Search

Objective To evaluate the association between kidney stones and risk of subsequent opioid misuse. Methods The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's (HCUP) inpatient, ambulatory, and emergency department databases from four states were queried to identify associations with a primary diagnosis code related to kidney stones followed by a diagnosis of opioid abuse, dependence, or overdose between 2005 and 2015. Logistic regression was performed to determine the strength and significance of the relationship between number of primary kidney stone episodes and subsequent diagnosis of opioid misuse. Results The final cohort included 783,929 patients across four states. On multivariable analysis the number of primary stone encounters (PSE) was strongly associated with the risk of developing an opioid-related disorder (ORD) when adjusting for relevant covariates (odds ratio 1.3). Patients seen in the emergency department (OR 1.4) and those treated in Iowa (OR 2.9) were at higher risk for ORD than those seen in different contexts or states. Younger age increased the strength of this association. Higher income (OR 0.7) and non-white race (OR 0.7) reduced the risk of ORD, while a diagnosis of chronic pain (OR 3.5) increased risk. Conclusions Risk of subsequent diagnosis of ORD is increased in patients who have multiple episodes of care related to kidney stones.

Background Penile prosthesis surgeons face an ethical dilemma when confronted with a sex offender who seeks surgical management of erectile dysfunction. Aim To provide practice guidelines to screen and manage patients with a history of sexual violence prior to surgery. Methods Three urologists with expertise in penile prosthesis surgery and 1 medical bioethicist were asked to contribute their opinions and provide recommendations to address this controversial topic. Outcomes Expert opinion supported by analysis of available literature and institutional experience. RESULTS The authors review current United States legislation, published literature on sex offender registration, and institutional data on the prevalence of sex offenders among men seeking penile prosthesis placement. Within a context established by medical bioethical principles, the authors propose a practice guideline for screening sex offenders prior to penile implantation surgery and referral for trained psychological evaluation prior to surgical management. Strengths & Limitations Strengths: multidisciplinary approach in data acquisition including bioethical and legal review. Limitations: Lack of available evidence regarding recidivism risk in sex offenders who undergo penile prosthesis placement. CONCLUSION Sex offenders exist among the population of patients seeking surgical placement of a penile prosthesis. A standardized practice guideline for management of this population should be employed with the intention to reduce future harm.

With the expansion in cross-sectional imaging over the past few decades, there has been an increase in the number of incidentally detected renal masses and an increase in the incidence of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). The complete characterization of an indeterminate renal mass on CT or MR images is challenging, and the authors provide a critical review of the best imaging methods and essential, important, and optional reporting elements used to describe the indeterminate renal mass. While surgical staging remains the standard of care for RCC, the role of renal mass CT or MRI in staging RCC is reviewed, specifically with reference to areas that may be overlooked at imaging such as detection of invasion through the renal capsule or perirenal (Gerota) fascia. Treatment options for localized RCC are expanding, and a multidisciplinary group of experts presents an overview of the role of advanced medical imaging in surgery, percutaneous ablation, transarterial embolization, active surveillance, and stereotactic body radiation therapy. Finally, the arsenal of treatments for advanced renal cancer continues to grow to improve response to therapy while limiting treatment side effects. Imaging findings are important in deciding the best treatment options and to monitor response to therapy. However, evaluating response has increased in complexity. The unique imaging findings associated with antiangiogenic targeted therapy and immunotherapy are discussed. An invited commentary by Remer is available online. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.

We present a phenotype-based approach to neurogenic bladder (NGB) by describing prototypical patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), spina bifida (SB), cerebral palsy (CP), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Surgical management is categorized by failure to store and failure to empty, with a focus on catheterizable channels, bladder augmentation, and bladder outlet procedures. Mitigation and management of common complications are reviewed. Specific attention is paid to social support, body habitus, and extremity function, as we believe a holistic approach is necessary for appropriate surgical selection.

Purpose:Preoperative estimation of new baseline glomerular filtration rate after partial nephrectomy or radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma has important clinical implications. However, cu...

The prevalence of infiltrative renal masses (IRMs) and fidelity of documentation of infiltrative features remain unclear.To investigate the prevalence/significance of IRMs and assess whether infiltrative features were documented preoperatively.A total of 522 patients with renal tumors managed with partial/radical nephrectomy (2012-2014) whose pathology demonstrated locally advanced and/or aggressive histology were analyzed. Preoperative computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging was retrospectively/independently reviewed by two radiologists. IRMs were required to have a poorly defined interface with parenchyma and nonelliptical shape in one or more distinct/unequivocal areas. Infiltrative features were defined as extensive or focal.Partial/radical nephrectomy.Cancer-specific mortality (CSM) was estimated using cumulative-incidence analysis. Significant and independent predictors of CSM were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard analysis.Median tumor size was 6.9cm; renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) predominated (92%). Image review confirmed 133 IRMs (25%), including 103 RCCs; 59 had sarcomatoid or poorly differentiated features. IRMs were larger and more often symptomatic compared than non-IRMs, and disseminated disease was also more common for IRMs (all p0.001). Overall, 109 IRMs were imaged at our center; 42 were documented as IRMs in preoperative radiology reports, while infiltrative features were not documented in 67 (61%). Only four (6%) of these 67 were documented as infiltrative by the surgical team. Infiltrative features were more often focal in undocumented IRMs. On multivariable analysis, infiltrative features, disseminated disease, and non-RCC histology were independent predictors of CSM (hazard ratio or HR [95% confidence interval {CI}]=1.73 [1.21-2.47], 2.98 [2.10-4.23], and 2.79 [1.86-4.62], respectively). Among IRMs, extensive infiltrative features and disseminated disease were associated with CSM (HR [95% CI]=1.98 [1.27-3.07] and 2.35 [1.52-3.63], respectively), while documentation status failed to show an association. Excluding patients with disseminated disease or residual cancer after surgery, recurrence rates were 62% for IRMs versus 22% for non-IRMs (p0.001), and there was again no significant difference between documented and undocumented IRMs (p=0.36). Limitations include a retrospective design.Twenty-five percent of locally advanced/histologically aggressive renal tumors exhibited infiltrative features, although many were not documented as IRMs. Among this high-risk surgical population, infiltrative features were independent predictors of CSM, irrespective of whether they were documented or not. Our data suggest that infiltrative features should be assessed and documented routinely during evaluation of renal masses.Infiltrative renal masses may be more common than previously appreciated, although many were not documented as infiltrative during preoperative evaluation. Our data suggest that infiltrative features have a strong impact on prognosis and should be assessed and documented routinely during radiologic and clinical evaluation of renal masses.

Purpose:African American men are more likely to be diagnosed with, die of and experience decisional regret about their prostate cancer than nonAfrican American men. Although some clinical discrepan...

To characterize long-term outcomes for adults with cerebral palsy who have undergone catheterizable channel creation without concurrent bladder augmentation.Retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent catheterizable channel creation without augmentation by the senior author. Variables of interest included development of de novo neurogenic detrusor overactivity, change in continence, escalation in therapy, and upper tract changes. Descriptive statistics were conducted using t-tests and chi-squared tests as appropriate.Nine patients were followed for an average of 70 months. Prior to surgery two patients were on regular clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), six were not on CIC, and one was on occasional CIC. Patients not on CIC preoperatively were more likely to develop de novo neurogenic detrusor overactivity (83% vs 0%, P = .02), and have statistically significant decreases in average compliance (P = .04 vs P = .31). They were also more likely to require escalation in bladder therapy (83% vs 50%) and have worsening of incontinence (67% vs 0%), though these did not reach statistical significance (P = .34, 0.1). Five patients underwent repeat urodynamics an average of 46 months after initial postoperative study because of persistent urgency - 4 of 5 had stable urodynamic findings and one demonstrated50% reduction in compliance and capacity.Adults with cerebral palsy who are not on CIC prior to creation of a catheterizable channel are at high risk for development of de novo neurogenic detrusor overactivity and decrease in bladder compliance. Prophylactic augmentation should be considered in this group.

BACKGROUND To assess whether prior interventional treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) influences oncologic or functional outcomes following primary whole-gland prostate cryoablation. METHODS Among 3831 men with prostate cancer who underwent primary whole-gland prostate cryoablation, we identified 160 with a history of prior BPH interventional therapy including transurethral needle ablation (n = 6), transurethral microwave thermotherapy (n = 9), or transurethral resection of the prostate (n = 145). Patients with a history of medically treated or unspecified BPH therapy were excluded from the study. Oncological and functional outcomes were compared between men with and without prior BPH interventional therapy. RESULTS In unadjusted analyses, prior interventional BPH therapy was associated with higher risks of postoperative urinary retention (17.5% vs. 9.6%, p = 0.001) and new-onset urinary incontinence (39.9% vs. 19.4%, p > 0.001) compared with no prior therapy. Interventional BPH therapy was not correlated with the risk of developing a rectourethral fistula (p = 0.84) or new-onset erectile dysfunction (ED) at 12 months (p = 0.08) following surgery. On multivariable regression, prior interventional BPH therapy was associated with increased risk of urinary retention (OR 1.9, 95%, p = 0.015) and new-onset urinary incontinence (OR 2.13, p

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the utility of parenchymal volume analysis (PVA) for estimation of split renal function (SRF) in patients with renal masses. SRF is important for deciding about partial vs radical nephrectomy (PN/RN) and assessing risk for developing severe chronic kidney disease after surgery. For renal donors PVA is routinely used to estimate SRF, but the utility of PVA for the more complex renal mass population remains undefined. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients (n = 374) with renal tumours and a normal contralateral kidney managed with PN (2010-2018), with preoperative/postoperative nuclear renal scans (NRS) and cross-sectional imaging were analysed. Parenchymal volumes were measured by free-hand scripting or software analysis. Concordance between ipsilateral estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values based on SRF from NRS vs PVA were evaluated by Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman plots. Parallel analysis of all 155 patients managed with RN at our centre (2006-2016) with preoperative NRS and imaging was also performed. RESULTS For PN, the median age and tumour size were 62 years and 3.4 cm, respectively. The median preoperative ipsilateral parenchymal volume and eGFR were 181 cm3 and 36.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 , respectively. Parenchymal volumes estimated by free-hand scripting vs software analyses correlated strongly (r = 0.98, P 0.60); however, the correlation was much stronger when ipsilateral eGFRs were based on SRF from PVA rather than NRS (z-statistic = 3.15, P = 0.002). For RN patients, preoperative eGFR in the contralateral kidney based on SRF from PVA vs NRS also correlated strongly (r = 0.87, P

OBJECTIVE To examine whether men who were childless at the time of vasectomy sought consultation for fertility restoration. METHODS Retrospective chart review was performed to determine if patients without children at the time of vasectomy sought consultation for fertility restoration (defined as vasectomy reversal or sperm retrieval). If the patient had not been seen in our healthcare system within the previous 12 months, he was contacted by phone to determine whether he had sought consultation for fertility restoration. RESULTS Of 1656 men, 68 men (4.1%) were childless at the time of vasectomy. Fifteen patients were excluded as they were not followed in our hospital system and were unreachable by phone. Zero patients sought consultation for fertility restoration. CONCLUSION Our single institution study demonstrated that no men who were childless at the time of vasectomy sought consultation for fertility restoration. Given that there are no other FDA approved methods for nonbarrier sterilization for males, men with no children at the time of vasectomy should receive the same AUA guideline-recommended counseling that men with children receive.

The Breast Cancer Gene (BRCA) confers an 8.6-fold higher risk of developing prostate cancer in men ≤ 65 years of age and portends a worse prognosis as compared to noncarriers even in patients with low volume, localized disease. The BRCA2 gene, in particular, imparts a more biologically aggressive form of prostate cancer and a higher prostate cancer specific mortality. From a treatment standpoint, this translates to worse overall clinical outcomes for such patients. The most appropriate screening and management strategy for germline BRCA mutation carriers with prostate cancer is not known. Herein, we present an incidentally discovered prostate cancer in a 61-year-old BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutation carrier who was screened and managed using an individualized treatment approach.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Evaluate whether inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) after radical cystectomy (RC) is associated with higher complication rates compared to IPP for other etiologies of ere...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Though the presence of rhabdoid and/or sarcomatoid differentiation on final pathology has been identified as a poor prognostic indicator for patients with renal cell carc...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Urologists' use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has increased rapidly in the last decade. In reaction this, the Urology RRC set required minimums of MIS cases for res...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Preoperative estimation of new baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after renal surgery for RCC has important clinical implications. Here we develop and externally v...

To provide an economic context within which to consider treatment options for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). To this end, this review provides a comparison of the costs of combination medical therapy, operative treatment, and office-based therapies for BPH from a payer perspective. Analysis of Medicare charges from the authors’ institution, as well as local retail costs of medication, demonstrated a wide range in costs of commonly used BPH treatments. In this study, interventions for BPH reached cost equivalence with combination medical therapy within 6 months to 8 years. A myriad of options for managing men with symptomatic BPH exist. It is prudent not only to consider surgeon preference and patient-specific factors when selecting a treatment but also to understand the economic impact different BPH therapies confer.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:To investigate the incidence/significance of infiltrative renal masses (IRMs) in patients undergoing surgery, with focus on IRMs that were not documented as such during ...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:To assess the association between the presence of apical lesion at time of prostate biopsy (PBx) and pathological outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP) in men with f...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Given the rarity and complexity of inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombi, single center series describing surgical outcomes are typically small. Alternatively, large multicen...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Renal cell carcinoma is unique in its propensity for vascular propagation via inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus. This is typically managed with radical nephrectomy...

Objective To analyze the full spectrum of patients presenting with radiologically-identified infiltrative renal masses (IRMs), including those managed surgically or otherwise, with focus on clinical presentation/prognosis. Methods All 280 patients presenting with radiologically-identified renal mass with infiltrative features (2008-2017) were retrospectively reviewed. Poorly-defined interface between tumor and parenchyma and irregular shape (nonelliptical) in one or more distinct/unequivocal areas were required for classification as IRM. IRM was confirmed in 265 and clinical characteristics and outcomes were assessed. Results Median age/tumor size were 65-years/6.9 cm, respectively, and 225 patients (85%) were R.E.N.A.L. = 10-12. Overall, 181 patients (68%) presented symptomatically, locally-advanced cancer (cT3-T4) was observed in 176 (66%) and disseminated disease and/or lymphadenopathy (>2 cm) in 181(68%). Clinical/radiographic findings were suggestive of etiology and could direct evaluation, but were nonspecific for definitive diagnosis. Renal-mass biopsy was performed in 103 patients and diagnostic in 97 (94%). Renal surgery was only performed in 82 patients (31%) and partial nephrectomy in 3 (1.1%). Overall, 72 patients (27%) received systemic chemotherapy and 59 (22%) targeted therapy. Final-diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma in 94 patients (35%), including 49 with highly-aggressive histology (sarcomatoid/rhabdoid/collecting-duct/medullary/unclassified). High-grade urothelial-carcinoma was found in 70 (26%), and lymphoma/metastatic cancer in 26 (10%)/25 (9%), respectively. Overall, 153 patients (58%) died; 138 (52%) cancer-related at median of 5 months. The majority of patients with renal cell carcinoma, urothelial-carcinoma, and renal metastasis died, almost exclusively cancer-related, at medians of 8, 3, and 2 months, respectively. Conclusion Our series includes the full spectrum of IRMs and confirms predominance of symptomatic, poorly-differentiated, highly-lethal malignancies. Our study highlights the overriding importance of identifying infiltrative features, a simple radiologic diagnosis, during assessment of renal masses.

667 Background: Validation and implementation of quality indicators (QIs) for oncological surgical care is imperative in national health care systems. However, QIs must be adjusted for significant case-mix variations among hospitals and to capture disparate patient outcomes. Here, we explore and validate a compound quality score (CQS) as a metric for hospital-level quality of care in kidney cancer patients. Methods: Kidney cancer patients (n = 8233) treated at the VA (2005-2015) were identified. Two previously described and validated process QIs were explored: the proportion of patients with a) T1a tumors undergoing partial nephrectomy; and b) T1-T2 tumors undergoing minimally invasive radical nephrectomy. Demographics, comorbidity, tumor characteristics and treatment year were used for case-mix adjustment using indirect standardization / multivariable regression models. The predicted vs observed ratio of cases was calculated to generate each QI score. CQS represents the sum of both QIs scores. Ninety-six hospitals were benchmarked by CQS and patient-level outcomes were regressed on CQS levels to assess for length of stay (LOS), 30 days complications/readmission, 90 days overall mortality and total cost of surgical admission. Results: CQS identified 25, 33 and 38 hospitals with higher, lower and average performance, respectively. Total CQS score was independently associated with LOS [β = -0.04, p< 0.01, predicted LOS 0.84 days shorter for CQS = 2 vs. CQS = -2], 30 days surgical complications [OR = 0.88, p < 0.01] or 30 days medical complications [OR = 0.93, p < 0.01] and total cost of surgical admission [β = -0.014, p< 0.01, predicted 12% lower cost for CQS = 2 vs. CQS = -2]. No association was found between CQS and 30 day readmissions or 90 days mortality (all p>0.05), although low event rates were observed (8.9% and 1.7%, respectively). Conclusions : Variability in quality of surgical care at a hospital-level can be captured with the CQS among kidney cancer patients. CQS is associated with length of stay, post-operative complications and total cost of surgical admission. Quality indicators should be used to identify, audit and implement quality improvement strategies across health systems.

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome represents a wide range of clinical phenotypes and has traditionally been a diagnosis of exclusion with few proven remedies. Our structured, simplified approach to evaluation and management of this complex condition results in improved patient outcomes.