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Herein, an efficient and scalable synthesis of 2,4-diaryl substituted chromene [43-b] pyridine derivatives, using a multicomponent reaction strategy by microwave irradiation of 4-amino 2-oxo- 2H-chromene, aromatic aldehydes, and substituted anilines is described. This synthetic strategy was found to be very useful as it follows environment benign protocol. Also it gives a good outcome in terms of yield and requires a shorter reaction time.

Background: A series of new zerumbone hydrazones 5a-f and 9a-f have been synthesized in via an in situ procedure in high yields. The structure of synthesized compounds has been confirmed using 1H, 13C NMR and HR-MS. The bioassay result showed that several compounds exhibited cytotoxic effects against three human cancer cell lines, including HepG-2, SK-LU-1, and MCF-7. Compound 9a showed the best cytotoxic effect against HepG-2, SK-LU-1, and MCF-7 with IC50 values of 8.20, 6.66, and 9.35 μM, respectively. Objective: This study aims at developing new zerumbone hydrazones as anticancer agents based on zerumbone, a natural compound wildly growing in Vietnam. Methods: A series of new zerumbone hydrazones was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines, including HepG-2, MCF-7, and SKLu-1, using the MTT method. Results: The bioassay result showed that several compounds exhibited cytotoxic effects against three human cancer cell lines, including HepG-2, SK-LU-1, and MCF-7. Especially, compound 9a displayed the best cytotoxic effect against HepG-2, SK-LU-1, and MCF-7 with IC50 values of 8.20, 6.66, and 9.35 μM, respectively. Conclusion: The research results suggest that some compounds could be considered as leads for the future design of zerumbone hydrazones in which bio-isosteric replacements in theortho position of the phenyl ring could be performed to improve the cytotoxic activity.

Breeding for salt tolerance in crop species, if possible, is an economical approach to overcoming the problem of soil salinity. However, the availability of appropriate genetic variation at the intraspecific level is a prerequisite for successful progress under selection. Genetic variation for NaCl tolerance at the seedling and mature plant stage was assessed in five Azarbaijan native alfalfa cultivars. A completely randomized design (CRD) with 5×4 factorial arrangements and three replication were used. Syah-Roud, Gara-Yonjeh, Hasht-Roud, Khor-Khor and Bash-Kand cultivars were used as a first factor and second were three levels of salt and a control. Salt levels were 3.07, 10, 20 and 30 mm mohs (Ec), which were achieved by adding 0, 1.062, 2.431 and 5.071 g kg-1 NaCl to pots soil. Total dry weight, leaves and shoot dry weight, height, number of leaves and leaf/stem ratio (TDW, LDW, SDW, H and NL) were measured. The results indicated that the response was significantly different among cultivars as well as NaCl levels. The NaCl effect was significant in reducing all measured traits of all five ecotypes. Bash-Kand had the highest; Syah-Roud and Gara-Yonjeh cultivars had the lowest yield reduction percentage, respectively. In general, Syah-Roud and Gara-Yonjeh had the highest tolerant to salinity.