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Besides being one of the most commercially grown berry fruits, strawberries (Fragaria x annanassa Duch.) are known for their nutritional value, richness in polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity. New directions of strawberry breeding and selection are set towards premium fruit quality, high sugars content, and desirable sugars/total acids ratio (sweet index, SI), which represent some of the main prerequisites for selecting new breeding materials [1]. With this intention, a set of 24 strawberry genotypes was cultivated, including 12 parental varieties and 12 of their descendants - perspective candidates obtained by crossing the parental varieties mentioned above. A total of eleven sugars were quantified using High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD). Results implied that glucose, sorbitol, sucrose, and melibiose content were the most important sugars in separating the fruits of parental varieties and their progeny [2]. Results showed that old, parental varieties had a significantly higher content of glucose and sucrose, while new perspective genotypes had higher sorbitol and melibiose content (Fig.2). PCA analysis confirmed that parental (samples 1-12) and descendant genotypes (samples 13-24), could be discriminated according to sugars profile i.e. that these four sugars have an effect on their differentiation (Fig.1). This was in accordance with Mann-Whitney U test results (Fig.2). Fig.1. Principal Component Analysis - The difference between parental and descendant genotypes; score plot (A) – parental samples (PS) 1-12, descendant (DS) samples 13-24, and loading plot (B) – sugar components. Acknowledgments: This work has been supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Technological Development and Innovation of Republic of Serbia, Contract number: 451-03-47/2023-01/200168 and 451-03-47/2023-01/200288., as well as company “Zeleni hit d.o.o.” from Belgrade, Serbia and “BerryLab” breeding consortium from Italy.

The paper examined the influence of cover crops, with and without the application of biofertilizers (BF) on certain chemical properties of popcorn kernels (hybrid ZPSC 611k FAO 600). The experiment was carried out at the “Zemun Polje” Maize Institute during 2013/14-2015/16. years. The cover crops consisted of four types of plants: 2 legumes: V1-common vetch, Vicia sativa L. (fam. Fabaceae), V2- field pea, Pisum sativum L. (fam. Fabaceae), 2 non-leguminous species: V3-winter oats , Avena sativa L. (fam. Poaceae) and V4- fodder kale, Brassica oleracea (L.) convar. acephala (fam. Brassicaceae). The two variants with mixtures are: V5-common vetch + winter oats and V6- field pea + winter oats and two controls V7-control (straw) and V8-control (bare soil). Cover crops were sown in autumn, plowed in late April or May, after which half of the plot was treated with BF. Popcorn corn was sown in the middle of May at a density of 65,000 plants per ha. The highest protein content in the grain was measured in variant V4 (11.3%) with the application of BF and variant V1 without application of BF. A positive effect of BF was observed in variant V6. Observed individually, legumes had a high impact on higher protein content, while mixtures had a significant impact on protein accumulation, which increases the nutritional quality of the grain. The starch content varied and was higher in the varieties with legumes V1 (61%), which is explained by the positive response of corn to soil enrichment with N. The highest oil content was measured in the V2 variety (6.6%). The impact of BF application is most pronounced in V2, V3 and V7. Sustainable cultivation systems, in addition to the benefits of increasing soil cover and increasing crop yield, can significantly influence the increase in the nutritional quality of grain.

Interest in production of protected crops has grown significantly over the past decade. Different cultivation systems (conventional, integral, and organic) affect the biological activity, which is ultimately reflected in the high quality of the fruits of different vegetable crops. In accordance with the requirements for health-safe products without residues of harmful substances in fruits, there is an increasing need for the production of tomatoes in integral and organic production systems. One of the most important features of these vegetables is their high quality and health safety, high nutritional and biological value. Agricultural production systems and growing practices are critical factors in determining the nutritional quality of tomato fruits [1]. In tomato, the sugar content is one of the important factors and one of the most significant parameters from the aspect of food quality [1]. Therefore, the aim of this work is to monitor fluctuations in sugars content, as parameters that determine the nutritional value in tomato cultivars, induced by growing under integral and organic conditions. For this purpose, a set of sixteen samples of four types of tomatoes - beef, grapolo, mini and midi plum, and cherry - was analyzed. Each type of tomato included two varieties, grown in two agricultural systems - integral and organic. The sugars profile was obtained using High-Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAECPAD). The content of eleven sugar components was determined. Fructose and glucose were the major sugar compounds [2], while the sugar microcomponents were trehalose, arabinose, melibiose, sucrose, isomaltose, gentiobiose, raffinose, maltose, and panose. The results showed differences between samples produced in integral and organic growing systems, primarily in microsugar components. Higher content of trehalose and melibiose was found in samples obtained from organic production. Fig.1. Principal Component Analysis (A)

Predmet ove doktorske disertacije je ispitivanje hemijskog sastava krompira u cilju definisanja specifičnih fitohemijskih markera njegovog porekla (sorte) i sistema gajenja (konvencionalni, organski i integralni). Analiziran je statistički značajan broj uzoraka četiri sorte krompira iz tri godine proizvodnje. Određeni su fizičko-hemijski parametari i sadržaj vode. Optimizovan je postupak ekstrakcije polifenola. Spektrofotometrijski je određen ukupan sadržaj polifenola i antioksidativni kapacitet i određen je polifenolni profil primenom metoda tečne hromatografije UHPLC-LTQ OrbiTrap XL i UHPLC-DAD MS/MS. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, ekstrakcija 80% metanolom je odabrana kao najbolja metoda ekstrakcije, dok je polifenolni profil ukazao na razdvajanje uzoraka na osnovu sorte krompira, kao i na osnovu dužine vegetacije. Sadržaj vitamina C je određen HPLC metodom i proverena je mogućnost korišćenja ovog parametra kao potencijalnog fitohemijskog markera. Šećerni profil je dobijen primenom HPAEC- PAD, dok je sadržaj makro- i mikroelemenata određen primenom ICP-OES i ICP-QMS metoda. Rezultati ukazuju na to da skrob, kao i šećerne makro i mikrokomponente mogu da se koriste kao indikatori razlika između sistema gajenja, godina proizvodnje, botaničkog porekla i dužine vegetacije krtola. Rezultati elementalne analize ukazuju na to da Ca, Mg i K i mikroelementi Co, Cd i Cr, Mn, Pb i Ni mogu da se koriste kao potencijalni fitohemijski markeri porekla i načina proizvodnje, dok upotreba Fe, Zn, Na i Cu kao indikatora načina proizvodnje nije adekvatna. Ukupan sadržaj rastvorljivih proteina u uzorcima je određen spektrofotometrijski, dok je za definisanje proteinskog profila krtola primenjena SDS elektroforetska analiza. Rezultati ukazuju da se proteinski profil može koristiti za razlikovanje sorti krompira i uzoraka različite dužine vegetacije, ali ne i načina gajenja., Doktorska disertacija: A. Dramićanin ABSTRACT PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF TUBERS AS AN INDICATOR OF ORIGIN AND METHOD OF POTATO PRODUCTION The subject of this doctoral dissertation is the examination of the chemical composition of potatoes in order to define specific phytochemical markers of its origin (variety) and cultivation system (conventional, organic, and integral). A statistically significant number of samples of four potato varieties from three years of production was analyzed. Physico-chemical parameters and water content were determined. The polyphenol extraction process was optimized. The total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity were determined spectrophotometrically and the polyphenolic profile was determined using UHPLC-LTQ OrbiTrap XL and UHPLC-DAD MS/MS methods. Based on the obtained results, extraction with 80% methanol was selected as the best extraction method, while the polyphenolic profile indicated the separation of samples based on potato variety, as well as on ripening time. The content of vitamin C was determined by the HPLC method and the possibility of using this parameter as a potential phytochemical marker was tested. The sugar profile was obtained using HPAEC-PAD, while the content of macro- and microelements was determined using ICP-OES and ICP-QMS methods. The results indicate that starch, as well as sugar macro- and microcomponents can be used as indicators of differences between cultivation systems, year of production, botanical origin, tuber ripening time, and climatic conditions. The results of the elemental analysis indicate that Ca, Mg and K and trace elements Co, Cd, and Cr, Mn, Pb and Ni can be used as potential phytochemical markers of origin and type of production, while the use of Fe, Zn, Na, and Cu as indicators of the type of production is not adequate. The total content of soluble proteins in the samples was determined spectrophotometrically, while SDS electrophoresis was used to define the protein profile of tuber

Održivost u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji se u velikoj meri zasniva na povećanju biodiverziteta i smanjenju unosa agrohemikalija, posebno đubriva. Posebni sistemi gajenja (plodored, združeni i pokrovni usevi) u ispunjenju ovih ciljeva su nezamenljivi. U periodu od 2013/14-2015/16 na imanju Instituta za kukuruz Zemun Polje obavljena su ispitivanja uticaja pokrovnih useva na stanje i aktivnost zemljišta na kome će se gajiti glavni usevi kukuruz šećerac i kokičar. Nakon toga, ispitivano je kako pokrovni usevi svojom biomasom i drugim osobinama utiču na kontrolu korova, produktivnost, morfološke osobine biljaka i hemijska svojstva zrna glavnih useva. Uticaj zaorane biomase pokrovnih useva potpomognut je mikrobiološkim đubrivom Uniker, prvenstveno kroz poboljšanje razlaganja biomase. Kao pokrovni usevi gajene su četiri vrste biljaka i to dve leguminoze: V1-obična grahorica, Vicia sativa L. (fam. Fabaceae), V2-ozimi krmni grašak, Pisum sativum L. (fam. Fabaceae) i dve neleguminozne vrste: V3-ozimi ovas, Avena sativa L. (fam. Poaceae) i V4-ozimi krmni kelj, Brassica oleracea (L.) convar. acephala (fam. Brassicaceae). U ispitivanje su bile uključene i dve varijante sa smešama: V5- obična grahorica+ozimi ovas i V6-ozimi krmni grašak + ozimi ovas, kao i dve kontrolne varijante: V7-kontrola I (mrtvi organski malč–slama) i V8-kontrola II (golo zemljište). Setva pokrovnih useva obavljena je ručno u jesen, krajem oktobra ili u prvoj polovini novembra. Smeše obične grahorice i krmnog graška sa ovsem su sejane u odnosu 70 % : 30 % od količine semena u čistim usevima. Predusev na oglednoj parceli u svakoj godini bila je ozima pšenica. Đubrenje pokrovnih useva obavljano je u jesen zajedno sa osnovnom obradom zemljišta. Košenje i zaoravanje pokrovnih useva obavljano je u proleće, a neposredno posle zaoravanja, u zemljište se na polovinu elementarne parcele unosilo mikrobiološko đubrivo - BF (mobilizator hranljivih elemenata). Kao glavni usevi, gajeni su kukuruz šećerac (Zea mays L. sach, Sustainability in agricultural production is largely based on increasing biodiversity and reducing the intake of agrochemicals, especially fertilizers. Special cropping systems (crop rotation, inter- and cover crops) are irreplaceable in fulfilling these goals. In the period from 2013/14-2015/16 on the field of the Maize Research Institute in Zemun Polje, tests were performed on the impact of cover crops on the condition and activity of the soil on which the main crops of sweet maize and popcorn will be grown. After that, it was examined how cover crops with their biomass and other properties affect weed control, productivity, morphological properties of plants and chemical properties of grains of main crops. The influence of plowed biomass of cover crops is supported by the microbiological fertilizer Uniker, primarily through the improvement of biomass decomposition. Four species of plants were grown as cover crops, two winter legumes: V1-common vetch, Vicia sativa L. (fam. Fabaceae), V2-field pea, Pisum sativum L. (fam. Fabaceae) and two winter non-leguminous species: V3- oats, Avena sativa L. (fam. Poaceae) and V4- fodder kale, Brassica oleracea (L.) convar. acephala (fam. Brassicaceae). Two variants with mixtures were included in the investigations: V5-common vetch + oats and V6- field pea + oats, as well as two control variants: V7-control I (dead organic mulch-straw) and V8-control II (bare soil). Sowing of cover crops was done manually in autumn, at the end of October or in the first half of November. Mixtures of common vetch and field pea with oats were sown in a ratio of 70%: 30% of the amount of seeds in monocrops. The pre-sowing on the experimental plot in each year was winter wheat. Fertilization of cover crops was performed in autumn together with basic tillage. Mowing and plowing of cover crops was done in the spring, and immediately after plowing, a microbiological fertilizer - BF (nutrient mobilizer) was introduced into the soil on half of the elemen

Održivost u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji se u velikoj meri zasniva na povećanju biodiverziteta i smanjenju unosa agrohemikalija, posebno đubriva. Posebni sistemi gajenja (plodored, združeni i pokrovni usevi) u ispunjenju ovih ciljeva su nezamenljivi. U periodu od 2013/14-2015/16 na imanju Instituta za kukuruz Zemun Polje obavljena su ispitivanja uticaja pokrovnih useva na stanje i aktivnost zemljišta na kome će se gajiti glavni usevi kukuruz šećerac i kokičar. Nakon toga, ispitivano je kako pokrovni usevi svojom biomasom i drugim osobinama utiču na kontrolu korova, produktivnost, morfološke osobine biljaka i hemijska svojstva zrna glavnih useva. Uticaj zaorane biomase pokrovnih useva potpomognut je mikrobiološkim đubrivom Uniker, prvenstveno kroz poboljšanje razlaganja biomase.Kao pokrovni usevi gajene su četiri vrste biljaka i to dve leguminoze: V1-obična grahorica, Vicia sativa L. (fam. Fabaceae), V2-ozimi krmni grašak, Pisum sativum L. (fam. Fabaceae) i dve neleguminozne vrste: V3-ozimi ovas, Avena sativa L. (fam. Poaceae) i V4-ozimi krmni kelj, Brassica oleracea (L.) convar. acephala (fam. Brassicaceae). U ispitivanje su bile uključene i dve varijante sa smešama: V5- obična grahorica+ozimi ovas i V6-ozimi krmni grašak + ozimi ovas, kao i dve kontrolne varijante: V7-kontrola I (mrtvi organski malč–slama) i V8-kontrola II (golo zemljište). Setva pokrovnih useva obavljena je ručno u jesen, krajem oktobra ili u prvoj polovini novembra. Smeše obične grahorice i krmnog graška sa ovsem su sejane u odnosu 70 % : 30 % od količine semena u čistim usevima. Predusev na oglednoj parceli u svakoj godini bila je ozima pšenica. Đubrenje pokrovnih useva obavljano je u jesen zajedno sa osnovnom obradom zemljišta. Košenje i zaoravanje pokrovnih useva obavljano je u proleće, a neposredno posle zaoravanja, u zemljište se na polovinu elementarne parcele unosilo mikrobiološko đubrivo - BF (mobilizator hranljivih elemenata). Kao glavni usevi, gajeni su kukuruz šećerac (Zea mays L. sacha, Sustainability in agricultural production is largely based on increasing biodiversity and reducing the intake of agrochemicals, especially fertilizers. Special cropping systems (crop rotation, inter- and cover crops) are irreplaceable in fulfilling these goals. In the period from 2013/14-2015/16 on the field of the Maize Research Institute in Zemun Polje, tests were performed on the impact of cover crops on the condition and activity of the soil on which the main crops of sweet maize and popcorn will be grown. After that, it was examined how cover crops with their biomass and other properties affect weed control, productivity, morphological properties of plants and chemical properties of grains of main crops. The influence of plowed biomass of cover crops is supported by the microbiological fertilizer Uniker, primarily through the improvement of biomass decomposition.Four species of plants were grown as cover crops, two winter legumes: V1-common vetch, Vicia sativa L. (fam. Fabaceae), V2-field pea, Pisum sativum L. (fam. Fabaceae) and two winter non-leguminous species: V3- oats, Avena sativa L. (fam. Poaceae) and V4- fodder kale, Brassica oleracea (L.) convar. acephala (fam. Brassicaceae). Two variants with mixtures were included in the investigations: V5-common vetch + oats and V6- field pea + oats, as well as two control variants: V7-control I (dead organic mulch-straw) and V8-control II (bare soil). Sowing of cover crops was done manually in autumn, at the end of October or in the first half of November. Mixtures of common vetch and field pea with oats were sown in a ratio of 70%: 30% of the amount of seeds in monocrops. The pre-sowing on the experimental plot in each year was winter wheat. Fertilization of cover crops was performed in autumn together with basic tillage. Mowing and plowing of cover crops was done in the spring, and immediately after plowing, a microbiological fertilizer - BF (nutrient mobilizer) was introduced into the soil on half of the element

The identification of agricultural food production systems has gained importance in order to protect both human health and the environment. The importance of organic production system of agriculture which involves the application of natural processes and substances, and limits or completely eliminates the use of synthesized means is emphasized. Knowledge of the mineral composition in tomato samples can be used as a potent tool in the identification of chemical markers as potential indicators of the farming system. A set of tomato samples taken from two factorial randomized trials were comprehended eight different varieties, belonging to four tomato types: large—BEEF and CLUSTER, and mini and midi—CHERRY and PLUM tomatoes, cultivated under two different farming systems: integral (IPM) and organic (O) were characterized based on the composition of the minerals. A total of 44 elements were quantified. To establish criteria for the classification of the samples and confirm a unique set of parameters of variation among the types of production, sophisticated chemometric techniques were used. The results indicate that the accumulation of elements varies between 8 tomato varieties and 2 different growing systems. The contents of Al, Mn, As, Pb, and some of the rare-earth elements (REEs) are able to distinguish between production types. Examination of different hybrids, which belong to different types in two production systems: organic and integral within Zeleni hit (official Enza and Vitalis trial and breeding station), was done with the aim of reaching a methodology of diversification, ie complete traceability of organic production, and to contribute to distinguishing types of agricultural systems and enhancing the possibility of acquiring a valuable authenticity factor about the type of agricultural production system employed for the cultivation of tomatoes.

The effects of organic versus integral and conventional crop management on content and distribution of major and trace elements in different varieties of potato were investigated in a three year field trial. A set of 48 potato tubers of four varieties with different harvesting times, cultivated in three types of agricultural systems: conventional (C), integral (I), and organic (O) were characterized based on the composition of the elements of their bulk and peel. A total of 16 elements were quantified. In order to determine the source of variation among the types of production, parts of potato and varieties, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted. The results indicate that Ca, Mg, and K may be considered as important indicators of the type of production, genotypes of potato, and harvesting time. Additionally, the analyses show that ten microelements are able to distinguish between production types and genotypes of potato.

The effects of organic versus integral and conventional crop management on content and distribution of major and trace elements in different varieties of potato were investigated in a three year field trial. A set of 48 potato tubers of four varieties with different harvesting times, cultivated in three types of agricultural systems: conventional (C), integral (I), and organic (O) were characterized based on the composition of the elements of their bulk and peel. A total of 16 elements were quantified. In order to determine the source of variation among the types of production, parts of potato and varieties, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted. The results indicate that Ca, Mg, and K may be considered as important indicators of the type of production, genotypes of potato, and harvesting time. Additionally, the analyses show that ten microelements are able to distinguish between production types and genotypes of potato.

The study presents results of a three-year experiment of variability of different Dutch potato varieties in Serbia: Adora and Cleopatra (early), Innovator and Frisia (medium-early) and Desiree and Kondor (medium-late). The research was conducted during 2008, 2009 and 2010, in three different soil and climatic locations: Zemun (100 m a.s.l.), Srbobran (86 m a.s.l.) and Guca (370 m a.s.l.). The four-repplicate field trials were set up using standard methodology according to the random block desing. The analysis of variance suggest that number of tubers per plant, number of market tubers per plant and total tuber yield were significantly fluctuating depending on genotype (G), year (Y) and the location (L). In addition to individual influences of different factors, their interactions were also pronounced (G x Y, G x L, Y x L, G x Y x L). In the three-year period average, the highest total yield was recorded in Zemun (35.80 t ha. 1), followed by Guca (29.32 t ha.(-1)), while the lowest average yield recorded was in Srbobran (27.38 t ha.(-1)). The highest average yield of tubers in the three-year period was recorded in the Cleopatra variety, followed by Adora variety, while the lowest average yield was recorded in the variety Frisia. Obtained results show that the highest yields over observed locations were recorded in early varieties that formed medium number of tubers per plant (Cleopatra and Adora) and medium late varieties (Desiree and Kondor) that expressed good resistance to high air temperatures and stress caused by drought.

The evaluation of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) and maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping productivity, under different farming systems: conventional farming vs. conservation farming was carried out on the chernozem type of soil at Zemun Polje, Serbia. Results obtained by the bivariate analysis of variance showed significant differences between different proportions of components in intercropped maize and pumpkins. Regarding the land equivalent ratio (LER), two rows of pumpkins and two rows of maize (proportion 2/3:1/3) were the optimum spatial arrangement in conventional farming system, while proportion 1/3:2/3 was optimal in conservation farming system. The yield of pumpkins proportionally increased with the increase of the plant population, although the intraspecies competition of pumpkins was very pronounced in intercropping with maize. The average fruit yield of pumpkins in the first year was lower in conservation farming practices in comparison with conventional farming practices. On the other hand, situation was complete opposite with pumpkin yield in second year of investigation, while significant decrease in maize yield was observed in the plots where conservation farming practices were applied. Growing pumpkins in mixture with maize probably costs a small farmer very little more effort, than the production of a sole stand of maize. At least where the productivity of mixture is dominated by one species, as with maize in maize-pumpkins intercropping, the competitive effect of the recessive species on the dominant is small.

Modern vegetable production under protected cultivation have accomplished by multifunctional integration of several methods and techniques in order to get produce for fresh consumption with an added biological value. The usage of modern greenhouse covering films, shading nets and termoselective barriers, besides passive energy efficiency has afforded several benefits in more precise control of microclimate fluctuations. Photo-selective plastic films could change the character and spectral composition of solar radiation, which leads to less pests and disease infection and better crop performances, such us earliness, fruit size and uniformity and cumulative and total yield. By usage of beneficial microorganism, pheromone traps, predators and as well natural extracts it would be possibla to maintain biological balance for integrated protected cultivation of peppers, Savremena povrtarska proizvodnja u zaštićenom prostoru ostvaruje se multifunkcionalnim integrisanjem više metoda i tehnika u cilju dobijanja proizvoda za svežu potrošnju sa visokom biološkom vrednošću. Korišćenje modernih polietilenskih folija, mreža za zasenu i energetskih barijera omogućilo je, osim pasivne energetske efikasnosti i niz prednosti u vrlo preciznoj kontroli promena u mikroklimatu. Fotoselektivne folije menjaju karakter i spektralni sastav sunčevog zračenja, što utiče na umanjenje infekcija bolestima i redukciju štetočina, ali rezultuje i adekvatnom reakcijom useva u pogledu ranostasnosti, veličine plodova, njihovoj uniformnosti i kumulativnom i ukupnom prinosu. Korišćenjem korisnih mikroorganizama, feromonskih klopki, predatora, kao i prirodnih ekstrakata može se uspešno održati biološka ravnoteža u integralnom sistemu gajenja paprike u plastenicima.

Providing land cover from the aspect of protection of crops from weeds, diseases and pests and reduced use of pesticides, improvement of the structure and soil regime of the soil, as well as storing of moisture reserves in the soil are the main advantages of growing cover crops. In addition, it often happens that with such a method of growing we obtain more yields of crops compared to the conventional cultivation method. Experiments with cover crops were carried out at the Maize Research Institute in Zemun polje, on the chernozem soil type during 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 growing seasons. The experiment included four treatments with winter cover crops (common vetch-V1, oat V2, fodder kale-V3 and field pea-V7), mixtures of legume crops with oats-V4 and V6), another variant in which the land was covered with dead organic mulch (V5), and traditional variant, classical ploughing in the fall and keeping bare land uncovered during the winter (V8). The experiments were located in different plots in each year and winter wheat was the previous crop. In the autumn, before planting of cover crops, we have entered the entire amount of P and K in the forms of monopotassium phosphate plus additional quantity of nitrogen 50 kg/ha by ammonium nitrate, and on the two control variants, also all of P2O5 i K2O and 40 kg ha-1 N in the form AN. In the next spring (May) leguminous cover crops had received another 30 kg ha-1 N in the form of AN (remaining 40 kg ha-1 considered to be provided by nitrogen fixation), oats an fodder kale 70 kg ha-1 N, and control plots another 80 kg ha-1 N, also in the form of AN. Sowing of cover crops were done manually in the last of October or at the beginning of November. Mowing the above-ground biomass of winter cover crops were performed 7-10 days before planting of popcorn. The legume cover crops expressed greater efficiency in weed control in comparison to different cropping systems. The highest yields of popcorn were achieved in 2014, especially on

Adoption and improvement of different tillage systems toward agricultural sustainability has a great social, economical and environmental impact. The base of sustainability is a system productivity as ratio of output to input in a given system, measured in the same units, commonly as energy requirements. The objective of this study was to evaluate the aspect of energy requirements in the different soil tillage systems regarding total energy consumption under conventional tillage. The appropriate measuring at the field conditions, conducted during the period of investigation 1998-2010 on the soil type of slightly calcareous Chernozem. Maize crop was grown under typical Balkan two-crop rotation with winter wheat. Grain yield of maize and energy efficiency were fallowed on the different tillage systems: conventional tillage (CTS - summer tillage of stubble + deep autumn plowing + pre-sowing preparation); reduced tillage (RTS - heavy disc harrowing ); and no-tillage (NT - direct sowing into wheat stubble covered with all amounts of straw residues using no-till planter John Deer Max emerge 2 with the double disc openers). Results of examination have indicated high energy efficiency of No tillage Systems (NTS). Besides statistically lower yields being recorded comparing to a conventional tillage, good results with No-till system have actualizing necessity to continue research on new growing technology and to improve its implementation. ., Efikasno unapređenje različitih sistema obrade zemljišta u pravcu održive poljoprivredne proizvodnje, danas ima poseban socijalni, ekonomski i ekološki značaj. Osnova održivosti proizvodnje, jeste produktivnost sistema gajenja određene kulture izražena kao odnos uložene energije u procesu proizvodnje i dobijene energije oličene u prinosu glavnog proizvoda. Cilj ovog rada bio je da upoređenjem ispitivanih sistema obrade zemljišta sa energetskog i proizvodnog aspekta odgovori na pitanje održivosti proizvodnje kukuruza. Odgovarajuća merenja u poljskim uslovima, su obavljena u višegodišnjem periodu 1998-2010. godine, na zemljištu tipa karbonatni černozem. Kukuruz je gajen u balkanskom dvopoljnom plodoredu, naizmeničnim smenjivanjem sa ozimom pšenicom. Prinos suvog zrna i energetska efikasnost praćeni su na različitim sistemima obrade zemljišta: konvencionalna obrada (CTS-letnja obrada strništa + duboko jesenje oranje + predsetvena obrada zemljišta); redukovane obrade (RTS - obrada teškom tanjiračom), i direktne setve (NTS - usejavanjem u strnište pokriveno kompletnom masom žetvenih ostataka sejalicom za direktnu setvu, John Deer Max Emerge 2). Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na visoku energetsku efikasnost sistema direktne setve (NTS), što bez obzira na statistički niže prinose ostvarene u odnosu na klasičnu obradu zemljišta aktuelizuje potrebu nastavka razvojnih istraživanja na implementaciji novih tehnologija gajenja kukuruza. .

Using of different types of modern PE films has afforded several benefits in climate control inside of greenhouse: intensity and spectral characteristics of sunlight, air temperature and humidity, soil temperature and soil moisture. At the same time it is possible to achieve significant savings of resources, machines and labor cost, as well as efficient control of plant diseases, pests and weeds, thus in the field of integral pests management (IPM) of vegetables, flowers and herbs the most common use under protected space it have photo elective films. With the combination of insect proof nets, UV blocking or antivirus films have decrease application of pesticides for the suppression of pests and diseases. System of double polyethylene films have, regarding glass, several advantages especially during the summer, when it is much easier to keep the temperature regime, since overheated glass have emitted infra red waves between 7000 and 15000 nm increasing additionally temperature inside. Effects of application of particular PE films and methods of its combination in order to achieve better energy efficiency of the protected cultivation of peppers have been presented in this work. Energy consumption analysis of pepper production depending of polyethylene film types, mulch films types and thickness of agro textile, have shown that advanced crop models could achieved high energy efficiency, because of higher yields of bell peppers with exportable quality and value, even though higher inputs. Significant influence of consistency and color of mulch films on the character of diffused light and soil temperature regime, as well on the yield, quality and financial results in peppers production have been listed., Upotreba različitih tipova savremenih polietilenskih folija omogućila je niz prednosti u kontroli najvažnijih faktora klime u plastenicima: intenziteta i spektralnog sastava svetlosti, temperature i vlažnosti vazduha, temperature i sadržaja vlage u zemljištu. Istovremeno su moguće i znatne uštede resursa mašina i ljudskog rada, efikasna kontrola biljnih bolesti, korova i štetočina, tako da u oblasti integralnih sistema gajenja povrća, cveća i začinskog bilja (IPM) najznačajniju primenu u zaštićenom prostoru imaju foto selektivne folije. U kombinaciji sa insekt proof mrežama UV blocking, ili AV-antivirusne folije, smanjuju primenu insekticida u suzbijanju pojave štetočina i biljnih bolesti. Sistem dvostrukih PE folija ima, u odnosu na staklo, niz prednosti, koje su posebno izražene u letnjem periodu, kada je u savremenim objektima zaštićenog prostora mnogo lakše održavati temperaturni režim, jer pregrejano staklo emituje dugotalasno zračenje od 7000 do 15000 nm i dopunski povećava temperaturu unutrašnjeg prostora. U ovom radu prikazani su efekti primene pojedinih tipova PE folija i načina njihovih kombinovanja u postizanju veće energetske efikasnosti proizvodnje u zaštićenom prostoru. Energetska analiza proizvodnje paprike u zavisnosti od tipa PE folije, folija za nastiranje zemljišta i debljine agrotekstila, pokazala je da napredni crop modeli, zahvaljujući visokom prinosu kvalitetne babure izvozne tržišnosti, ostvaruju visoku energetsku efikasnost bez obzira na povećana energetska ulaganja. Ustanovljen je značajan uticaj sastava i boje folija za nastiranje zemljišta na karakter reflektovane svetlosti i na temperaturni režima zemljišta, kao i na prinos, kvalitet i finansijski rezultat u proizvodnji paprike.

Spice peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) var. Lemeska and Lakosnicka paprika were investigated to evaluate their polyphenolic and carbohydrate profiles and antioxidant activity. A total of forty-nine polyphenolics were identified using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to LTQ OrbiTrap mass analyzer. Twenty-five of them were quantified using available standards, while the other compounds were confirmed by exact mass search of their deprotonated molecule [M-H](-) and its MS4 fragmentation. Thirteen carbohydrates were quantified using high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). Radical scavenging activity (RSA) ranged from 17.32 to 48.34 mmol TE (Trolox equivalent)/kg DW (dry weight) and total phenolics content (TPC) was ranged between 7.03 and 14.92 g GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/kg DW. To our best knowledge, five polyphenolic compounds were for the first time tentatively identified in paprika: 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, luteolin 7-O-(2 ''-O-pentosyl-4 ''-O-hexosyl)hexoside, quercetin 3-O-(2 ''-O-hexosyl)rhamnoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-[6 ''-O-(5-hydroxyferuloyl)hexoside]-7-O-rhamnoside, and luteolin 7-O-[2 ''-O-(5'''-O-sinapoyl)pentosyl-6 ''-O-malonyl]hexoside.

Growing technology involves the use of complex cultural measures aimed at creating favourable conditions for plant growth and development, that is, for better exploitation of the genetic potential of cultivars. The effect of the cultivar and growing technology on potato yield components and stress resistance was studied in the period 2011–2013 at the experimental field of “Zeleni hit”, in the location of Zemun Polje. The experiment was set up as a three-factor field experiment by the method of split-plot designs with four replications. The effect of different soil thermal regimes induced by mulching with white, silver, red, black polyethylene foil and organic mulch (straw) on the morphological and productive characteristics of seven potato cultivars (Carrera, Bellarosa, Marabel, Laura, Desiree, Agria and Jelly), in conditions of the drip irrigation system, was studied. Two variants without mulching, with irrigation as well as with the natural water regime, were also included in the experiment. The effect of year, cultivar and different treatments of soil mulching on yield components and stress resistance was determined on the basis of the obtained results on the yield per unit area, number and height of aboveground primary shoots, number of tubers per plant, tuber weight, as well as based on the accumulation of the heat shock proteins (HSP). Global warming is greatly changing the environment jeopardizing the majority of plant and animal species. Heat stress is usually mentioned as a result of global warming. The response of plants to stress at the molecular level involves the expression of genes that cause the synthesis of the heat shock proteins, which increase the resistance of plants. In laboratory conditions, by using appropriate methods, the accumulation of the heat shock proteins in leaves of potato plants was tested. The markers HSP18, HSP21 and HSP101 representing the group of protective proteins and interacting with denatured proteins, preventing their ther, Tehnologija gajenja podrazumeva primenu složenih agrotehničkih mera u cilju stvaranja povoljnih uslova za rast i razvoj biljaka, odnosno za što bolje iskorišćavanje genetskog potencijala sorti. Uticaj sorte i tehnologije gajenja na komponente prinosa i otpornost krompira prema stresu proučavan je u periodu 2011 - 2013. godine na oglednom polju “Zeleni hit”, lokalitetu Zemun Polja. Eksperiment je postavljen kao trofaktorijalni poljski ogled, po metodi podeljenih parcela (split-plot), u četiri ponavljanja. Proučavan je uticaj različitih termičkih režima zemljišta indukovanih malčiranjem belom, srebrnom, crvenom, crnom polietilenskom folijom i organskim malčem (slamom) na morfološke i produktivne osobine sedam sorti krompira (Carrera, Bellarosa, Marabel, Laura, Desiree, Agria i Jelly), u uslovima navodnjavanja sistemom kap po kap. U ogled su bile uključene dve varijante bez malča, sa navodnjavanjem i sa prirodnim vodnim režimom. Uticaj godine, sorte i različitih tretmana nastiranja zemljišta na komponente prinosa i otpornost prema stresu, utvrđen je na osnovu dobijenih rezultata o prinosu po jedinici površine, broju i visini nadzemnih primarnih izdanaka, broju krtola po biljci, masi krtole, kao i na osnovu akumulacije proteina toplotnog stresa (eng. heat shock proteins - HSP). Globalno zagrevanje uveliko menja životnu sredinu ugrožavajući većinu biljnih i životinjskih vrsta. Toplotni stres (eng. heat stress - HS) se obično pominje kao posledica globalnog zagrevanja. Odgovor biljaka na stres, na molekularnom nivou, podrazumeva ekspresiju gena koji izazivaju sintezu proteina toplotnog stresa koji povećavaju otpornost biljaka. U laboratorijskim uslovima, primenom odgovarajućih metoda, ispitivana je akumulacija proteina stresa u listovima biljaka krompira. Kao potencijalni markeri korišćeni su HSP18, HSP21 i HSP101 koji predstavljaju grupu zaštitnih proteina i intereaguju sa denaturisanim proteinima, sprečavaju njihovu termalnu agregaciju kao jedan od osnovnih molekularnih

Tehnologija gajenja podrazumeva primenu složenih agrotehničkih mera u cilju stvaranja povoljnih uslova za rast i razvoj biljaka, odnosno za što bolje iskorišćavanje genetskog potencijala sorti. Uticaj sorte i tehnologije gajenja na komponente prinosa i otpornost krompira prema stresu proučavan je u periodu 2011 - 2013. godine na oglednom polju “Zeleni hit”, lokalitetu Zemun Polja. Eksperiment je postavljen kao trofaktorijalni poljski ogled, po metodi podeljenih parcela (split-plot), u četiri ponavljanja. Proučavan je uticaj različitih termičkih režima zemljišta indukovanih malčiranjem belom, srebrnom, crvenom, crnom polietilenskom folijom i organskim malčem (slamom) na morfološke i produktivne osobine sedam sorti krompira (Carrera, Bellarosa, Marabel, Laura, Desiree, Agria i Jelly), u uslovima navodnjavanja sistemom kap po kap. U ogled su bile uključene dve varijante bez malča, sa navodnjavanjem i sa prirodnim vodnim režimom. Uticaj godine, sorte i različitih tretmana nastiranja zemljišta na komponente prinosa i otpornost prema stresu, utvrđen je na osnovu dobijenih rezultata o prinosu po jedinici površine, broju i visini nadzemnih primarnih izdanaka, broju krtola po biljci, masi krtole, kao i na osnovu akumulacije proteina toplotnog stresa (eng. heat shock proteins - HSP). Globalno zagrevanje uveliko menja životnu sredinu ugrožavajući većinu biljnih i životinjskih vrsta. Toplotni stres (eng. heat stress - HS) se obično pominje kao posledica globalnog zagrevanja. Odgovor biljaka na stres, na molekularnom nivou, podrazumeva ekspresiju gena koji izazivaju sintezu proteina toplotnog stresa koji povećavaju otpornost biljaka. U laboratorijskim uslovima, primenom odgovarajućih metoda, ispitivana je akumulacija proteina stresa u listovima biljaka krompira. Kao potencijalni markeri korišćeni su HSP18, HSP21 i HSP101 koji predstavljaju grupu zaštitnih proteina i intereaguju sa denaturisanim proteinima, sprečavaju njihovu termalnu agregaciju kao jedan od osnovnih molekularnih, Growing technology involves the use of complex cultural measures aimed at creating favourable conditions for plant growth and development, that is, for better exploitation of the genetic potential of cultivars. The effect of the cultivar and growing technology on potato yield components and stress resistance was studied in the period 2011–2013 at the experimental field of “Zeleni hit”, in the location of Zemun Polje. The experiment was set up as a three-factor field experiment by the method of split-plot designs with four replications. The effect of different soil thermal regimes induced by mulching with white, silver, red, black polyethylene foil and organic mulch (straw) on the morphological and productive characteristics of seven potato cultivars (Carrera, Bellarosa, Marabel, Laura, Desiree, Agria and Jelly), in conditions of the drip irrigation system, was studied. Two variants without mulching, with irrigation as well as with the natural water regime, were also included in the experiment. The effect of year, cultivar and different treatments of soil mulching on yield components and stress resistance was determined on the basis of the obtained results on the yield per unit area, number and height of aboveground primary shoots, number of tubers per plant, tuber weight, as well as based on the accumulation of the heat shock proteins (HSP). Global warming is greatly changing the environment jeopardizing the majority of plant and animal species. Heat stress is usually mentioned as a result of global warming. The response of plants to stress at the molecular level involves the expression of genes that cause the synthesis of the heat shock proteins, which increase the resistance of plants. In laboratory conditions, by using appropriate methods, the accumulation of the heat shock proteins in leaves of potato plants was tested. The markers HSP18, HSP21 and HSP101 representing the group of protective proteins and interacting with denatured proteins, preventing their ther

Successful double cropping of soybean is not possible without irrigation, especially under reduced tillage systems. Common application of conservation faming systems and doublecropped soybean production are limited mostly by expensive herbicide treatments. Adoption of advanced growing techniques through narrow sowing and decreased interrow distance are crucial to improve crop competitiveness against weeds. The level of weediness and yield of double cropped soybean have been examined on the experimental field of the Maize Research Institute at Zemun Polje. During the investigation, two different soil tillage systems: conventional and conservation; two interrow distances: 76 cm and 38 cm; and two herbicide treatments were evaluated. The average weediness of doublecropped soybean, expressed as fresh biomass of weeds, was lower under conventional soil tillage than conservation tillage, especially on the variants with narrow row distance and herbicide application. Lower weediness in these specific treatments resulted in a signficant grain yield increase of doublecropped soybean., Za uspešno gajenje soje u postrnoj setvi od suštinskog je značaja primena navodnjavanja i sistema redukovane obrade zemljišta. Faktor koji ograničava širu primenu konzervacijskih sistema gajenja soje je utrošak veće količine herbicida. Kao rešenje nameće se mogućnost gajenja soje pri izmenjenom, tj. smanjenom međurednom razmaku, čime bi se povećala kompetitivna sposobnost useva u odnosu na korove. Ispitivan je nivo zakorovljenosti i rodnost soje na oglednom polju Instituta za kukuruz u Zemun Polju. Tokom istraživanja praćen je uticaj dva sistema obrade zemljišta: konvencionalni i konzervacijski sistem obrade, dva međuredna razmaka (76 i 38 cm) i primene dve kombinacije herbicida. Prosečna zakorovljenost postrnog useva soje, izražena kroz ukupnu svežu masu korova, bila je manja na površini sa konvencionalnom obradom zemljišta u odnosu na redukovanu, posebno na varijanti sa manjim međurednim razmakom i primenom herbicida. Smanjena zakorovljenost na ovim varijantama uticala je na ostvarenje značajno većeg prinosa zrna postrnog useva soje.

Plant production within a protected area presents the most intense way of agricultural production. Plant growing is intense year-round, with high yields and high quality products. The point of microclimate regulation in green house is to increase agriculture production within limited (protected) areas (spaces) with the least amount of production costs, by arranging a balanced ratio of many factors, first of all the climate, which influences the yields of the cultivated crops. Microclimate control in green houses presents an accountable, precise and complicated process, with respect to a number of factors that affect the climate within a protected space, which are interdependent, so the control could be successfully achieved only by applying the right technical systems and devices controlled by computers. The work shows new generations of control systems and devices with characteristics that are used to control microclimate of a green house., Biljna proizvodnja u zaštićenom prostoru predstavlja najintenzivniji oblik proizvodnje u poljoprivredi. Rast biljaka je intenzivan tokom cele godine, sa ostvarivanjem visokog prinosa i kvaliteta proizvoda . Svrha regulacije mikroklime u plastenicima je povećanje obima poljoprivredne proizvodnje na ograničenim (zaštićenim) površinama (prostorima) pri najmanjim proizvodnim troškovima, dovođenjem u skladan odnos mnogobrojnih faktora pre svega klime od kojih zavisi prinos gajenih kultura. Kontrola mikroklime u plastenicima predstavlja odgovoran, precizan i komplikovan proces, obzirom da ima više faktora koji utiču na klimu u zaštićenom prostoru, koji su uzajamno zavisni, pa se kontrola može uspešno postići jedino primenom odgovarajućih tehničkih sistema i uređaja kontrolisanih PC računarima. U radu su prikazane novije generacije kontrolnih sistema i uređaja sa karakteristikama koje se koriste u kontroli mikroklime plastenika.

During the growth of cucumbers on the experimental field "Zeleni hit d.o.o." Belgrade inside of high tunnel the different systems were tested: micro sprinkler Agridor-4190 and T-tape drip irrigation with different flows and emitter's distances. Experimental data have shown full uniformity of water flow on all micro sprinklers along the sub mains. Fallowing tests of drip tapes we could emphasize that model TSX 508-15-1000 has the best characteristics of water flow uniformity along the lateral runs, with the lower Cv values on both working pressures. On the other hand, this model has shown the biggest influence of increasing working pressure on the water flow per one meter of lateral., U toku gajenja useva krastavca na imanju "Zeleni hit d.o.o.", Beograd, u plasteniku tipa visoki tunel, korišćeni su: mikrorasprskivač tipa Agridor-4190 i T-tape trake za navodnjavanje kap po kap, različite veličine protoka i rastojanja između emitera. Eksperimentalno ispitivanje je pokazalo potpunu ujednačenost emisije vode na svim mikrorasprskivačima po dužini cevovoda. Ispitivanje traka za navodnjavanje pokazuje da model TSX 508-15-1000 ima najbolje karakteristike ujednačenosti emisije vode po dužini trake, sa najmanjim koeficijentima varijacije na obe vrednosti radnog pritiska. Istovremeno, kod ovog modela je najviše izražen uticaj promene radnog pritiska na veličinu emisije izraženu po metru dužine laterala.

The paper deals with the floristic composition of weed synuzia in double cropped soybean, depending on the applied growing practices determined by different tillage systems, row spacing, and herbicide application. Weed synuzia on slightly calcareous chernozem soil type in Zemun Polje have consisted of relatively small number of species, predominantly of the summer aspect: Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium hyhridum, Sorghum halepense, Convolvulus arvensis and only on the plots with wide interrow distance Datura stramonium. On the plots with No-tillage practice higher weediness have occurred comparing among examined variants under conventional tillage practice, both in presence of different weed species and its numbers, as well as weed biomass. Narrow-row soybean crop comparing to standard one with interrow distance of 76 cm was more competitive regarding weeds, fallowing decrease both in number and biomass. Combined application of herbicides that included pre-emergence treatment followed by post-emergence treatment considerably has affected total weediness reduction, showing high efficiency in control both of total weed abundance and biomass of weeds. An effective integrated weed management should include precise application of different cultural and chemical control tools and measures, especially under No-tillage practice which is very favorable regarding energy requirements and total inputs, helping us to create an innovative strategy for profitable production of soybean in double cropping system.