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Many Android applications collect data from users. The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requires vendors to faithfully disclose which data their apps collect. This task is complicated because many apps use third-party code for which the same information is not readily available. Hence we ask: how accurately do current Android apps fulfill these requirements? In this work, we first expose a multi-layered definition of privacy-related data to correctly report data collection in Android apps. We further create a dataset of privacy-sensitive data classes that may be used as input by an Android app. This dataset takes into account data collected both through the user interface and system APIs. We manually examine the data safety sections of 70 Android apps to observe how data collection is reported, identifying instances of over- and under-reporting. Additionally, we develop a prototype to statically extract and label privacy-related data collected via app source code, user interfaces, and permissions. Comparing the prototype's results with the data safety sections of 20 apps reveals reporting discrepancies. Using the results from two Messaging and Social Media apps (Signal and Instagram), we discuss how app developers under-report and over-report data collection, respectively, and identify inaccurately reported data categories. Our results show that app developers struggle to accurately report data collection, either due to Google's abstract definition of collected data or insufficient existing tool support., Comment: Accepted at the 7th International Workshop on Advances in Mobile App Analysis held in conjunction with ASE 2024

The solar wind is highly turbulent, and intermittency effects are observed for fluctuations within the inertial range. By analyzing magnetic field spectra and fourth-order moments, we perform a comparative study of intermittency in different types of solar wind measured during periods of solar minima and a maximum. Using eight fast solar wind intervals measured during solar minima between 0.3 au and 3.16 au, we found a clear signature of two inertial sub-ranges with $f^{-3/2}$ and $f^{-5/3}$ power laws in the magnetic power spectra. The intermittency, measured through the scaling law of the kurtosis of magnetic field fluctuations, further confirms the existence of two different power laws separated by a clear break. A systematic study on the evolution of the said sub-ranges as a function of heliospheric distance shows correlation of the break scale with both the turbulence outer scale and the typical ion scales. During solar maximum, we analyzed five intervals for each of Alfv\'enic fast, Alfv\'enic slow and non-Alfv\'enic slow solar wind. Unlike the case during the solar minima, the two sub-ranges are no longer prominent and the Alfv\'enic slow wind is found to be in an intermediate state of turbulence compared to that of the fast wind and the usual non-Alfv\'enic slow wind., Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, submitted to ApJ

This article investigates the wave equation for the Schr\"{o}dinger operator on $\mathbb{R}^{n}$, denoted as $\mathcal{H}_0:=-\Delta+V$, where $\Delta$ is the standard Laplacian and $V$ is a complex-valued multiplication operator. We prove that the operator $\mathcal{H}_0$, with $\operatorname{Re}(V)\geq 0$ and $\operatorname{Re}(V)(x)\to\infty$ as $|x|\to\infty$, has a purely discrete spectrum under certain conditions. In the spirit of Colombini, De Giorgi, and Spagnolo, we also prove that the Cauchy problem with regular coefficients is well-posed in the associated Sobolev spaces, and when the propagation speed is H\"{o}lder continuous (or more regular), it is well-posed in Gevrey spaces. Furthermore, we prove that it is very weakly well-posed when the coefficients possess a distributional singularity., Comment: 25 pages

Invariants are essential for ensuring the security and correctness of Solidity smart contracts, particularly in the context of blockchain's immutability and decentralized execution. This paper introduces InvSol, a novel framework for pre-deployment invariant generation tailored specifically for Solidity smart contracts. Unlike existing solutions, namely InvCon, InvCon+, and Trace2Inv, that rely on post-deployment transaction histories on Ethereum mainnet, InvSol identifies invariants before deployment and offers comprehensive coverage of Solidity language constructs, including loops. Additionally, InvSol incorporates custom templates to effectively prevent critical issues such as reentrancy, out-of-gas errors, and exceptions during invariant generation. We rigorously evaluate InvSol using a benchmark set of smart contracts and compare its performance with state-of-the-art solutions. Our findings reveal that InvSol significantly outperforms these tools, demonstrating its effectiveness in handling new contracts with limited transaction histories. Notably, InvSol achieves a 15% improvement in identifying common vulnerabilities compared to InvCon+ and is able to address certain crucial vulnerabilities using specific invariant templates, better than Trace2Inv.

Understanding electrical characteristics and corresponding transport models at single molecular junctions is crucial. There have been many reports on organic compounds-based single molecular junctions. However, organometallic compounds-based single molecular junctions have not been explored yet. Re(I) organometallic compounds are known to exhibit intriguing photophysical properties scrutinized for photocatalysis, and light-emitting diodes but have not been explored in molecular electronics. In this work, a theoretical model study on the I-V characteristics of two Re(I)-carbonyl complexes bearing Re-P and Re-N-N linkage has been meticulously chosen. Tunneling and hopping transport in Au/Re(I)-complex/Au single-molecule junctions are governed by Landauer-formalism and the Marcus theory, respectively. Interestingly, variations in molecular architecture culminate in notable variations in junction functionality and mechanism of charge conduction. Physical parameters influencing the device characteristics such as dipole moment, molecule-electrode coupling strength, voltage division factor, and temperature have been extensively studied which offers modulation of the characteristics and device design. The dominant hopping current in Re complex bearing bipyridine linkage was found to be responsible for the observed asymmetric electrical (I-V) behavior. Our work paves the way for constructing various organometallic compounds-based molecular junctions to understand electronic functions and the underlying transport mechanisms., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures

Magnetic inertia has emerged as a possible way to manipulate ferromagnetic spins at a higher frequency e.g., THz. Theoretical treatments so far have considered the magnetic inertia as a scalar quantity. Here, we explore the magnetic inertial dynamics with a magnetic inertia tensor as macroscopic derivations predicted it to be a tensor. First, the inertia tensor has been decomposed into three terms: (a) scalar and isotropic inertia, (b) anisotropic and symmetric inertia tensor, (c) chiral and antisymmetric tensor. Further, we employ linear response theory to the inertial Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation with the inertia tensor and calculate the effect of chiral and anisotropic inertia on ferromagnets, antiferromagnets, and ferrimagnets. It is established that the precession and nutation resonance frequencies decrease with scalar magnetic inertia. Our results suggest that the nutation resonance frequencies further reduce due to inertia tensor. However, the effective damping of the nutation resonance increases with the chiral and antisymmetric part of the inertia tensor. We show that the precession resonances remain unaffected, while the nutation resonances are modified with the chiral magnetic inertia., Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures

The incorporation of rare-earth elements in wurtzite nitride semiconductors, e.g., scandium alloyed aluminum nitride (ScAlN), promises dramatically enhanced piezoelectric responses, critical to a broad range of acoustic, electronic, photonic, and quantum devices and applications. Experimentally, however, the measured piezoelectric responses of nitride semiconductors are far below what theory has predicted. Here, we show that the use of a simple, scalable, post-growth thermal annealing process can dramatically boost the piezoelectric response of ScAlN thin films. We achieve a remarkable 3.5-fold increase in the piezoelectric modulus, d33 for 30% Sc content ScAlN, from 12.3 pC/N in the as-grown state to 45.5 pC/N, which is eight times larger than that of AlN. The enhancement in piezoelectricity has been unambiguously confirmed by three separate measurement techniques. Such a dramatic enhancement of d33 has been shown to impact the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient kt2 : increasing it from 13.8% to 76.2%, which matches the highest reported values in millimeter thick lithium niobate films but is achieved in a 100 nm ScAlN with a 10,000 fold reduction in thickness, thus promising extreme frequency scaling opportunities for bulk acoustic wave resonators for beyond 5G applications. By utilizing a range of material characterization techniques, we have elucidated the underlying mechanisms for the dramatically enhanced piezoelectric responses, including improved structural quality at the macroscopic scale, more homogeneous and ordered distribution of domain structures at the mesoscopic scale, and the reduction of lattice parameter ratio (c/a) for the wurtzite crystal structure at the atomic scale. Overall, the findings present a simple yet highly effective pathway that can be extended to other material families to further enhance their piezo responses.

Inline comments in the source code facilitate easy comprehension, reusability, and enhanced readability. However, code snippets in answers on Q&A sites like Stack Overflow (SO) often lack comments because answerers volunteer their time and often skip comments or explanations due to time constraints. Existing studies show that these online code examples are difficult to read and understand, making it difficult for developers (especially novices) to use them correctly and leading to misuse. Given these challenges, we introduced AUTOGENICS, a tool designed to integrate with SO to generate effective inline comments for code snippets in SO answers exploiting large language models (LLMs). Our contributions are threefold. First, we randomly select 400 answer code snippets from SO and generate inline comments for them using LLMs. We then manually evaluate these comments' effectiveness using four key metrics: accuracy, adequacy, conciseness, and usefulness. Overall, LLMs demonstrate promising effectiveness in generating inline comments for SO answer code snippets. Second, we surveyed 14 active SO users to perceive the effectiveness of these inline comments. The survey results are consistent with our previous manual evaluation. However, according to our evaluation, LLMs-generated comments are less effective for shorter code snippets and sometimes produce noisy comments. Third, to address the gaps, we introduced AUTOGENICS, which extracts additional context from question texts and generates context-aware inline comments. It also optimizes comments by removing noise (e.g., comments in import statements and variable declarations). We evaluate the effectiveness of AUTOGENICS-generated comments using the same four metrics that outperform those of standard LLMs. AUTOGENICS might (a) enhance code comprehension, (b) save time, and improve developers' ability to learn and reuse code more accurately., Comment: Accepted for presentation in the research track at the IEEE International Conference on Source Code Analysis & Manipulation (SCAM 2025)

In quantum networks multipath entanglement purification (MEP) between a pair of source-destination nodes can substantially strengthen their entanglement connection. An efficient MEP strategy can therefore increase the size of the network region where bipartite entanglement based quantum information processing tasks can be implemented. Here, we analyse MEP in a general model of a quantum network and obtain design criteria for efficient MEP strategies. Further, by simulating two different MEP strategies, based on these criteria, on different underlying network topologies we explore how the topology determines the effectiveness of a fixed MEP strategy. Finally, we show that a careful choice of MEP strategy can make the entanglement connection strength between source-destination network nodes effectively independent of its topology. Our results can therefore provide a useful guide for the design of quantum networks and entanglement distribution protocols.

Type-I solar noise storms are perhaps the most commonly observed active radio emissions from the Sun at meter-wavelengths. Noise storms have a long-lived and wideband continuum background with superposed islands of much brighter narrowband and short-lived emissions, known as type-I bursts. There is a serious paucity of studies focusing on the morphology of these two types of emissions, primarily because of the belief that coronal scattering will always wash out any features at small angular scales. However, it is important to { investigate} their spatial structures in detail to make a spatio-temporal connection with observations at extreme-ultraviolet/ X-ray bands to understand the detailed nature of these emissions. In this work, we use high angular resolution observations from the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope to demonstrate that it is possible to detect structures with angular scales as small as $\sim 9\arcsec$, about three times smaller than the smallest structure reported to date from noise storms. Our observations also suggest while the individual type-I bursts are narrowband in nature, the bursts are probably caused by traveling disturbance(s) inducing magnetic reconnections at different coronal heights, and thus leading to correlated change in the morphology of the type-I bursts observed at a wide range of frequencies., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

In this paper, we aim to investigate the properties of an almost $*$-Ricci-Bourguignon soliton (almost $*-$R-B-S for short) on a Kenmotsu manifold (K-M). We start by proving that if a Kenmotsu manifold (K-M) obeys an almost $*-$R-B-S, then the manifold is $\eta$-Einstein. Furthermore, we establish that if a $(\kappa, -2)'$-nullity distribution, where $\kappa<-1$, has an almost $*$-Ricci-Bourguignon soliton (almost $*-$R-B-S), then the manifold is Ricci flat. Moreover, we establish that if a K-M has almost $*$-Ricci-Bourguignon soliton gradient and the vector field $\xi$ preserves the scalar curvature $r$, then the manifold is an Einstein manifold with a constant scalar curvature given by $r=-n(2n-1)$. Finaly, we have given en example of a almost $*-$R-B-S gradient on the Kenmotsu manifold., Comment: 22 pages

Recent quantum algorithms pertaining to electronic structure theory primarily focus on threshold-based dynamic construction of ansatz by selectively including important many-body operators. These methods can be made systematically more accurate by tuning the threshold to include more number of operators into the ansatz. However, such improvements come at the cost of rapid proliferation of the circuit depth, especially for highly correlated molecular systems. In this work, we address this issue by the development of a novel theoretical framework that relies on the segregation of an ansatz into a dynamically selected core principal component, which is, by construction adiabatically decoupled from the remaining operators. This enables us to perform computations involving the principal component using extremely shallow-depth circuits whereas, the effect of the remaining auxiliary component is folded into the energy function via a cost-efficient non-iterative correction, ensuring the requisite accuracy. We propose a formalism that analytically predicts the auxiliary parameters from the principal ones, followed by a suite of non-iterative auxiliary subspace correction techniques with different levels of sophistication. The auxiliary subspace corrections incur no additional quantum resources, yet complement an inadequately expressive core of the ansatz to recover significant amount of electronic correlations. We have numerically validated the resource efficiency and accuracy of our formalism with a number of strongly correlated molecular systems., Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures

We have discussed in detail how neutrinos produced from inflaton solely through gravitational interaction can successfully reheat the universe. For this, we have introduced the well-known Type-I seesaw neutrino model. Depending on seesaw model parameters, two distinct reheating histories have been realized and dubbed as i) Neutrino dominating: Following the inflaton domination, the universe becomes neutrino dominated, and their subsequent decay concludes the reheating process, and ii) Neutrino heating: Despite being sub-dominant compared to inflaton energy, neutrinos efficiently heat the thermal bath and produce the radiation dominated universe. Imposing baryon asymmetric yield, the $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ constraint at Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) considering primordial gravitational waves (PGW), we have arrived at the following constraints on reheating equation of state to lie within $0.5\lesssim w_\phi\lesssim1.0$. In these neutrino-driven reheating backgrounds, we further performed a detailed analysis of both thermal and non-thermal production of dark matter (DM), invoking two minimal models, namely the Higgs portal DM and classical QCD pseudo scalar axion. An interesting correlation between seemingly uncorrelated DM and Type-I seesaw parameters has emerged when confronting various direct and indirect observations. When DMs are set to freeze-in, freeze-out, or oscillate during reheating, new parameter spaces open, which could be potentially detectable in future experiments, paving an indirect way to look into the early universe in the laboratory., Comment: 24 pages,13 figures, 3 tables

Dispersion by mobile agents is a well studied problem in the literature on computing by mobile robots. In this problem, $l$ robots placed arbitrarily on nodes of a network having $n$ nodes are asked to relocate themselves autonomously so that each node contains at most $\lfloor \frac{l}{n}\rfloor$ robots. When $l\le n$, then each node of the network contains at most one robot. Recently, in NETYS'23, Kaur et al. introduced a variant of dispersion called \emph{Distance-2-Dispersion}. In this problem, $l$ robots have to solve dispersion with an extra condition that no two adjacent nodes contain robots. In this work, we generalize the problem of Dispersion and Distance-2-Dispersion by introducing another variant called \emph{Distance-$k$-Dispersion (D-$k$-D)}. In this problem, the robots have to disperse on a network in such a way that shortest distance between any two pair of robots is at least $k$ and there exist at least one pair of robots for which the shortest distance is exactly $k$. Note that, when $k=1$ we have normal dispersion and when $k=2$ we have D-$2$-D. Here, we studied this variant for a dynamic ring (1-interval connected ring) for rooted initial configuration. We have proved the necessity of fully synchronous scheduler to solve this problem and provided an algorithm that solves D-$k$-D in $\Theta(n)$ rounds under a fully synchronous scheduler. So, the presented algorithm is time optimal too. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that considers this specific variant.

We consider the problem of learning a Constrained Markov Decision Process (CMDP) via general parameterization. Our proposed Primal-Dual based Regularized Accelerated Natural Policy Gradient (PDR-ANPG) algorithm uses entropy and quadratic regularizers to reach this goal. For a parameterized policy class with transferred compatibility approximation error, $\epsilon_{\mathrm{bias}}$, PDR-ANPG achieves a last-iterate $\epsilon$ optimality gap and $\epsilon$ constraint violation (up to some additive factor of $\epsilon_{\mathrm{bias}}$) with a sample complexity of $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(\epsilon^{-2}\min\{\epsilon^{-2},\epsilon_{\mathrm{bias}}^{-\frac{1}{3}}\})$. If the class is incomplete ($\epsilon_{\mathrm{bias}}>0$), then the sample complexity reduces to $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(\epsilon^{-2})$ for $\epsilon<(\epsilon_{\mathrm{bias}})^{\frac{1}{6}}$. Moreover, for complete policies with $\epsilon_{\mathrm{bias}}=0$, our algorithm achieves a last-iterate $\epsilon$ optimality gap and $\epsilon$ constraint violation with $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(\epsilon^{-4})$ sample complexity. It is a significant improvement of the state-of-the-art last-iterate guarantees of general parameterized CMDPs.

Antarctic ice shelves play a vital role in preserving the physical conditions of the Antarctic cryosphere and the Southern Ocean, and beyond. By serving as a buttressing force, ice shelves prevent sea-level rise by restraining the flow of continental ice and glaciers to the sea. Sea-level rise impacts the global environment in multiple ways, including flooding habitats, eroding coastlines, and contaminating soil and groundwater. It is therefore essential to monitor the stability of Antarctic ice shelves, for which a variety of complementary data sources is required. We have developed RIS-Vis, a novel data visualization platform to monitor Antarctic ice shelves. Although focused on the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS), RIS-Vis could be readily scaled to monitor other ice shelves around Antarctica, and elsewhere. Currently, RIS-Vis is capable of analyzing and visualizing seismic, geodetic, and weather data to provide meaningful information for Antarctic cryosphere research. RIS-Vis was built using Python libraries including Obspy, APScheduler, and the Plotly Dash framework, and uses SQLite as the backing database. Visualizations developed on RIS-Vis include filtered seismic waveforms, spectrograms, and power spectral densities, geodetic-based ice-shelf flow, and meteorological variables such as atmospheric temperature and pressure. The dashboard visualization platform abstracts away the time-intensive analysis process of raw data and allows scientists to better concentrate on RIS science.

We solve the nucleon's wave functions from the eigenstates of the light-front quantum chromodynamics Hamiltonian for the first time, using a fully relativistic and nonperturbative approach based on light-front quantization, without an explicit confining potential. These eigenstates are determined for the three-quark, three-quark-gluon, and three-quark-quark-antiquark Fock representations, making them suitable for low-resolution probes. From this, we calculate the nucleon's quark and gluon matter densities, helicity, and transversity distributions, which show qualitative consistency with experimental extractions. We also compute the contributions of quark and gluon helicity to the proton spin and the tensor charges. The obtained light-front wave functions represent a significant advancement towards a unified description of various hadron distribution functions in both longitudinal and transverse momentum space.

Metastable phases, in general, are unstable to nucleating droplets of the order defining the global free energy minima. However, whether such a droplet grows or shrinks relies on a competition between the surface tension and bulk energy density. We study the role of coupling a topological fermionic field to a scalar field undergoing such nucleation processes. We find that existence of non-trivial fermionic boundary modes on the nucleating droplets leads to substantial quantum corrections to the surface tension thereby modifying the size of the critical nucleus beyond which unrestricted droplet growth happens. To illustrate the phenomena we devise a minimal model of fermions in a Chern insulating system coupled to a classical Ising field in two spatial dimensions. Using a combination of analytic and numerical methods we conclusively show that topological phases can lead to characteristic quantum surface tension. Apart from material systems, our work has implications on the interplay of physics of statistical classical fields and quantum topological order., Comment: 6+2 pages, 4+2 Figures

Within the basis light-front quantization (BLFQ) framework, we evaluate the gluon chiral-odd generalized parton distributions (GPDs) inside the proton at zero skewness. We employ the light-front wave functions of the proton obtained from a light-front quantized Hamiltonian with quantum chromodynamics input using BLFQ. Our investigation encompasses both the valence Fock sector with three constituent quarks and an additional sector containing three quarks and a dynamical gluon. We analyze the gluon GPDs in the momentum space as well as in the transverse position space. We further present the gluon's generalized form factors derived from the Mellin moments of its chiral-odd GPDs. Using the proton transverse spin sum rule, we also present the $x$-dependence of the angular momentum carried by the polarized gluon and determine the relative contributions of quarks and the gluon to the transversity asymmetry., Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures

Synergy between evolutionary dynamics of cooperation and fluctuating state of shared resource being consumed by the cooperators is essential for averting the tragedy of the commons. Not only in humans, but also in the cognitively-limited organisms, this interplay between the resource and the cooperation is ubiquitously witnessed. The strategically interacting players engaged in such game-environment feedback scenarios naturally pick strategies based on their perception of the environmental state. Such perception invariably happens through some sensory information channels that the players are endowed with. The unfortunate reality is that any sensory channel must be noisy due to various factors; consequently, the perception of the environmental state becomes faulty rendering the players incapable of adopting the strategy that they otherwise would. Intriguingly, situation is not as bad as it sounds. Here we introduce the hitherto neglected information channel between players and the environment into the paradigm of stochastic evolutionary games with a view to bringing forward the counterintuitive possibility of emergence and sustenance of cooperation on account of the noise in the channel. Our primary study is in the simplest non-trivial setting of two-state stochastically fluctuating resource harnessed by a large unstructured population of cooperators and defectors adopting either memory-1 strategies or reactive strategies while engaged in repeated two-player interactions. The effect of noisy information channel in enhancing the cooperation in reactive-strategied population is unprecedented. We find that the propensity of cooperation in the population is inversely related to the mutual information (normalized by the channel capacity) of the corresponding information channel.

The spin Hall effect is a celebrated phenomenon in spintronics and magnetism that has found numerous applications in digital electronics (memory and logic), but very few in analog electronics. Practically, the only analog application in widespread use is the spin Hall nano-oscillator (SHNO) that delivers a high frequency alternating current or voltage to a load. Here, we report its analogue - a spin Hall nano-antenna (SHNA) that radiates a high frequency electromagnetic wave (alternating electric/magnetic fields) into the surrounding medium. It can also radiate an acoustic wave in an underlying substrate if the nanomagnets are made of a magnetostrictive material. That makes it a dual electromagnetic/acoustic antenna. The SHNA is made of an array of ledged magnetostrictive nanomagnets deposited on a substrate, with a heavy metal nanostrip underlying/overlying the ledges. An alternating charge current passed through the nanostrip generates an alternating spin-orbit torque in the nanomagnets via the spin Hall effect which makes their magnetizations oscillate in time with the frequency of the current, producing confined spin waves (magnons), which radiate electromagnetic waves (photons) in space with the same frequency as the ac current. Despite being much smaller than the radiated wavelength, the SHNA surprisingly does not act as a point source which would radiate isotropically. Instead, there is clear directionality (anisotropy) in the radiation pattern, which is frequency-dependent. This is due to the (frequency-dependent) intrinsic anisotropy in the confined spin wave patterns generated within the nanomagnets, which effectively endows the "point source" with internal anisotropy.

The Ricordi archive, a prestigious collection of significant musical manuscripts from renowned opera composers such as Donizetti, Verdi and Puccini, has been digitized. This process has allowed us to automatically extract samples that represent various musical elements depicted on the manuscripts, including notes, staves, clefs, erasures, and composer's annotations, among others. To distinguish between digitization noise and actual music elements, a subset of these images was meticulously grouped and labeled by multiple individuals into several classes. After assessing the consistency of the annotations, we trained multiple neural network-based classifiers to differentiate between the identified music elements. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of these classifiers, with the ultimate goal of using them for the automatic categorization of the remaining unannotated data set. The dataset, complemented by manual annotations, models, and source code used in these experiments are publicly accessible for replication purposes., Comment: Accepted at AudioMostly 2024

We investigate the singly virtual transition form factor (TFF) for the $\pi^0\to\gamma^*\gamma$ process in the space-like region using the hard-scattering formalism within the Basis Light-Front Quantization (BLFQ) framework. This form factor is expressed in terms of the perturbatively calculable hard-scattering amplitudes (HSAs) and the light-front wave functions (LFWFs) of the pion. We obtain the pion LFWFs by diagonalizing the light-front QCD Hamiltonian, which is determined for its constituent quark-antiquark and quark-antiquark-gluon Fock sectors with a three-dimensional confinement. We employ the HSAs up to next-to-leading order (NLO) in the quark-antiquark Fock sector and leading order (LO) in the quark-antiquark-gluon Fock sector. The NLO correction to the TFF in the quark-antiquark Fock sector is of the same order as the LO contribution to the TFF in the quark-antiquark-gluon Fock sector. We find that while the quark-antiquark-gluon Fock sector has minimal effect in the large momentum transfer ($Q^2$) region, it has a noteworthy impact in the low-$Q^2$ region. Our results show that, after accounting for both Fock sectors, the TFF within the BLFQ framework aligns well with existing experimental data, particularly in the low $Q^2$ region., Comment: The manuscript consists of 9 pages, 1 table, and 3 figures

We investigate the leading-twist gluonic distribution functions within the proton by formulating a light-front spectator model. The proton light-front wave functions (LFWFs) are adopted from the soft-wall AdS/QCD predictions, and the model parameters are determined using the gluon unpolarized parton distribution function from the NNPDF3.0nlo dataset. Furthermore, we demonstrated the model calculations for gluon transverse momentum distributions (TMDs) and generalized parton distributions (GPDs). We also predicted the gluon spin and orbital angular momentum (OAM) contributions to the total proton spin., Comment: Contribution to the 31st International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS2024), 8-12 April 2024, Grenoble, France

The accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar IGR~J17498-2921 went into X-ray outburst on April 13-15, 2023, for the first time since its discovery on August 11, 2011. Here, we report on the first follow-up \nustar{} observation of the source, performed on April 23, 2023, around ten days after the peak of the outburst. The \nustar{} spectrum of the persistent emission ($3-60$ \kev{} band) is well described by an absorbed blackbody with a temperature of $kT_{bb}=1.61\pm 0.04$\kev{}, most likely arising from the NS surface and a Comptonization component with power-law index $\Gamma=1.79\pm0.02$, arising from a hot corona at $kT_{e}=16\pm 2$ keV. The X-ray spectrum of the source shows robust reflection features which have not been observed before. We use a couple of self-consistent reflection models, {\tt relxill} and {\tt relxillCp}, to fit the reflection features. We find an upper limit to the inner disc radius of $ 6\: R_{ISCO}$ and $ 9\: R_{ISCO}$ from {\tt relxill} and {\tt relxillCp} model, respectively. The inclination of the system is estimated to be $\simeq 40\degr$ from both reflection models. Assuming magnetic truncation of the accretion disc, the upper limit of magnetic field strength at the pole of the NS is found to be $B\lesssim 1.8\times 10^{8}$ G. Furthermore, the \nustar{} observation revealed two type I X-ray bursts and the burst spectroscopy confirms the thermonuclear nature of the burst. The blackbody temperature reaches nearly $2.2$ keV at the peak of the burst., Comment: Submitted to MNRAS

In this paper, we address an open question posed in (Chen and Reissig, {\it J. Evol. Equ.} 23, 13, (2023)). Specifically, we show that the weak solution to the damped wave equation with power type nonlinearity $|u|^p,$ given initial data from the Sobolev spaces of negative order $\dot{H}^{-\gamma}(\mathbb{R}^n), \gamma \in (0, \frac{n}{2})$, will blow-up in the critical case $p = p_{\text{Crit}}(n, \gamma):=1+\frac{4}{n+2\gamma}$. We also investigated a similar question in the context of the damped wave equations associated with sub-Laplacian on the Heisenberg group $\mathbb{H}^n,$ filling the gap of (Dasgupta et. al, {\it J. Evol. Equ.} 24, 51, (2024)) by proving that the critical exponent $p = p_{\text{Crit}}(Q, \gamma)=1+\frac{4}{Q+2\gamma}$ belongs to the blow-up case, where $Q:=2n+2$ is the homogeneous dimension of $\mathbb{H}^n.$ Our proof hinges upon suitable test function methods. Finally, we end this paper by exploring the diffusion phenomenon of the damped wave equation on the Heisenberg group with initial data belonging additionally to Sobolev spaces of negative order., Comment: 23 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2401.06565

Understanding the complete light-spin interactions in magnetic systems is the key to manipulating the magnetization using optical means at ultrafast timescales. The selective addressing of spins by terahertz (THz) electromagnetic fields via Zeeman torque is, by far, one of the most successful ultrafast means of controlling magnetic excitations. Here we show that this traditional Zeeman torque on the spins is not sufficient, rather an additional relativistic field-derivative torque is essential to realize the observed magnetization dynamics. We accomplish this by exploring the ultrafast nonlinear magnetization dynamics of rare-earth, Bi-doped iron garnet when excited by two co-propagating THz pulses. By non-thermal optical pump-probe technique, we, first, find the collective exchange resonance mode between rare-earth and transition metal sublattices at 0.48 THz. We further explore the magnetization dynamics via a rather direct and efficient THz time-domain spectroscopic means. We find that the observed nonlinear trace of the magnetic response cannot be mapped to the magnetization precession induced by the Zeeman torque, while the Zeeman torque supplemented by an additional field-derivative torque follows the experimental evidences. This breakthrough not only enhances our comprehension of ultra-relativistic effects but also paves the way for the development of novel technologies harnessing light-induced control over magnetic systems., Comment: 5 figures

Given a set of co-located mobile robots in an unknown anonymous graph, the robots must relocate themselves in distinct graph nodes to solve the dispersion problem. In this paper, we consider the dispersion problem for silent robots \cite{gorain2024collaborative}, i.e., no direct, explicit communication between any two robots placed in the nodes of an oriented $n$ node ring network. The robots operate in synchronous rounds. The dispersion problem for silent mobile robots has been studied in arbitrary graphs where the robots start from a single source. In this paper, we focus on the dispersion problem for silent mobile robots where robots can start from multiple sources. The robots have unique labels from a range $[0,\;L]$ for some positive integer $L$. Any two co-located robots do not have the information about the label of the other robot. The robots have weak multiplicity detection capability, which means they can determine if it is alone on a node. The robots are assumed to be able to identify an increase or decrease in the number of robots present on a node in a particular round. However, the robots can not get the exact number of increase or decrease in the number of robots. We have proposed a deterministic distributed algorithm that solves the dispersion of $k$ robots in an oriented ring in $O(\log L+k)$ synchronous rounds with $O(\log L)$ bits of memory for each robot. A lower bound $\Omega(\log L+k)$ on time for the dispersion of $k$ robots on a ring network is presented to establish the optimality of the proposed algorithm.

We study the characteristics of quark matter under the influence of a background magnetic field with anomalous magnetic moment (AMM) of quarks at finite temperature and quark chemical potential in the framework of Polyakov loop extended Nambu Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model. In presence of a magnetic field, the speed of sound and isothermal compressibility become anisotropic with respect to the direction of the background magnetic field, splitting into parallel and perpendicular directions with respect to the magnetic field. Though the qualitative nature of parallel and perpendicular components of squared speed of sound appear similar, they differ in magnitude at lower values of temperature. The parallel and perpendicular components of isothermal compressibility decrease with increasing temperature, indicating a trend towards increased incompressible strongly interacting matter. On inclusion of the AMM of quarks, the perpendicular component of isothermal compressibility becomes greater than the parallel component. Additionally, we investigate the quark number susceptibility normalized by its value at zero magnetic field, which may indicate the presence of magnetic fields in the system.

For several decades the low carrier density local moment magnet EuB$_6$ has been considered a candidate material for ferromagnetic polarons. There is however no consistent explanation for the host of intriguing observations that have accrued over the years, including a prominently non-monotonic resistivity near $T_c$, and observation of spatial textures, with a characteristic spatial and energy scale, via scanning tunneling spectroscopy. We resolve all these features using a Heisenberg-Kondo lattice model for EuB$_6$, solved using exact diagonalisation based Langevin dynamics. Over a temperature window $\sim 0.7T_c - 1.5T_c$ we observe electronic and magnetic textures with the correct spatial and energy scale, and confirm an associated non-monotonic resistivity. We predict a distinctly `non Drude' optical conductivity in the polaronic phase, and propose a field-temperature phase diagram testable through spin resolved tunneling spectroscopy. We argue that the anomalous properties of EuB$_6$, and magnetic polaron materials in general, occur due to a non monotonic change in spatial character of `near Fermi level' eigenstates with temperature, and the appearance of a weak pseudogap near $T_c$., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

We present the AstroSat UV Deep Field South (AUDFs), an imaging survey using the wide-field Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope on board AstroSat. AUDFs covers $\sim 236$ arcmin$^{2}$ of the sky area, including the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) South field in F154W and N242W filters. The deep and shallow parts of AUDFs have exposure time $\sim 62000$ and $\sim31000$ sec respectively, in the F154W filter, while in the N242W filter, they are $\sim 64000$ and $\sim34000$ sec. These observations reached a $3\sigma$ depth of 27.2 and 27.7 AB mag with a $50\%$ completeness limit of 27 and 27.6 AB mag in the F154W and N242W filters, respectively. With the acquired depth, AUDFs is the deepest far and near-UV imaging data covering the largest area known to date at 1.2" - 1.6" spatial resolution. Two primary catalogs were constructed for the F154W and N242W filters, each containing 13495 and 19374 sources brighter than the 3$\sigma$ detection limit, respectively. Our galaxy counts power-law slope $\sim0.43$~dex~mag$^{-1}$ in the N242W filter matches well with HST/WFC3/UVIS observations. A wide range of extra-galactic science can be achieved with this unique data, such as providing a sample of galaxies emitting ionizing photons in the redshift range $z \sim 1 - 3$ and beyond; constraining the UV luminosity function, investigating the extended-UV (XUV) emission around star-forming galaxies and UV morphologies for $z < 1$. The UV catalog will enhance the legacy value of the existing optical/IR imaging and spectroscopic observations from ground and space-based telescopes on the GOODS South field., Comment: 26 pages, 19 figures, 7 tables, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, comments are welcome

The pursuit of extreme device miniaturization and the exploration of novel physical phenomena have spurred significant interest in crystallographic phase control and ferroelectric switching in reduced dimensions. Recently, wurtzite ferroelectrics have emerged as a new class of functional materials, offering intriguing piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties, CMOS compatibility, and seamless integration with mainstream semiconductor technology. However, the exploration of crystallographic phase and ferroelectric switching in reduced dimensions, especially in nanostructures, has remained a largely uncharted territory. In this study, we present the first comprehensive investigation into the crystallographic phase transition of ScAlN nanowires across the full Sc compositional range. While a gradual transition from wurtzite to cubic phase was observed with increasing Sc composition, we further demonstrated that a highly ordered wurtzite phase ScAlN could be confined at the ScAlN/GaN interface for Sc contents surpassing what is possible in conventional films, holding great potential to addressing the fundamental high coercive field of wurtzite ferroelectrics. In addition, we provide the first evidence of ferroelectric switching in ScAlN nanowires, a result that holds significant implications for future device miniaturization. Our demonstration of tunable ferroelectric ScAlN nanowires opens new possibilities for nanoscale, domain, alloy, strain, and quantum engineering of wurtzite ferroelectrics, representing a significant stride towards the development of next-generation, miniaturized devices based on wurtzite ferroelectrics.

The need for scalable and expressive models in machine learning is paramount, particularly in applications requiring both structural depth and flexibility. Traditional deep learning methods, such as multilayer perceptrons (MLP), offer depth but lack ability to integrate structural characteristics of deep learning architectures with non-parametric flexibility of kernel methods. To address this, deep kernel learning (DKL) was introduced, where inputs to a base kernel are transformed using a deep learning architecture. These kernels can replace standard kernels, allowing both expressive power and scalability. The advent of Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KAN) has generated considerable attention and discussion among researchers in scientific domain. In this paper, we introduce a scalable deep kernel using KAN (DKL-KAN) as an effective alternative to DKL using MLP (DKL-MLP). Our approach involves simultaneously optimizing these kernel attributes using marginal likelihood within a Gaussian process framework. We analyze two variants of DKL-KAN for a fair comparison with DKL-MLP: one with same number of neurons and layers as DKL-MLP, and another with approximately same number of trainable parameters. To handle large datasets, we use kernel interpolation for scalable structured Gaussian processes (KISS-GP) for low-dimensional inputs and KISS-GP with product kernels for high-dimensional inputs. The efficacy of DKL-KAN is evaluated in terms of computational training time and test prediction accuracy across a wide range of applications. Additionally, the effectiveness of DKL-KAN is also examined in modeling discontinuities and accurately estimating prediction uncertainty. The results indicate that DKL-KAN outperforms DKL-MLP on datasets with a low number of observations. Conversely, DKL-MLP exhibits better scalability and higher test prediction accuracy on datasets with large number of observations.

The formations of the $K(\bar{K})$, $D(\bar{D})$, and $B(\bar{B})$ meson-nucleus bound states in $^{16}O$, $^{40}Ca$, $^{90}Zr$, $^{197}Au$, and $^{208}Pb$ nucleus are investigated using the quark meson coupling model. The model relies on a mean field description of non-overlapping nucleon bags bound by the self-consistent interactions of scalar ($\sigma$, $\delta$) and vector ($\omega$, $\rho$) mesons with the (anti)quarks inside the bags, which is further extended to explore the properties of nuclei. We estimate the meson-nucleus bound state energies by solving the Klein-Gordon equations with the real potentials calculated self-consistently within the model, using a coordinate space approach. The calculations are carried out for different nuclear interactions. The effects of Coulomb interaction are considered in the present study for the charged mesons. Our study indicates the formation of rather deeply bound $B$-mesic states at the very central region of the nuclei, compared to the $D$ and $K$ mesons, offering a more promising probe to explore subtle nuclear medium effects. The investigations of such bound states are of particular interest for the upcoming $\rm{\bar{P}ANDA}$ at FAIR, J-PARC-E29 and JLab experiments., Comment: 29 pages, 5 tables, 6 figures

For computer systems to effectively interact with humans using spoken language, they need to understand how the words being generated affect the users' moment-by-moment attention. Our study focuses on the incremental prediction of attention as a person is seeing an image and hearing a referring expression defining the object in the scene that should be fixated by gaze. To predict the gaze scanpaths in this incremental object referral task, we developed the Attention in Referral Transformer model or ART, which predicts the human fixations spurred by each word in a referring expression. ART uses a multimodal transformer encoder to jointly learn gaze behavior and its underlying grounding tasks, and an autoregressive transformer decoder to predict, for each word, a variable number of fixations based on fixation history. To train ART, we created RefCOCO-Gaze, a large-scale dataset of 19,738 human gaze scanpaths, corresponding to 2,094 unique image-expression pairs, from 220 participants performing our referral task. In our quantitative and qualitative analyses, ART not only outperforms existing methods in scanpath prediction, but also appears to capture several human attention patterns, such as waiting, scanning, and verification., Comment: Accepted for ECCV 2024

In this research article, we have primarily focused on the circumstantial investigation of deferred statistical convergence of sequences and investigated some fundamental results compatible with the structure of a probabilistic normed space. Additionally, the idea of deferred statistical Cauchy sequences has been discussed with reference to the structure of a probabilistic normed space., Comment: 12 pages

We report an ultrahigh pyroelectric response in van der Waals bonded layers of two-dimensional (2D) tellurium (Te) nanosheets (thickness, d = 4 to 5 nm) at periodic on-off temperature oscillations. For the first time a large pyroelectric coefficient, Pc ~ 3 mC.m-2.K-1, is observed which is eightfold higher than the traditional state-of-the-art pyroelectrics (lead zirconate titanate, PZT). The first-principles calculations point out that the breakdown of centro-symmetry in the 1-3 Te-layers (P-3m1 space group) of a non-centrosymmetry (higher-order symmetry of C2 space group) on an angular twist in the Te-Te bonds of an exotic electronic state in 2D Te. The angular Te-Te twisting elicits a surface-enhanced Raman band at 101 cm-1 (absent in bulk Te). The stimulation of the Born effective charge, in-plane piezoelectricity and thermal expansion coefficient are shown to tailor the large pyroelectricity. Thus, 2D Te nanosheets present a new paradigm for the wide application of pyroelectric materials for developing thermal energy-based flexible electronics., Comment: Research Article

We present a measurement of $|V_{ub}|$ from a simultaneous study of the charmless semileptonic decays $B^0\to\pi^- \ell^+ \nu_{\ell}$ and $B^+\to\rho^0 \ell^+\nu_{\ell}$, where $\ell = e, \mu$. This measurement uses a data sample of 387 million $B\overline{B}$ meson pairs recorded by the Belle~II detector at the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider between 2019 and 2022. The two decays are reconstructed without identifying the partner $B$ mesons. We simultaneously measure the differential branching fractions of $B^0\to\pi^- \ell^+ \nu_{\ell}$ and $B^+\to\rho^0 \ell^+\nu_{\ell}$ decays as functions of $q^2$ (momentum transfer squared). From these, we obtain total branching fractions $B(B^0\to\pi^- \ell^+ \nu_{\ell}) = (1.516 \pm 0.042 (\mathrm{stat}) \pm 0.059 (\mathrm{syst})) \times 10^{-4}$ and $B(B^+\to\rho^0 \ell^+\nu_{\ell}) = (1.625 \pm 0.079 (\mathrm{stat}) \pm 0.180 (\mathrm{syst})) \times 10^{-4}$. By fitting the measured $B^0\to\pi^- \ell^+ \nu_{\ell}$ partial branching fractions as functions of $q^2$, together with constraints on the non-perturbative hadronic contribution from lattice QCD calculations, we obtain $|V_{ub}|$ = $(3.93 \pm 0.09 \pm 0.13 \pm 0.19) \times 10^{-3}$. Here, the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, and the third is theoretical.

Since its invention by Arthur Ashkin and colleagues at Bell Labs in the 1970s, optical micromanipulation, also known as optical tweezers or laser tweezers, has evolved remarkably to become one of the most convenient and versatile tools for studying soft materials, including biological systems. Arthur Ashkin received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018 for enabling these extraordinary scientific advancements. Essentially, a focused laser beam is used to apply and measure minuscule forces from a few piconewtons to femtonewtons by utilizing light-matter interaction at mesoscopic length scales. Combined with advanced microscopy and position-sensing techniques, optical micromanipulations enable us to investigate diverse aspects of functional soft materials. These include studying mechanical responses through force-elongation measurements, examining the structural properties of complex fluids employing microrheology, analyzing chemical compositions using spectroscopy, and sorting cells through single-cell analysis. Furthermore, it is utilized in various soft-matter-based devices, such as laser scissors and optical motors in microfluidic channels. This chapter presents an overview of optical micromanipulation techniques by describing fundamental theories and explaining the design considerations of conventional single-trap and dual-trap setups as well as recent improvisations. We further discuss their capabilities and applications in probing exotic soft-matter systems and in developing widely utilized devices and technologies based on functional soft materials., Comment: 73 pages, 13 figures

Taken together, time-reversal and spatial inversion symmetries impose a two-fold spin degeneracy of the electronic states in crystals. In centrosymmetric materials, this degeneracy can be lifted by introducing magnetism, either via an externally applied field or through internal magnetization. However, a correlated alignment of spins, even in the paramagnetic phase, can lift the spin degeneracy of electronic states. Here, we report an in-depth study of the electronic band structure of the Eu-ternary pnictide EuZn2Sb2 through a combination of high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements and first principles calculations. An analysis of the photoemission lineshapes over a range of incident photon energies and sample temperatures is shown to reveal the presence of band spin degeneracy-lifting in the paramagnetic phase. Our ARPES results are in good agreement with theoretical ferromagnetic-phase calculations, which indicates the importance of ferromagnetic fluctuations in the system. Through our calculations, we predict that spin-polarized bands in EuZn2Sb2 generate a single pair of Weyl nodes. Our observation of band-splitting in EuZn2Sb2 provides a key step toward realizing time-reversal symmetry breaking physics in the absence of long-range magnetic order., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures

Quantum criticality has been demonstrated as a useful quantum resource for parameter estimation. This includes second-order, topological and localization transitions. In all these works reported so far, gap-to-gapless transition at criticality has been identified as the ultimate resource for achieving the quantum enhanced sensing, although there are several important concepts associated with criticality, such as long-range correlation, symmetry breaking. In this work, we analytically demonstrate that symmetry-breaking can drive a quantum enhanced sensing in single- or multiparameter estimation. We show this in the well-known Kitaev model, a lattice version of the 1D p-wave superconductor, which consists of a pairing term and an onsite potential term. The model is characterized by two critical lines and a multi-critical point at the intersection of these two lines. We show that Heisenberg scaling can be obtained in precision measurement of the superconducting coupling by preparing the system at or near the multicritical point despite the fact that parameter variation follows the critical lines, i.e., without an explicit requirement of gap-to-gapless transition. Quantum enhancement in such situations solely occurs due to a global U(1) symmetry-breaking by the pairing term. Extending our analysis in the realm of multiparameter estimation we show that it is possible to obtain super-Heisenberg scaling by combining the effects of symmetry-breaking and gapless-to-gapped transition., Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures

Neuromorphic computing has emphasized the need for memristors with non-volatile, multiple conductance levels. This paper demonstrates the potential of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN)/graphene heterostructures to act as memristors with multiple resistance states that can be optically tuned using visible light. The number of resistance levels in graphene can be controlled by modulating doping levels, achieved by varying the electric field strength or adjusting the duration of optical illumination. Our measurements show that this photodoping of graphene results from the optical excitation of charge carriers from the nitrogen-vacancy levels of hBN to its conduction band, with these carriers then being transferred to graphene by the gate-induced electric field. We develop a quantitative model to describe our observations. Additionally, utilizing our device architecture, we propose a memristive crossbar array for vector-matrix multiplications., Comment: 22 pages, Comments welcome

The geodetic and astrometric VLBI community is in the process of upgrading its existing infrastructure with VGOS. The primary objective of VGOS is to substantially boost the number of scans per hour for enhanced parameter estimation. However, the current observing strategy results in fewer scans than anticipated. During 2022, six 24-hour VGOS R&D sessions were conducted to demonstrate a proof-of-concept aimed at addressing this shortcoming. The new observation strategy centers around a signal-to-noise (SNR)-based scheduling approach combined with eliminating existing overhead times in existing VGOS sessions. Two SNR-based scheduling approaches were tested during these sessions: one utilizing inter-/extrapolation of existing S/X source flux density models and another based on a newly derived source flux density catalog at VGOS frequencies. Both approaches proved effective, leading to a 2.3-fold increase in the number of scheduled scans per station and a 2.6-fold increase in the number of observations per station, while maintaining a high observation success rate of approximately 90-95%. Consequently, both strategies succeeded in the main objective of these sessions by successfully increasing the number of scans per hour. The strategies described in this work can be easily applied to operational VGOS observations. Besides outlining and discussing the observation strategy, we further provide insight into the resulting signal-to-noise ratios, and discuss the impact on the precision of the estimated geodetic parameters. Monte Carlo simulations predicted a roughly 50% increase in geodetic precision compared to operational VGOS sessions. The analysis confirmed that the formal errors in estimated station coordinates were reduced by 40-50%. Additionally, Earth orientation parameters showed significant improvement, with a 40-50% reduction in formal errors.

Controlling excitons and their transport in two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) heterostructures is central to advancing photonics and electronics on-chip integration. We investigate the controlled generation and manipulation of excitons and their complexes in monolayer (1L) MoSe2-WSe2 lateral heterostructure (LHS), directly grown via water-assisted chemical vapor deposition. Using a field-effect transistor design by incorporating a few-layer graphene back gate, single-layer graphene edge contact and encapsulation with few-layer hexagonal boron nitride, we achieve precise electrical tuning of exciton complexes and their transfer across 1D interfaces. At cryogenic temperatures (4 K), photoluminescence and photocurrent maps reveal the synergistic effect of local electric field and interface phenomena in the modulation of excitons, trions, and free carriers. We observe spatial variations in exciton and trion densities driven by exciton-trion conversion under electrical manipulation. The first-principle density functional theory calculation reveals significant band modification at the lateral interfaces and graphene-TMDs contact region. Furthermore, we demonstrate the versatility of 2D TMDS LHS in hosting and manipulating quantum emitters, achieving precise control over narrow-band emissions through modulating carrier injection and electrical biasing. This work extends the boundary of the present understanding of excitonic behaviour within lateral heterojunctions, highlighting the potential for controlled exciton manipulation across 1D interfaces and paving the way for next-generation electro-optical quantum devices., Comment: 5 Figs

Large language models (LLMs) encode vast amounts of world knowledge acquired via training on large web-scale datasets crawled from the internet. However, these datasets typically exhibit a geographical bias towards English-speaking Western countries. This results in LLMs producing biased or hallucinated responses to queries that require answers localized to other geographical regions. In this work, we introduce a new benchmark named LoFTI (Localization and Factuality Transfer to Indian Locales) that can be used to evaluate an LLM's localization and factual text transfer capabilities. LoFTI consists of factual statements about entities in source and target locations; the source locations are spread across the globe and the target locations are all within India with varying degrees of hyperlocality (country, states, cities). The entities span a wide variety of categories. We use LoFTI to evaluate Mixtral, GPT-4 and two other Mixtral-based approaches well-suited to the task of localized factual transfer. We demonstrate that LoFTI is a high-quality evaluation benchmark and all the models, including GPT-4, produce skewed results across varying levels of hyperlocality., Comment: 21 pages

We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received in low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum--likelihood NITRATES pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15-350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10$^{-3}$ Hz, we compute the GW--BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers., Comment: 50 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables

Software developers often submit questions to technical Q&A sites like Stack Overflow (SO) to resolve code-level problems. In practice, they include example code snippets with questions to explain the programming issues. Existing research suggests that users attempt to reproduce the reported issues using given code snippets when answering questions. Unfortunately, such code snippets could not always reproduce the issues due to several unmet challenges that prevent questions from receiving appropriate and prompt solutions. One previous study investigated reproducibility challenges and produced a catalog. However, how the practitioners perceive this challenge catalog is unknown. Practitioners' perspectives are inevitable in validating these challenges and estimating their severity. This study first surveyed 53 practitioners to understand their perspectives on reproducibility challenges. We attempt to (a) see whether they agree with these challenges, (b) determine the impact of each challenge on answering questions, and (c) identify the need for tools to promote reproducibility. Survey results show that - (a) about 90% of the participants agree with the challenges, (b) "missing an important part of code" most severely hurt reproducibility, and (c) participants strongly recommend introducing automated tool support to promote reproducibility. Second, we extract \emph{nine} code-based features (e.g., LOC, compilability) and build five Machine Learning (ML) models to predict issue reproducibility. Early detection might help users improve code snippets and their reproducibility. Our models achieve 84.5% precision, 83.0% recall, 82.8% F1-score, and 82.8% overall accuracy, which are highly promising. Third, we systematically interpret the ML model and explain how code snippets with reproducible issues differ from those with irreproducible issues., Comment: Accepted in Journal of Systems and Software. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2112.10056

We report measurements of time-dependent $CP$ asymmetries in $B^0 \to K^0_S \pi^0 \gamma$ decays based on a data sample of $(388\pm6)\times10^6$ $B\bar{B}$ events collected at the $\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance with the Belle II detector. The Belle II experiment operates at the SuperKEKB asymmetric-energy $e^+e^-$ collider. We measure decay-time distributions to determine $CP$-violating parameters $S$ and $C$. We determine these parameters for two ranges of $K^0_S \pi^0$ invariant mass: $m(K^0_S \pi^0)\in (0.8, 1.0)$ $GeV/c^2$, which is dominated by $B^0 \to K^{*0} (\to K^0_S \pi^0) \gamma$ decays, and a complementary region $m(K^0_S \pi^0)\in (0.6, 0.8)\cup(1.0, 1.8)$ $GeV/c^2$. Our results have improved precision as compared to previous measurements and are consistent with theory predictions., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures

We present measurements of $B^{+}\rightarrow\rho^{+}\gamma$ and $B^{0}\rightarrow\rho^{0}\gamma$ decays using a combined data sample of $772 \times 10^6$ $B\overline{B}$ pairs collected by the Belle experiment and $387\times 10^6$ $B\overline{B}$ pairs collected by the Belle II experiment in $e^{+}e^{-}$ collisions at the $\Upsilon (4S)$ resonance. After an optimized selection, a simultaneous fit to the Belle and Belle II data sets yields $114\pm 12$ $B^{+}\rightarrow\rho^{+}\gamma$ and $99\pm 12$ $B^{0}\rightarrow\rho^{0}\gamma$ decays. The measured branching fractions are $(13.1^{+2.0 +1.3}_{-1.9 -1.2})\times 10^{-7}$ and $(7.5\pm 1.3^{+1.0}_{-0.8})\times 10^{-7}$ for $B^{+}\rightarrow\rho^{+}\gamma$ and $B^{0}\rightarrow\rho^{0}\gamma$ decays, respectively, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. We also measure the isospin asymmetry $A_{\rm I}(B\rightarrow\rho\gamma)=(10.9^{+11.2 +7.8}_{-11.7 -7.3})\%$ and the direct CP asymmetry $A_{CP}(B^{+}\rightarrow\rho^{+}\gamma)=(-8.2\pm 15.2^{+1.6}_{-1.2})\%$., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures