk factors., Results: Birth characteristics were not related with BC risk. However, women with high socioeconomic level at birth presented a decreased BC risk (OR=0.45; 95% CI=0.29-0.70), while those whose mothers were aged over 39 years at their birth showed an almost significant excess risk of hormone receptor positive tumors (HR+) (OR=1.35; 95% CI=0.99-1.84). Women who were taller than their girl mates before puberty showed increased postmenopausal BC risk (OR=1.26; 95% CI=1.03-1.54) and increased HR+ BC risk (OR=1.26; 95% CI=1.04-1.52). Regarding prepubertal weight, while those women who were thinner than average showed higher postmenopausal BC risk (OR=1.46; 95% CI=1.20-1.78), associated with HR+ tumors (OR=1.34; 95% CI=1.12-1.61) and with triple negative tumors (OR=1.56; 95% CI=1.03-2.35), those who were heavier than average presented lower premenopausal BC risk (OR=0.64; 95% CI=0.46-0.90) and lower risk of epidermal growth factor receptor positive tumors (OR=0.61; 95% CI=0.40-0.93)., Conclusion: These data reflect the importance of hormones and growth factors in the early stages of life, when the mammary gland is in development and therefore more vulnerable to proliferative stimuli., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: eating disorders (ED) are particularly common in young people., Objective: To determine the prevalence of eating disorders in college students and its associated factors., Methods: Study of prevalence in young Spanish university uniHcos project. Using unconditional logistic regression have determined the magnitude of the association between the risk factors associated with lifestyle and ED measured by questionnaire Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food (SCOFF)., Results: The prevalence of ED was 19.5%, being higher in women (ORa=1.59; p=0.006). In boys, have criteria of developing an eating disorder was associated with living in halls of residence, "binge drinking" and problematic Internet use. In women studying different courses at Health Sciences (ORa=1.50) and problematic Internet use (ORa=2.33). Those women at risk of ED more frequently had depression (ORa=2.02), menstrual pains (ORa=1.81) and perceived poor health (ORa=1.70). In men, those at risk for eating disorders more frequently had poor perceived health (ORa=2.42)., Conclusions: The risk of a positive outcome in the scoff in our study is similar to that reported for other populations of students as well as their association with certain health problems and addictions. By gender differences that need attention in the design of prevention and control strategies were observed., (Copyright AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2014. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.)

The University stage gives rise to social and personal changes as the independence of the nuclear family and the increased responsibilities that are related to the acquisition and/or consolidation of life styles and habits that may determine the future health status. Inadequate nutrition, a high level of inactivity, risky sexual behavior, abuse of new technologies or starting consumption of legal and illegal drugs, are among the most significant risk behaviors in this phase. In order to know how to set and / or consolidate the habits and lifestyles in the university stage and health effects in the future, to born the uniHcos project. It is a dynamic cohort of university students who join the project during the first academic year and will be followed during their stay at college and working life. The follow-up will be biennially and for the capture and the information collection will be used on-line technologies. This paper aims to show the uniHcos project to the scientific community as well as present preliminary results found so far in the two cohorts established since 2011.

Background: Stomach cancer is common and has a high mortality rate. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and trend of gastric cancer in the health area of León., Methods: We designed an observational descriptive study that included patients enrolled in the Hospital Tumor Registry of the Centro Asistencial Universitario de León with a diagnosis of malignant neoplasm of the stomach (ICD 9-151, ICD10-C16) between 01/01/1994 and 12/31/2008 and resident in the health area of León. The population supplied by Spain's National Institute of Statistics was used as the denominator. The time trend was evaluated with a Poisson regression model. To study the spatial distribution, we estimated municipal relative risks (RR) smoothed by fitting the Besag, York and Mollié model and the posterior probability (PP) of RR>1 using bayesian methods., Results: A total of 1680 cases were included. The average crude incidence rate was 40.0 new cases per 100,000 in men and 23.5 for women. The incidence decreased by 1.4% per year (men: 1.2%, women: 1.8%). The age adjusted rates (European standard population) decreased from 26.9 (1994-6) to 22.2 (2006-8) new cases per 100,000 population in men and from 13.3 to 9.5 in women. Three geographical areas showed a RR excess with a PP higher than 0.9., Conclusions: The observed rates are among the highest in Spain and their declining trend is lower than expected. Some municipalities had an excess risk., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier España, S.L. and AEEH y AEG. All rights reserved.)

Background: There is an excess incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and mortality from this disease in the health area of Leon. The aim of the present study was to determine trends in CRC and its geographical distribution., Methods: Cases included in the Hospital Registry of Tumors of the Centro Asistencial Universitario de León from 1994-2008 and occurring in patients residing in the health area of Leon were studied. Time trends were evaluated with a Poisson regression model. To analyze geographical distribution, the smoothed relative risks (RR) of the municipalities adjusted by the Besag, York and Mollié model were calculated, and their subsequent probability of an RR>1 (PP) was calculated using Bayesian methods., Results: A total of 4,136 cases were included. Rates standardized to the European standard population ranged from 49.6 (1994-6) to 63.5 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants in men (2006-8) and from 29.6 to 33.8 in women. An annual 2% increase was found for all localizations, ranging from 1.8% in the rectum to 3.6% in the proximal colon. In all localizations, the increase was greater in men than in women. Several municipalities in the health area of Leon showed an excess risk. The geographical pattern observed was due especially to the distribution of colon cancer., Conclusions: The incidence rates observed were high and were increasing. Special attention should be paid to CRC in the health area of Leon, mainly in the municipalities with excess risk., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier España, S.L. and AEEH y AEG. All rights reserved.)