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Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between spiritual intelligence (SI) and attitudes toward fertility and childbearing in reproductive-age women. Methods: About 199 women of reproductive age were included in this cross-sectional analytical study. A convenience method has been used for sampling. A 3-part questionnaire, including demographic information forms, SI questionnaires, and childbearing attitude questionnaires, has been used as a data collection tool. Data are analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and Mann–Whitney U-test, a multi-linear regression statistical test (P < .05). Results: The mean score of SI was 53.18 ± 9.88, and the mean score of toward fertility and childbearing was 54.94 ± 9.43. The total score of SI and the total score of attitude toward fertility and childbearing were strongly correlated (P=.049, r=0.140). Significant positive relationship was between the total score of the attitude toward fertility and childbearing and the scores of the SI dimensions, including critical existential thinking (P=.035, r=0.150) and conscious state expansion (P=.034, r = 0.150). A significant relationship between the SI total score and children as the base of life’s score was identified when it was assessed about dimensions related to attitudes toward fertility and childbearing (P=.005, r = 0.197). Conclusion: The overall SI score and the general attitude toward fertility and childbearing are strongly correlated. Consequently, the attitudes of women toward fertility and childbearing can be improved by counseling intervention and developing training programs regarding SI.

Abstract Introduction Due to medical procedures, preterm infants are at high risk for side effects of pain. In this regard, heel lancing for capillary blood sampling is a common painful procedure. The present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a simulated intrauterine sound on behavioral and physiological indices of pain due to heel-prick blood sampling in preterm infants. Methods A double‑blind randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted. The data were collected from September 23 to December 22, 2019. We measured the effect of a simulated intrauterine sound on changes in the behavioral and physiological parameters of pain (heart rate, SPO2) caused by heel lance that was measured 5 min before the intervention, during the sampling, and 5 min after the procedure. We measured behavioral pain by video recording the infants’ faces and then the scoring neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS). Heart rate and SPO2 were measured using a pulse oximeter device. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t‑test in SPSS software version 20.0. Results Eighty infants were randomized (40 in each group). Mean scores NIPS during and after intervention were in the intervention group (3.55 ± 0.84, 95% CI: 3.30–3.80(, and (1.15 ± 0.84, 95%: 0.95–1.35) and in the control group (5.57 ± 0.95, 95% CI:5.30–5.85) and (3.00 ± 0.98) respectively. There were significant differences in scores of NIPS between the two study groups during (p

Abstract Background and objective Observance of preventive behaviors is one of the main ways to break the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) chain of transmission. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the knowledge and behaviors of prevention of COVID-19 and the related factors in the rural population of Rasht city. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 344 people of the population referred to health centers in Rasht city were included through multi-stage cluster random sampling. The data were collected using a three-part researcher-made questionnaire including individual-social factors, knowledge about the prevention of COVID-19, and the preventive behaviors against COVID-19. Data analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and multiple logistic regression analysis, by SPSS software version 16 at a significance level

Abstract Introduction Sex education supports the development of suitable sexual behaviors in children. However, due to the limitations of sexual issues in Iran, parents may have different sex education styles. This study aimed to assess the styles of mothers in the sex education process of children and the related factors. Methods In a cross-sectional study, from March to May 2021, 306 mothers with a 4–12-year-old child who were referred to the comprehensive health service centers in Rasht city were entered into the study by a convenience sampling method. The tool was a questionnaire of parents' sex education styles. Data analysis was performed with independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the multiple linear regression model using SPSS software version 16. Results The majority of the mothers had a mean age of 36.2 ± 6.4 years. The score of the authoritarian sex education style was significantly higher than the other styles (P

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to translate the Nursing Clinical Reasoning Scale (NCRS) into Persian and evaluate its psychometric properties. Design This study was a methodological and cross‐sectional study. Methods This methodological study was conducted in 2020 in a teaching hospital. After obtaining necessary permission from its developers, NCRS was translated into Persian through the method proposed by the World Health Organization. Then, its face, content, and construct validity and reliability were assessed. For construct validity assessment through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, 300 nurses (two 150‐nurse samples), who had randomly been selected, completed the instrument. Reliability also assessed through the internal consistency and the stability methods. Data were analysed using the SPSS (v. 20.0) and the AMOS (v. 5.0) software. Results The content validity indices of NCRS and its items were 0.97 and more than 0.79, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis revealed an assessment and confirmation factor and an implementation and reflection factor for the scale which together explained 57.30% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed this two‐factor structure (χ2/df = 2.11, NNFI = 0.952, RMSEA = 0.053, CFI = 0.91, GFI = 0.94, IFI = 0.95, and NFI = 0.96). The Cronbach's alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient values of the scale were 0.96 and 0.94, respectively. Public Contribution The Persian NCRS can help nursing policy makers and mentors identify the need for developing nurses' and nursing students' CR skills and implement need‐based educational courses to improve these skills. Moreover, it helps determine whether the educational programmes are effective in improving nurses' CR skills and clinical competence.

Abstract Background Hospitalization of children is a stressful event. However, the child’s education at the time of hospital admission can be effective for the prevention of their anxiety via the use of more attractive methods. The study’s aim was to assess the effectiveness of the education using a digital education package on the level of anxiety of hospitalized children. Methods This is a quasi-experimental study with the randomized block method. The sample size was calculated based on Shahrabadi et al.’s study and sixty eligible hospitalized children were allocated to the two study groups from June 2019 to December 2020, in Hefdah-e-Sahrivar hospital which is the central pediatric hospital in Rasht city. The intervention was education using a digital package that was done 15 min after the hospitalization of the children. Pediatrics’ Spielberger’s anxiety Inventory was used for measuring the participants’ anxiety before and after the intervention. We used Chi square test, Fisher exact test and paired t-test to analyze data. A p-value

Abstract Background Coronary angiography is used as a qualified method to diagnose coronary heart disease. However, patients undergoing coronary angiography experience a great deal of anxiety. The present study is aimed at investigating the effect of virtual reality on anxiety before coronary angiography. In a randomized controlled trial, 60 candidates for coronary angiography were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups from April to July 2019. Data were collected by Spielberger’s situational anxiety questionnaire. The participants’ anxiety level and their heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were measured before and immediately after the intervention. The Intervention group received virtual reality intervention, and the control group was cared for based on the hospital routine. Data were entered into the SPSS version 24.0 software (SPSS Inc.) and analyzed using Chi-square, Paired samples, and independent sample t tests. Results The majority of participants were male (71.25%) and the Mean ± SD age of them in the intervention and control groups was 50.95 ± 4.120 and 52.08 ± 4.002 years, respectively. The mean score of anxiety (p

Background: Spirituality is defined as the way people experience, express, and seek meanings. It is a major concept in the field of nursing care. Nursing students who are trained and exposed to patients' spiritual care will be better able to take care of their patients' spiritual needs. Objectives: The study aimed to assess perceived spiritual care competence and the related factors in nursing students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The participants were 191 undergraduate nursing students at Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS) that were entered into the study from July 29 to December 21, 2021. The spiritual care competence scale was used to measure spiritual care competence in the participants. It is a 27-item questionnaire with six dimensions including assessing and implementing spiritual care, professionalism and improving the quality of spiritual care, personal support and patient counseling, referral to professionals, attitude towards patient’s spirituality, and communication. Data was collected using the convenience sampling method. Data analysis was done by SPSS software version 16.0 using descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate methods. Results: The mean total score of spiritual care competency was 106.8 (SD = 13.4). The mean total score of spiritual care competency was significantly higher in the native students (P = 0.031) and the students with experience of jobs in hospitals (P = 0.037). Conclusion: The findings indicated an acceptable level of performance in nursing students in spiritual care during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Objective: Nurses exposed to COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. The present study investigated the mental health and the resilience level in the nurses’ population. Method: This cross-sectional study was performed on 432 nurses in 27 hospitals working in Guilan province, north of Iran, between April 29, to May 14, 2020. Mental health and resilience were measured using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) and the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10). Hierarchical multiple linear regression model was used to identify factors associated with mental health. Results: The mean GHQ-12 and CD-RISC-10 scores were 15.72 (SD, 5.67) and 25.97 (SD, 6.88), respectively. Probable psychological distress (GHQ-12 score ≥ 15) was present in 57.2% of nurses. Among demographic and COVID-19-related variables, only educational level was significantly and negatively correlated with mental health. After controlling the variables, hierarchical regression analyses results showed that lower resilience was associated with poor mental health (β = -0.49; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Regarding the nurses’ mental health, appropriate psychological/psychiatric intervention is necessary, and resilience can play a role as a mental health promoter.

Background: Foreign bodies aspiration (FBA) in children is one life-threatening event. Education using smartphone applications is an attractive method for reduction of risk and increasing public awareness. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate an educational smartphone application for parents' education in pre-school age children. Design and Methods.: In this descriptive-developmental study, 25 mothers of pre-school-age children were recruited through cluster random sampling from kindergartens in …. city. Design and evaluation of the application was done in three phases including educational analysis and developing educational content, designing and evaluating the initial algorithms, and designing the final shape. One researcher-made checklist was used to collect the viewpoint of the users. The experts’ suggestions were received either by an open ended questionnaire . The viewpoints of users and experts during the design and evaluation process caused some changes in the application. Results: The findings showed a high level of satisfaction among users (4/240 ± 0/96). This application was designed based on the users’ needs and based on the feasibility of its usage and the experts’ viewpoints about the scientific content, the design and the evaluation stages. Conclusion: The current application can be introduced to the community as an available scientific and user-friendly source which would create a continuous education for public health.

Background: Pain is one of the most common challenging complaints of patients and can lead to significant complications. It is important to identify pediatric nurses’ knowledge about pain control methods and the management in children using clinical practice guidelines. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between nurses’ knowledge and their perceived practice based on clinical practice guidelines of pediatrics’ pain in the central pediatrics’ hospital of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS). Methods: In an analytical-cross sectional study, 164 nurses were selected by a census method from the central pediatrics’ hospital of GUMS. The study tool was a researcher-made questionnaire developed from the valid pediatrics’ pain guidelines. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21. Results: There was no significant relationship between total scores of knowledge and practice. There was a significant relationship between total scores of knowledge and interventions of pain control (P = 0.045, r = 0.157). Also, general knowledge had a significant correlation with total practice (P = 0.003, r = 0.227), intervention of pain assessment (P = 0.002, r = 0.245) and intervention of pain control (P = 0.035, r = 0.165). General knowledge in pain control (P = 0.006, OR = 1.032) was considered as the predictor of the practice. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that nurses’ general knowledge about clinical guidelines for pain in children was a predictor for their perceived practice. Also, experience and education were related to higher practice. These findings can provide awareness among nurse managers and health care policymakers to update the nurses’ knowledge of pediatric pain management guidelines.

Background & Aim: Sedation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery can prevent the side effects of the treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of controlled sedation based on the Richmond scale on the duration of mechanical ventilation and the changes of blood pressure in patients following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods & Materials: In a single blind randomized clinical trial (IRCT2017050517693N2) from June to August 2017, a convenience sample of 80 patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery, hospitalized in the intensive care unit of Heshamat Center, Rasht, were selected and randomly allocated into two groups (each group=40). Sedative drug dose was determined using the Richmond agitation sedation scale in the intervention group and determined routinely (based on hemodynamic changes) in the control group. Pain as a confounding variable was evaluated using CPOT tool. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, independent t-test and repeated measures ANOVA using the SPSS software version 22. Results: The mean age of samples was 59.89±7.53 and 66.7% of them were male. There was a significant difference between two groups in the duration of mechanical ventilation (P

Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 is an unprecedented challenge to the health systems in Iran. We aimed to assess the psychological impact of this outbreak on nurses in the hospitals of Guilan University of Medical Sciences that is one of the top provinces of incidence of COVID-19. Methods: In a web-based cross-sectional study, 441 nurses working were selected from the hospitals, from 7 to 12 April 2020. Anxiety and depression were measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to identify the factors related to anxiety and depression. Results: The majority were in contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases (93.4%) and their relatives had been infected with COVID-19 (42%). The mean of anxiety-7 and depression total scores were 8.64 ± 5.60 and 8.48 ± 6.19, respectively. Female (OR = 3.27, 95% CI = 1.01–10.64), working in COVID-19 designated hospital (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.13–2.93), being suspected with COVID-19 infection (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.25–3.26), and insufficient personal protective equipment (OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.68–4.06) were associated with anxiety. Depression was significantly associated with female sex (OR = 4.62, %95 CI = 1.24–17.16), having chronic disease (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.20–3.74), being suspected or confirmed with COVID-19 infection (OR = 3.44, 95% CI = 2.11–5.59, and OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.04–4.70, respectively), and insufficient personal protective equipment (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.19–2.91). Conclusion: The finding declares healthcare workers are at high risk for mental illness. Continuous supervision of the psychological consequences following infectious diseases outbreaks should be a part of the preparedness efforts of health care systems.

Background & Aim: Professional autonomy is a key component of decision-making and empowerment of the nurses. However, ICU nurses sometimes experience a degree of moral distress in their decision-making but the relationship of this distress with their autonomous performance in intensive care units is unclear. The aim of this study is determining the relationship between professional autonomy and moral distress of ICU nurses. Methods & Materials : In this correlational cross-sectional study, 180 ICU nurses were selected by census method from educational hospitals of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2017. Research tools were Varjuss professional autonomy and Corely et al. moral distress questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Results: Most of the subjects were female (93.89%), full-time nurses (61.67%), with age mean and standard deviation of 35±5.97. Mean and standard deviation of professional autonomy and moral distress were 77.04±4 and 140.85±5.45, respectively. Moral distress of most nurses (55.6%) was moderate. There was a positive and significant correlation between professional autonomy and moral distress scores (p

Introduction: Clinical judgment is necessary for clinical decision making and enhancing it in nursing students improves health care quality. Since clinical judgment is an interactive phenomenon and dependent on context and culture, it can be affected by many different factors. Aim: To understand the experiences of Iranian nursing students and teachers about the factors influencing nursing students’ clinical judgment. Materials and Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using a directed content analysis approach. In this study, purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews were applied with seven nursing students, six faculty member teachers and four clinical instructors from Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan, Iran. Results: The factors influencing nursing students’ clinical judgment consisted of five main categories including thoughtful behaviour, professional ethics, use of evidence based care, the context of learning environment and individual and professional features of clinical teachers. Conclusion: Relying on the results of this research, teachers can create an appropriate educational condition and a safe psychological atmosphere, use instructional strategies strengthening deep thought processes, applying professional ethics and scientific evidence and principles to establish clinical judgment in nursing students.