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This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary and Nutritional Status Assessment in Children and Adolescents in European Countries., Adolescence is recognized as a time of rapid physiological and behavioral change. In this transition, eating behavior is still being formed and remains an integral part of a person’s lifestyle throughout his or her life. This study aims to assess eating behavior and associations with food intake in European adolescents. We included 2194 adolescents (45.9% boys), aged 12.5 to 17.5 years, from the cross-sectional HELENA study, with two completed 24 h recalls and complete questionnaire data on their eating behavior (Eating Behavior and Weight Problems Inventory for Children- EWI-C). Three subscales of the EWI were evaluated; they measured Strength and motivation to eat (EWI 1), Importance and impact of eating (EWI 2), and Eating as a means of coping with emotional stress (EWI 3). Since these subscales were specially focused on eating behavior, participants were classified as either Low (≤P75) or High (>P75) on each of the subscales. Our results showed a higher consumption of different types of food, in the EWI 1 scales, linked to the hunger and interest in eating, and we observed a relationship with the consumption of energy-dense products. This result was repeated in EWI 3, the subscale linked to emotional eating, where we also found higher consumption of energy-dense products. This study suggests that special features of eating behavior are associated with food intake in adolescents., This HELENA Study was carried out with the financial support of the European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme (Contract FOOD-CT-2005-007034).

HELENA study received funding from the European Community Sixth RTD Framework Program (Contract FOODCT-2005-007034). E.M.G.-G. holds a Juan de la Cierva-Formación grant from the Spanish Government (FJCI-2017-34967)., The ethics committees in all countries approved the HELENA study. All countries involved in the study provided good clinical practices and ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki 1964 (revision of 2000) and the legislation about clinical research in humans. The ethical approval code from the coordinator center was 03/2006; date of approval: February 2006, obtained from the Ethical Committee of clinical research in Aragon (CEICA)., We are grateful for the support provided by school boards, headmasters, teachers, school staff, and communities and the effort of all study nurses and our data managers. HELENA Study Group: Coordinator: Luis A. Moreno.Core Group members: Luis A. Moreno, Fréderic Gottrand, Stefaan De Henauw, Marcela González-Gross, Chantal Gilbert.Steering Committee: Anthony Kafatos (President), Luis A. Moreno, Christian Libersa, Stefaan De Henauw, Sara Castelló, Fréderic Gottrand, Mathilde Kersting, Michael Sjöstrom, Dénes Molnár, Marcela González-Gross, Jean Dallongeville, Chantal Gilbert, Gunnar Hall, Lea Maes, Luca Scalfi.Project Manager: Pilar Meléndez. 1. Universidad de Zaragoza (Spain): Luis A. Moreno, José A. Casajús, Jesús Fleta, Gerardo Rodríguez, Concepción Tomás, María I. Mesana, Germán Vicente-Rodríguez, Adoración Villarroya, Carlos M. Gil, Ignacio Ara, Juan Fernández Alvira, Gloria Bueno, Olga Bueno, Juan F. León, JesúsMª Garagorri, Idoia Labayen, Iris Iglesia, Silvia Bel, Luis A. Gracia Marco, Theodora Mouratidou, Alba Santaliestra-Pasías, Iris Iglesia, Esther González-Gil, Pilar De Miguel-Etayo, Mary Miguel-Berges, Isabel Iguacel, Azahara Rupérez. 2. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spain): Ascensión Marcos, Julia Wärnberg, Esther Nova, Sonia Gómez, Ligia Esperanza Díaz, Javier Romeo, Ana Veses, Belén Zapatera, Tamara Pozo, David Martínez. 3. Université de Lille 2 (France): Laurent Beghin, Christian Libersa, Frédéric Gottrand, Catalina Iliescu, Juliana Von Berlepsch. 4. Research Institute of Child Nutrition Dortmund, Rheinische Friedrich–Wilhelms–Universität Bonn (Germany): Mathilde Kersting, Wolfgang Sichert-Hellert, Ellen Koeppen. 5. Pécsi Tudományegyetem (University of Pécs) (Hungary): Dénes Molnar, Eva Erhardt, Katalin Csernus, Katalin Török, Szilvia Bokor, Mrs. Angster, Enikö Nagy, Orsolya Kovács, Judit Répasi. 6. University of Crete School of Medicine (Greece): Anthony Kafatos, Caroline Codrington, María Plada, Angeliki Papadaki, Katerina Sarri, Anna Viskadourou, Christos Hatzis, Michael Kiriakakis, George Tsibinos, Constantine Vardavas, Manolis Sbokos, Eva Protoyeraki, Maria Fasoulaki. 7. Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften–Ernährungphysiologie. Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität (Germany): Peter Stehle, Klaus Pietrzik, Marcela González- Gross, Christina Breidenassel, Andre Spinneker, Jasmin Al-Tahan, Miriam Segoviano, Anke Berchtold, Christine Bierschbach, Erika Blatzheim, Adelheid Schuch, Petra Pickert. 8. University of Granada (Spain): Manuel J. Castillo, Ángel Gutiérrez, Francisco B Ortega, Jonatan R Ruiz, Enrique G Artero, Vanesa España, David Jiménez-Pavón, Palma Chillón, Cristóbal Sánchez-Muñoz, Magdalena Cuenca. 9. Istituto Nazionalen di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (Italy): Davide Arcella, Elena Azzini, Emma Barrison, Noemi Bevilacqua, Pasquale Buonocore, Giovina Catasta, Laura Censi, Donatella Ciarapica, Paola D’Acapito, Marika Ferrari, Myriam Galfo, Cinzia Le Donne, Catherine Leclercq, Giuseppe Maiani, Beatrice Mauro, Lorenza Mistura, Antonella Pasquali, Raffaela Piccinelli, Angela Polito, Romana Roccaldo, Raffaella Spada, Stefania Sette, Maria Zaccaria. 10. University of Napoli “Federico II” Dept of Food Science (Italy): Luca Scalfi, Paola Vitaglione, Concetta Montagnese. 11. Ghent University (Belgium): Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij, Stefaan De Henauw, Tineke De Vriendt, Lea Maes, Christophe Matthys, Carine Vereecken, Mieke de Maeyer, Charlene Ottevaere, Inge Huybrechts. 12. Medical University of Vienna (Austria): Kurt Widhalm, Katharina Phillipp, Sabine Dietrich, Birgit Kubelka, Marion Boriss-Riedl. 13. Harokopio University (Greece): Yannis Manios, Eva Grammatikaki, Zoi Bouloubasi, Tina Louisa Cook, Sofia Eleutheriou, Orsalia Consta, George Moschonis, Ioanna Katsaroli, George Kraniou, Stalo Papoutsou, Despoina Keke, Ioanna Petraki, Elena Bellou, Sofia Tanagra, Kostalenia Kallianoti, Dionysia Argyropoulou, Stamatoula Tsikrika, Christos Karaiskos. 14. Institut Pasteur de Lille (France): Jean Dallongeville, Aline Meirhaeghe. 15. Karolinska Institutet (Sweden): Michael Sjöstrom, Jonatan R Ruiz, Francisco B. Ortega, María Hagströmer, Anita Hurtig Wennlöf, Lena Hallström, Emma Patterson, Lydia Kwak, Julia Wärnberg, Nico Rizzo. 16. Asociación de Investigación de la Industria Agroalimentaria (Spain): Jackie Sánchez-Molero, Sara Castelló, Elena Picó, Maite Navarro, Blanca Viadel, José Enrique Carreres, Gema Merino, Rosa Sanjuán, María Lorente, María José Sánchez. 17. Campden BRI (United Kingdom): Chantal Gilbert, Sarah Thomas, Elaine Allchurch, Peter Burgess. 18. SIK—Institutet foer Livsmedel och Bioteknik (Sweden): Gunnar Hall, Annika Astrom, Anna Sverkén, Agneta Broberg. 19. Meurice Recherche & Development asbl (Belgium): Annick Masson, Claire Lehoux, Pascal Brabant, Philippe Pate, Laurence Fontaine. 20. Campden & Chorleywood Food Development Institute (Hungary): Andras Sebok, Tunde Kuti, Adrienn Hegyi. 21. Productos Aditivos SA (Spain): Cristina Maldonado, Ana Llorente. 22. Cárnicas Serrano SL (Spain): Emilio García. 23. Cederroth International AB (Sweden): Holger von Fircks, Marianne Lilja Hallberg, Maria Messerer. 24. Lantmännen Food R&D (Sweden): Mats Larsson, Helena Fredriksson, Viola Adamsson, Ingmar Börjesson. 25. European Food Information Council (Belgium): Laura Fernández, Laura Smillie, Josephine Wills. 26. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Spain): Marcela González-Gross, Raquel Pedrero-Chamizo, Agustín Meléndez, Jara Valtueña, David Jiménez-Pavón, Ulrike Albers, Pedro J. Benito, Juan José Gómez Lorente, David Cañada, Alejandro Urzanqui, Rosa María Torres, Paloma Navarro., The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6 643/13/3/954/s1, Table S1: Mean intake of food PS from ED food for plausible reporter and by BMI, normal weight or overweight/obesity in males and females. Table S2: The association between BMI and PS of most ED food in under-reporters, using multiple linear regression model. Table S3: The association between FMI and portion size of most ED food between gender in under-reporters, using multiple linear regression model. Table S4: Ordinal logistic regression model, the association between BMI categories and ED food portion groups in under-reporters and between gender., Obesity prevalence has been simultaneously increasing with high consumption of large food portion sizes (PS). However, there is scarce information on PS of energy-dense (ED) foods as a potential risk factor of obesity in adolescents. In the present study, we investigate the association between the PS of the most ED foods and body composition. A sample of 1889 adolescents (54.4% females) from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence cross-sectional multicenter study (HELENA-CSS) study were included. Most ED foods (e.g., cheese) were selected according to higher fat and/or sugar content and low fiber and water. Linear and ordinal logistic regression models were adjusted for age, physical activity, total energy intake (TEI), and socioeconomic status (SES). Analysis was performed both in those adolescents reporting plausible energy intake according to the approach of Goldberg et al. and in the whole sample. In male plausible reporters, PS from "breakfast cereals" showed a significant and positive association with BMI (beta = 0.012; 0.048). PS from "carbonated soft drinks" in males (OR = 1.001; 95% CI 1.000; 1.002) and "bread and rolls" in females (OR = 1.002; 95% CI 1.000; 1.004) were associated with higher probability of having obesity, while "sweet bakery products" were associated with lower probability of having obesity (OR = 0.996; 95% CI 0.991; 0.999) in females. The present study suggests association between PS of ED foods and obesity in European adolescents. Prospective studies are needed to examine the effect of prolonged exposure to large PS and obesity development., European Community Sixth RTD Framework Program FOODCT-2005-007034, Spanish Government European Commission FJCI-2017-34967

Doctoral Thesis. Cristina Molina-Hidalgo.Effects of moderate alcohol consumption in response to a high-intensity interval training in healthy adults. The BEER-HIIT study.Efecto del consumo moderado de alcohol en respuesta a un programa de entrenamiento de alta intensidad en adultos sanos. Estudio BEER-HIIT.

The present project was partially supported by the Centro de Información Cerveza y Salud (CICS, Madrid, Spain) by an unrestricted grant (29 870 €)., Physical activity is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle and physical exercise is an excellent tool to preserve health, enhance well-being, and improve physical and mental performance. For that, the most effective physical exercises are those leading to improvements in physical fitness and, consequently, are part of a structured training program. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a novel form of training particularly effective and efficient since it allows achieving results with less time investment. HIIT leads to improvements in body composition, reducing body fat levels, increasing fat free mass, and bone mineral content. HIIT also elicits improvements in aerobic capacity, resistance, and muscle strength. Indeed, physical activity enhances cognitive function including better processing speed, attention, and memory, also it shows positive associations with self-perceptions, self-esteem, and mental well-being in young adults. Recent studies have reported the positive effects of HIIT on cognitive function, however contradictory results have been found related to performance on the executive function tasks. Although gender differences are obvious in physical and metabolic mechanisms concerning exercise, this issue has not generally received much attention, and data derived from men should not be directly applicable to women. Although the multiple and negative effects of high intakes of alcohol have been widely studied and demonstrated, the effect of moderate alcohol doses after exercise is not clear and it is currently under debate. Some studies indicate that post-exercise alcohol intake may have detrimental effect on muscle recovery. Others investigations have suggested that beer consumption could be associated with increased waist circumference. Further, some research has showed that alcohol containing beverages may decrease performance, specifically affecting reaction time, fine motor control, levels of arousal, and judgement. However, we can find contradictory and inconclusive results. The main aims of this International Doctoral Thesis are to evaluate the combined effects of a highly demanding training program and moderate alcohol/beer consumption on physical performance (i.e. body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength (Section 1), on cognitive performance (Section 2), and on psychosocial parameters and mood state (Section 3). The present results show that 10 weeks of HIIT did not influence body weight, but significantly decreased fat mass and fat mass percentage while increasing lean mass. These positive effects were not affected by the concomitant regular intake of beer, or its alcohol equivalent, in moderate amounts (Study 1). Additionally, our 10-week HIIT program improved cardiorespiratory fitness and hand grip strength, while no influence determined by the concurrent daily intake of beer or ethanol in moderate amount was observed (Study 2). Although improvements were found in reaction time (Study 3) and cognitive function (Study 4) we cannot conclude that those benefits were elicited by our HIIT intervention. Interestingly, moderate alcohol consumption did not negatively influence those beneficial adaptations on cognition. Finally, a 10-week HIIT program improved overall psychosocial parameters and mood adaptations in healthy young adults (Study 5). Also, those benefits were not affected by moderate alcohol consumption. Collectively, the results from the present International doctoral Thesis enhance our understanding of the effects of a highly demanding training program on several physical variables, such as body composition and physical fitness, and psychosocial parameters. However, inconclusive results were found regarding to the effects of a high intensity training on cognitive performance in healthy young adults. Moreover, it provides novel information regarding to the role of moderate beer or ethanol consumption while training in healthy young adults., La actividad física es parte integral de un estilo de vida saludable y el ejercicio físico es una excelente herramienta para preservar la salud, mejorar el bienestar y aumentar el rendimiento físico y mental. En este sentido, los ejercicios físicos más efectivos son aquellos que conducen a mejoras en la condición física y, en consecuencia, forman parte de un programa de entrenamiento estructurado. El entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (HIIT) es una novedosa forma de entrenamiento particularmente eficaz y eficiente ya que permite lograr resultados con una menor inversión de tiempo. El HIIT determina mejoras en la composición corporal, reduciendo los niveles de grasa corporal, aumentando la masa magra, así como el contenido mineral óseo. El HIIT también provoca mejoras en la capacidad aeróbica, la resistencia y la fuerza muscular. Por otra parte, la actividad física mejora la función cognitiva, lo que incluye una mejor velocidad de procesamiento, atención y memoria. En adultos jóvenes, también se ha demostrado la existencia de una relación positiva entre el nivel de actividad física y la autopercepción, la autoestima y el bienestar mental. Estudios recientes también han puesto de manifiesto los efectos positivos del HIIT sobre la función cognitiva, sin embargo, los resultados contradictorios en lo relacionado con el desempeño en las tareas de la función ejecutiva. Aunque las diferencias de género son obvias en los mecanismos físicos y metabólicos relacionados con el ejercicio, este tema generalmente no ha recibido adecuada atención y los datos derivados de hombres no deberían ser directamente aplicables a mujeres. Aunque los múltiples y negativos efectos de la ingesta elevada de alcohol se han estudiado y demostrado ampliamente, el efecto de dosis moderadas de alcohol, en particular después de realizar ejercicio, no está claro y es objeto de debate. Algunos estudios indican que la ingesta de alcohol después del ejercicio puede tener un efecto perjudicial sobre la recuperación muscular. Otras investigaciones han sugerido que el consumo de cerveza podría estar asociado con una mayor acumulación de grasa abdominal. Por otro lado, algunas investigaciones han demostrado que las bebidas que contienen alcohol pueden disminuir el rendimiento, afectando específicamente el tiempo de reacción, el control motor fino, los niveles de excitación y el juicio. Sin embargo, los resultados que muestra la literatura científica son contradictorios y, por tanto, no concluyentes. Los principales objetivos de la presente Tesis Doctoral Internacional son evaluar los efectos combinados de un programa de entrenamiento muy exigente y un consumo moderado de alcohol / cerveza sobre el rendimiento físico (es decir, la composición corporal y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y la fuerza muscular (Sección 1), sobre el rendimiento cognitivo (Sección 2). y sobre parámetros psicosociales y el estado de ánimo (Sección 3). Nuestros resultados muestran que 10 semanas de HIIT no influyeron en el peso corporal, pero disminuyen significativamente la masa grasa y el porcentaje de masa grasa al tiempo que aumentan la masa magra. Estos efectos positivos no se vieron afectados por la ingesta habitual y concomitante de cerveza, o su equivalente en alcohol, siempre en cantidades moderadas (Estudio 1). Además, nuestro programa HIIT de 10 semanas mejoró la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y la fuerza de agarre manual, no observándose ningún efecto asociado a la ingesta diaria simultánea de cerveza o etanol en cantidad moderada (Estudio 2). Por otro lado, aunque se encontraron mejoras en el tiempo de reacción (Estudio 3) y la función cognitiva (Estudio 4), no podemos concluir que esos beneficios fueran consecuencia de la intervención con HIIT. Curiosamente, el consumo moderado de alcohol tampoco influyó negativamente en esas adaptaciones beneficiosas sobre la cognición. Finalmente, un programa HIIT de 10 semanas mejoró los parámetros psicosociales generales y las adaptaciones del estado de ánimo en adultos jóvenes sanos (Estudio 5). Además, esos beneficios no se vieron afectados por el consumo moderado de alcohol., Tesis Univ. Granada., Centro de Información Cerveza y Salud (CICS, Madrid, Spain)

Additional File 2: Changes in total hand grip (A for men and B for women), squat jump (C for men and D for women), counter-movement jump (E for men and F for women), Abalakov jump (G for men and H for women), and drop jump (I for men and J for women), after the intervention study between the five groups. Data are shown as means ± standard error of the mean. Abbreviations: ɳ2, partial eta squared; SJ, squat jump; CMJ, counter-movement jump; ABKJ, Abalakov jump; DJ, drop jump; T-Beer, the group that performed HIIT and consumed alcohol beer; T-0.0Beer, the group that performed HIIT and consumed non-alcoholic beer; T-Water, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water; T-Ethanol, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water with alcohol added.

Additional file 3: Changes in physical fitness outcomes adjusted by baseline values (Model 1) adjusted by baseline values and sex (Model 2), by baseline values and age (Model 3).

Additional File 1: Changes in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max.) in absolute (A for men and B for women) and relative terms (C for men and D for women), maximal heart rate (E for men and F for women), and total test duration (G for men and H for women), after the intervention study between the five groups. Significant differences between groups applying an analysis of covariance adjusting for baseline values with post hoc Bonferroni-corrected t-test are indicated as: * p

Hoy en día la prostitución sigue causando un total rechazo social que conlleva diversos riesgos físicos y psicológicos para las personas que lo llevan a cabo. Este estudio consiste en una revisión bibliográfica acerca de dicho tema. Los factores de riesgo que se encuentran asociados a su práctica, así como una visión global de las características más comunes que presentan las meretrices, destacando su personalidad, la estima que se tienen a sí mismas y los valores personales. También se han incluido trabajos que relacionan la prostitución y la violencia., Nowadays prostitution continues to cause a total social rejection leads many physical and psychological risks for people who carry it out. This study consists of a literature review on the subject. Risk factors that are associated with their practice and an overview of the most common characteristics prostitutes, emphasizing his personality, estimated to have themselves and personal values. Also included are studies that relate prostitution and violence., Universidad de Granada. Departamento de Psicología Social. Grado en Psicología. Curso 2014-2015