Search

Transcriptional control is a highly dynamic process that changes rapidly in response to various cellular and extracellular cues, making it difficult to define the mechanism of transcription factor function using slow genetic methods. We used a chemical-genetic approach to rapidly degrade a canonical transcriptional activator, PAX3-FOXO1, to define the mechanism by which it regulates gene expression programs. By coupling rapid protein degradation with the analysis of nascent transcription over short time courses and integrating CUTRUN, ATAC-seq, and eRNA analysis with deep proteomic analysis, we defined PAX3-FOXO1 function at a small network of direct transcriptional targets. PAX3-FOXO1 degradation impaired RNA polymerase pause release and transcription elongation at most regulated gene targets. Moreover, the activity of PAX3-FOXO1 at enhancers controlling this core network was surprisingly selective, affecting single elements in super-enhancers. This combinatorial analysis indicated that PAX3-FOXO1 was continuously required to maintain chromatin accessibility and enhancer architecture at regulated enhancers.

Transcriptional control is a highly dynamic process that changes rapidly in response to various cellular and extracellular cues1. Thus, it is difficult to achieve a mechanistic understanding of transcription factor function using traditional genetic deletion or RNAi methods, because these slow approaches make it challenging to distinguish direct from indirect transcriptional effects. Here, we used a chemical-genetic approach to rapidly degrade a canonical transcriptional activator, PAX3-FOXO12-6 to define how the t(2;13)(q35;q14) disrupts normal gene expression programs to trigger cancer. By coupling rapid protein degradation with the analysis of nascent transcription over short time courses, we identified a core transcriptional network that rapidly collapsed upon PAX3-FOXO1 degradation. Moreover, loss of PAX3-FOXO1 impaired RNA polymerase pause release and transcription elongation at regulated gene targets. The activity of PAX3-FOXO1 at enhancers controlling this core network was surprisingly selective and often only a single element within a complex super-enhancer was affected. In addition, fusion of the endogenous PAX3-FOXO1 with APEX2 identified proteins in close proximity with PAX3-FOXO1, including ARID1A and MYOD1. We found that continued expression of PAX3-FOXO1 was required to maintain chromatin accessibility and allow neighboring DNA binding proteins and chromatin remodeling complexes to associate with this small number of regulated enhancers. Overall, this work provides a detailed mechanism by which PAX3-FOXO1 maintains an oncogenic transcriptional regulatory network.

Transcription factors regulate gene networks controlling normal hematopoiesis and are frequently deregulated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Critical to our understanding of the mechanism of cellular transformation by oncogenic transcription factors is the ability to define their direct gene targets. While this seems to be a straight forward task, gene network cascades can change within minutes to hours, making it difficult to distinguish direct from secondary or compensatory transcriptional changes by traditional methodologies. We describe an approach utilizing CRISPR-based genome editing to insert a degron tag into the endogenous AML1-ETO locus of Kasumi-1 cells, as well as overexpression of a degradable AML1-ETO protein in CD34+ human cord blood cells, which is a an AML1-ETO-dependent pre-leukemia model. Upon addition of a small molecule proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), the AML1-ETO protein was rapidly degraded in both systems. Furthermore, by combining rapid degradation with nascent transcript analysis (PRO-seq), RNA-seq and Cut&Run, we have defined the core AML1-ETO regulatory network, which consists of fewer than 100 direct gene targets. The ability of AML1-ETO to regulate this relatively small gene pool is critical for maintaining cells in a self-renewing state, and AML1-ETO degradation set off a cascade of transcriptional events resulting in myeloid differentiation.