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Student bullying behaviours are a significant social issue in schools worldwide. Whilst school staff have access to quality bullying prevention interventions, schools can face significant challenges implementing the whole-school approach required to address the complexity of these behaviours. This study aimed to understand how schools' capacity to implement whole-school bullying prevention interventions could be strengthened to promote sustainability and improve student outcomes. Qualitative methods were used to observe schools over time to gain insight into their implementation capacity to improve student social and emotional wellbeing and prevent and ameliorate harm from bullying. A four-year longitudinal, multi-site case study intensively followed eight schools' implementation of "Friendly Schools," an Australian evidenced-based whole-school bullying prevention intervention. Regular in-depth interviews with school leaders and implementation teams over four years led to the refinement of a staged-implementation process and capacity building tools and revealed four common drivers of implementation quality: (1) strong, committed leadership; (2) organisational structures, processes and resources; (3) staff competencies and commitment; and (4) translating evidence into local school policy and practice. This paper considers the strengths of qualitative data in understanding how and why bullying prevention interventions work as well as actions schools can take to enhance their implementation and sustainability of complex social interventions.

Abstract Timely and accurate detection and identification of species are crucial for monitoring wildlife for conservation and management. Technological advances, including connectivity of camera traps to mobile phone networks and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for automated species identification, can potentially improve the timeliness and accuracy of species detection and identification. Adoption of this new technology, however, is often seen as cost-prohibitive as it has been difficult to calculate the cost savings or qualitative benefits over the life of the program. We developed a decision tool to quantify potential cost savings associated with incorporating the use of mobile phone network connectivity and AI technologies into monitoring programs. Using a feral cat eradication program as a case study, we used our decision tool to quantify technology-related savings in costs and carbon emissions, and compared the accuracy of AI species identification to that of experienced human observers. Over the life of the program, AI technology yielded cost savings of $0.27 M and when coupled with mobile phone network connectivity, AI saved $2.15 M and 115,838 kg in carbon emissions, with AI algorithms outperforming human observers in both speed and accuracy. Our case study demonstrates how advanced technologies can improve accuracy and cost-effectiveness and improve monitoring program efficiencies.

The Pan-Eurasian Experiment Modelling Platform (PEEX-MP) is one of the key blocks of the PEEX Research Programme. The PEEX MP has more than 30 models and is directed towards seamless environmental prediction. The main focus area is the Arctic-boreal regions and China. The models used in PEEX-MP cover several main components of the Earth’s system, such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere and biosphere, and resolve the physical-chemical-biological processes at different spatial and temporal scales and resolutions. This paper introduces and discusses PEEX MP multi-scale modelling concept for the Earth system, online integrated, forward/inverse, and socioeconomical modelling, and other approaches with a particular focus on applications in the PEEX geographical domain. The employed high-performance computing facilities, capabilities, and PEEX dataflow for modelling results are described. Several virtual research platforms (PEEX-View, Virtual Research Environment, Web-based Atlas) for handling PEEX modelling and observational results are introduced. The overall approach allows us to understand better physical-chemical-biological processes, Earth’s system interactions and feedbacks and to provide valuable information for assessment studies on evaluating risks, impact, consequences, etc. for population, environment and climate in the PEEX domain. This work was also one of the last projects of Prof. Sergej Zilitinkevich, who passed away on 15 February 2021. Since the finalization took time, the paper was actually submitted in 2023 and we could not argue that the final paper text was agreed with him.

The present study aims to examine the issue of peer aggression and victimisation in early childhood, with a focus on the associated social behaviour strategies (aggressiveness, prosociality, dominance and social insecurity). A sample of 227 children (58.1% girls, n = 132) between the ages of 4 and 7 years (M = 5.61; SD = 1. 03) participated in the study. Teacher reports and peer nominations of physical and verbal aggression and victimisation were analysed. Results showed an association between aggressiveness and insecurity and being nominated as a physical and verbal aggressor by peers. Being nominated as a physical victim was associated with aggressiveness and dominance; and for verbal victim with aggressiveness and prosociality. Differences were found between boys and girls in verbal aggression and victimisation. The current study contributes to a better understanding of the emergence of peer aggression and victimisation in relation to social processes in early childhood and has implications for the prevention of the later appearance of bullying.

Societal Impact Statement Conservation seed banks maintain collections of many seed‐bearing plant species, providing germplasm and data to support management of wild populations. However, a proportion of plant species produce seeds that are difficult to collect, dry, store and utilise; these are known as ‘exceptional’ species. Here we tested a framework for identifying exceptional species, to document examples and provide case studies within the Australian flora. We present a workflow that may be used to identify additional exceptional species, and direct efforts to establish appropriate collection types (seeds and/or living collections, tissue culture or cryopreservation) for their ex situ conservation. Summary Seed banking is well established to contribute to the conservation of many seed‐bearing plant species ex situ for future use in restoration, translocation, agriculture and horticulture. In Australia, over 67% of currently listed threatened plants are represented in conservation seed banks. However, there are challenges to conserving the full extent of plant diversity in seed banks, with growing recognition that we need to think beyond conventional seed banking methods to conserve ‘exceptional’ plant species that are difficult to collect, store and germinate. We examine how the framework for identification of such species can be applied to the Australian flora, using examples from the recently published guidelines for ‘Plant Germplasm Conservation in Australia’ and case studies and data arising from the Australian Academy of Science Fenner Conference on the Environment ‘Exceptional Times, Exceptional Plants’. We present a workflow to assist conservation decision‐makers and practitioners in identifying exceptional species and overcoming barriers to storage of germplasm, enabling appropriate ex situ collection types to be established via seeds, living collections, tissue culture, cryopreservation or a combination of these. Australia's seed conservation sector continues to expand, with increasing expertise, facilities and networks established to conserve a diversity of plant species; however, resolving the challenges relating to each exceptionality factor requires significantly more time, labour and collaboration than current capacity allows. Understanding the barriers to conservation and production of healthy plants, via germination or other methods of propagation, is a critical component of conserving species long‐term and ultimately returning plants to the landscape.

Despite increased scrutiny of administrators' salaries in higher education, little is known about the determinants of executive-level compensation at universities. This study examines the individual and institutional determinants of compensation of business school deans, in the United States, with a focus on differentials between private and public university deans, in the level of remuneration and the structure of compensation. Specifically, using a Oaxaca-decomposition, I estimate that despite managing smaller, less research intensive business schools, private university business school deans earn approximately 15% more than comparable public university deans, and that they are compensated more for managing finances than for managing students.

Los parásitos son un componente de la biodiversidad, que sufren afectaciones por los cambios en el ambiente y/o sus hospederos. Por esto, se considera que Acanthobothrium spp., pueden ser un biondicador de algunas amenazas en las costas de México. Estos céstodos tienen ciclos de vida indirectos, y son parásitos intestinales de elasmobranquios. Se analizaron datos de 21 años de colecta de Acanthobothrium spp., parásitos del agunas especies de batoideos, en diferentes localidades y fechas del litoral de México. Se calculó la prevalencia, y se realizó un análisis de coordenadas principales, considerando una distancia multimétrica no lineal (estacionalidad de las colectas (lluvias y secas), localidades y años de colectas) para evaluar una probable correlación entre la ausencia o presencia de Acanthobothrium. Durante el periodo evaluado, se registró un decremento en la biodiversidad de Acanthobothrium en el Golfo de México, se registraron bajos valores de prevalencia de las poblaciones de estos parásitos. Esto se interpreta como un efecto de la sensibilidad de Acanthobothrium spp. a los cambios ambientales. Los ciclos de vida de Acanthobothrium spp. pueden afectarse directa o indirectamente por contaminantes, ya sea en las larvas de vida libre, o en larvas parásitas y/o adultos de los hospederos intermediarios o definitivos. Por ello, se concluye que el incremento de contaminación en el Golfo de México afecta los valores de prevalencia de Acanthobothrium spp. Lo que destaca la importancia del uso de los parásitos como bioindicadores de la calidad ambiental.

Abstract Ancient protein studies have demonstrated their utility for looking at a wide range of evolutionary and historical questions. The majority of palaeoproteomics studies to date have been restricted to high latitudes with relatively temperate environments. A better understanding of protein preservation at lower latitudes is critical for disentangling the mechanisms involved in the deep-time survival of ancient proteins, and for broadening the geographical applicability of palaeoproteomics. In this study, we aim to assess the level of collagen preservation in the Australian fossil record. Collagen preservation was systematically examined using a combination of thermal age estimates, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry, and protein deamidation calculations. We reveal unexpected subtropical survival of collagen in bones more than 50 thousand years old, showing that protein preservation can exceed chemical predictions of collagen survival in bone. These findings challenge preconceptions concerning the suitability of palaeoproteomics in subtropical Pleistocene environments. We explore potential causes of this unexpected result to identify the underlying mechanisms leading to this exceptional preservation. This study serves as a starting point for the analysis of ancient proteins in other (sub)tropical contexts, and at deeper timescales.

OH, HO2, total and partially speciated RO2, and OH reactivity (kOH′) were measured during the July 2015 ICOZA (Integrated Chemistry of OZone in the Atmosphere) project that took place at a coastal site in north Norfolk, UK. Maximum measured daily OH, HO2 and total RO2 radical concentrations were in the range 2.6–17 × 106, 0.75–4.2 × 108 and 2.3–8.0 × 108 molec. cm−3, respectively. kOH′ ranged from 1.7 to 17.6 s−1, with a median value of 4.7 s−1. ICOZA data were split by wind direction to assess differences in the radical chemistry between air that had passed over the North Sea (NW–SE sectors) and that over major urban conurbations such as London (SW sector). A box model using the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.3.1) was in reasonable agreement with the OH measurements, but it overpredicted HO2 observations in NW–SE air in the afternoon by a factor of ∼ 2–3, although slightly better agreement was found for HO2 in SW air (factor of ∼ 1.4–2.0 underprediction). The box model severely underpredicted total RO2 observations in both NW–SE and SW air by factors of ∼ 8–9 on average. Measured radical and kOH′ levels and measurement–model ratios displayed strong dependences on NO mixing ratios, with the results suggesting that peroxy radical chemistry is not well understood under high-NOx conditions. The simultaneous measurement of OH, HO2, total RO2 and kOH′ was used to derive experimental (i.e. observationally determined) budgets for all radical species as well as total ROx (i.e. OH + HO2 + RO2). In NW–SE air, the ROx budget could be closed during the daytime within experimental uncertainty, but the rate of OH destruction exceeded the rate of OH production, and the rate of HO2 production greatly exceeded the rate of HO2 destruction, while the opposite was true for RO2. In SW air, the ROx budget analysis indicated missing daytime ROx sources, but the OH budget was balanced, and the same imbalances were found with the HO2 and RO2 budgets as in NW–SE air. For HO2 and RO2, the budget imbalances were most severe at high-NO mixing ratios, and the best agreement between HO2 and RO2 rates of production and destruction rates was found when the RO2 + NO rate coefficient was reduced by a factor of 5. A photostationary-steady-state (PSS) calculation underpredicted daytime OH in NW–SE air by ∼ 35 %, whereas agreement (∼ 15 %) was found within instrumental uncertainty (∼ 26 % at 2σ) in SW air. The rate of in situ ozone production (P(Ox)) was calculated from observations of ROx, NO and NO2 and compared to that calculated from MCM-modelled radical concentrations. The MCM-calculated P(Ox) significantly underpredicted the measurement-calculated P(Ox) in the morning, and the degree of underprediction was found to scale with NO.

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Andrena bicolor (Gwynne’s mining bee; Arthropoda; Insecta; Hymenoptera; Andrenidae). The genome sequence is 351.7 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 5 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 21.02 kilobases in length.

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Lasioglossum morio (the common green furrow bee; Arthropoda; Insecta; Hymenoptera; Halictidae). The genome sequence is 547 megabases in span. Over half of the assembly (55.79%) is scaffolded into 12 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome was also assembled, and is 16.8 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 11,460 protein coding genes.

The applicability of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in birds is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the use of EIT in anaesthetised chickens in four recumbency positions. Four adult Hyline chickens were anaesthetised with isoflurane in oxygen, and intubated endotracheally for computed tomography (CT). A rubber belt was placed around the coelom caudal to the shoulder joint. A chicken-specific finite element (FE) model, which is essential to generate anatomically accurate functional EIT images for analysis, was constructed based on the CT images obtained at the belt level. Ten additional chickens were anaesthetised with the same protocol. An EIT electrode belt was placed at the same location. The chickens were breathing spontaneously and positioned in dorsal, ventral, right and left lateral recumbency in a randomised order. For each recumbency, raw EIT data were collected over 2 min after 13 min of stabilisation. The data were reconstructed into functional EIT images. EIT variables including tidal impedance variation (TIV), centre of ventilation right to left (CoVRL) and ventral to dorsal (CoVVD), right to left (RL) ratio, impedance change (ΔZ) and eight regional impedance changes including the dorsal, central-dorsal, central-ventral and ventral regions of the right and left regions were analysed. Four breathing patterns (BrP) were observed and categorised based on the expiratory curve. A linear mixed model was used to compare EIT variables between recumbencies. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the frequencies of breathing patterns for each recumbency. The ΔZ observed was synchronous to ventilation, and represented tidal volume of the cranial air sacs as confirmed by CT. Significant differences were found in CoVVD and regional impedance changes between dorsal and ventral recumbencies (P < 0.05), and in CoVRL, RL ratio and regional impedance changes between right and left recumbencies (P < 0.05), which suggested a tendency for the distribution of ventilation to shift towards non-dependent air sacs. No differences were found for TIV and respiratory rate between recumbencies. Recumbency had a significant effect on the frequencies of each of the four BrPs (P = 0.001). EIT can monitor the magnitude and distribution of ventilation of the cranial air sacs in different recumbencies in anaesthetised chickens.

Abstract Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a toxic and carcinogenic pollutant and human metabolite that reacts with biomolecules under physiological conditions. Quantifying HCHO is essential for ongoing biological and biomedical research on HCHO; however, its reactivity, small size and volatility make this challenging. Here, we report a novel HCHO detection/quantification method that couples cysteamine-mediated HCHO scavenging with SPME GC–MS analysis. Our NMR studies confirm cysteamine as an efficient and selective HCHO scavenger that out-competes O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine, the most commonly used scavenger, and forms a stable thiazolidine amenable to GC–MS quantification. Validation of our GC–MS method using FDA and EMA guidelines revealed detection and quantification limits in the nanomolar and micromolar ranges respectively, while analysis of bacterial cell lysate confirmed its applicability in biological samples. Overall, our studies confirm that cysteamine scavenging coupled to SPME GC–MS analysis provides a sensitive and chemically robust method to quantify HCHO in biological samples.

Eight specimens of Urobatis jamaicensis were collected from four localities of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, of which four specimens were infected with cestodes of two new species of Acanthobothrium. Acanthobothrium garciaprietoi sp. nov. differs from congeners by a combination of characters including the size of the scolex and bothridia, length of the cephalic peduncle, length of the axial and abaxial prongs and total length of the abaxial prongs of the hooks, size of the cirrus sac and testes in mature proglottids, and the total number of proglottids. The most prominent characteristic distinguishing A. pulidofloresae sp. nov. from other species of the Atlantic Ocean/Caribbean Sea/Gulf of Mexico is the form of the scolex, which has the “clover leaf” configuration. In addition, it can be distinguished by the total length of the worm, total number of proglottids, small accessory suckers, the form of the bothridia, length of the axial and abaxial prongs and total abaxial prong length of hooks, and the number of testes. According to the current category scheme, A. garciaprietoi sp. nov. and A. pulidofloresae sp. nov., belong to categories 1 and 5, respectively.

Abstract Background We aimed to select and externally validate a benchmark method for emergency ambulance services to use to forecast the daily number of calls that result in the dispatch of one or more ambulances. Methods The study was conducted using standard methods known to the UK’s NHS to aid implementation in practice. We selected our benchmark model from a naive benchmark and 14 standard forecasting methods. Mean absolute scaled error and 80 and 95% prediction interval coverage over a 84 day horizon were evaluated using time series cross validation across eight time series from the South West of England. External validation was conducted by time series cross validation across 13 time series from London, Yorkshire and Welsh Ambulance Services. Results A model combining a simple average of Facebook’s prophet and regression with ARIMA errors (1, 1, 3)(1, 0, 1, 7) was selected. Benchmark MASE, 80 and 95% prediction intervals were 0.68 (95% CI 0.67 - 0.69), 0.847 (95% CI 0.843 - 0.851), and 0.965 (95% CI 0.949 - 0.977), respectively. Performance in the validation set was within expected ranges for MASE, 0.73 (95% CI 0.72 - 0.74) 80% coverage (0.833; 95% CI 0.828-0.838), and 95% coverage (0.965; 95% CI 0.963-0.967). Conclusions We provide a robust externally validated benchmark for future ambulance demand forecasting studies to improve on. Our benchmark forecasting model is high quality and usable by ambulance services. We provide a simple python framework to aid its implementation in practice. The results of this study were implemented in the South West of England.

This study presents a systematic optimization of wide-angle metamaterial long-pass (LP) edge filters based on silicon nanospheres (SiNP). Multi-layered configurations incorporating SiNP-meta-films and anti-reflection coating (ARC) elements not previously considered in the literature are explored to enhance their filter performance in both stop and pass bands. This research has successfully developed an accurate model for the effective refractive index using Kramers–Kronig relations, enabling the use of classical thin-film design software for rapid device performance optimization, which is verified by full-wave numerical software. This systematic optimization has produced highly efficient, near-shift-free long-pass metamaterial filters, evidenced by their high optical density (OD = 2.55) and low spectral shift across a wide angular range (0°–60°). These advancements herald the development of high-efficiency metamaterial optical components suitable for a variety of applications that require a consistent performance across diverse angles of incidence.

Objectives This study aimed to develop a simulation model to support orthopaedic elective capacity planning.Methods An open-source, generalisable discrete-event simulation was developed, including a web-based application. The model used anonymised patient records between 2016 and 2019 of elective orthopaedic procedures from a National Health Service (NHS) Trust in England. In this paper, it is used to investigate scenarios including resourcing (beds and theatres) and productivity (lengths of stay, delayed discharges and theatre activity) to support planning for meeting new NHS targets aimed at reducing elective orthopaedic surgical backlogs in a proposed ring-fenced orthopaedic surgical facility. The simulation is interactive and intended for use by health service planners and clinicians.Results A higher number of beds (65–70) than the proposed number (40 beds) will be required if lengths of stay and delayed discharge rates remain unchanged. Reducing lengths of stay in line with national benchmarks reduces bed utilisation to an estimated 60%, allowing for additional theatre activity such as weekend working. Further, reducing the proportion of patients with a delayed discharge by 75% reduces bed utilisation to below 40%, even with weekend working. A range of other scenarios can also be investigated directly by NHS planners using the interactive web app.Conclusions The simulation model is intended to support capacity planning of orthopaedic elective services by identifying a balance of capacity across theatres and beds and predicting the impact of productivity measures on capacity requirements. It is applicable beyond the study site and can be adapted for other specialties.

Introduction: Human milk delivers critical nutritional and immunological support to human infants. Milk fat globules (MFGs) and their associated membranes (MFGMs) contain the majority of milk lipids and many bioactive components that contribute to neonatal development and health, yet their compositions have not been fully defined, and the mechanisms responsible for formation of these structures remain incompletely understood.Methods: In this study, we used untargeted mass spectrometry to quantitatively profile the protein compositions of freshly obtained MFGs and their paired, physically separated MFGM fractions from 13 human milk samples. We also quantitatively profiled the MFG protein compositions of 9 pooled milk samples from 18 lactating mouse dams.Results: We identified 2,453 proteins and 2,795 proteins in the majority of human MFG and MFGM samples, respectively, and 1,577 proteins in mouse MFGs. Using paired analyses of protein abundance in MFGMs compared to MFGs (MFGM-MFG; 1% FDR), we identified 699 proteins that were more highly abundant in MFGMs (MFGM-enriched), and 201 proteins that were less abundant in MFGMs (cytoplasmic). MFGM-enriched proteins comprised membrane systems (apical plasma membrane and multiple vesicular membranes) hypothesized to be responsible for lipid and protein secretion and components of membrane transport and signaling systems. Cytoplasmic proteins included ribosomal and proteasomal systems. Comparing abundance between human and mouse MFGs, we found a positive correlation (R2 = 0.44, p < 0.0001) in the relative abundances of 1,279 proteins that were found in common across species.Discussion: Comparative pathway enrichment analyses between human and mouse samples reveal similarities in membrane trafficking and signaling pathways involved in milk fat secretion and identify potentially novel immunological components of MFGs. Our results advance knowledge of the composition and relative quantities of proteins in human and mouse MFGs in greater detail, provide a quantitative profile of specifically enriched human MFGM proteins, and identify core cellular systems involved in milk lipid secretion.

One aim of Open Science is to increase the accessibility of research. Within health services research that uses discrete-event simulation, Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), such as Python, offers a way for research teams to share their models with other researchers and NHS decision makers. Although the code for healthcare discrete-event simulation models can be shared alongside publications, it may require specialist skills to use and run. This is a disincentive to researchers adopting Free and Open Source Software and open science practices. Building on work from other health data science disciplines, we propose that web apps offer a user-friendly interface for healthcare models that increase the accessibility of research to the NHS, and researchers from other disciplines. We focus on models coded in Python deployed as streamlit web apps. To increase uptake of these methods, we provide an approach to structuring discrete-event simulation model code in Python so that models are web app ready. The method is general across discrete-event simulation Python packages, and we include code for both simpy and ciw implementations of a simple urgent care call centre model. We then provide a step-by-step tutorial for linking the model to a streamlit web app interface, to enable other health data science researchers to reproduce and implement our method.

Abstract During a study of the helminth parasites of carangid fish of the Gulf of Mexico, Protomicrocotyle mirabilis and a new member of that genus were found. The aim of the present study is to provide new morphological and sequences of 28s rDNA and CO1 mtDNA for P. mirabilis and describe the new species. Between 2005–2022, 73 specimens of Caranx spp. were purchased from local fishermen of the littoral waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Protomicrocotyle veracruzensis sp. nov. is most similar to P. mirabilis than to P. ivoriensis, the only members of the genus known from the Greater Atlantic Ocean Basin. Protomicrocotyle veracruzensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from those two species by the arrangement and number of testes. Measurement data on the haptoral armature for the new species is provided and the potential value and need for comparative data from these structures of other members of the genus is discussed. The results of the molecular analysis and the morphometric analysis of 91 characters confirmed that this new species belongs to Protomicrocotyle.

One aim of Open Science is to increase the accessibility of research. Within health services research that uses discrete-event simulation, Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), such as Python, offers a way for research teams to share their models with other researchers and NHS decision makers. Although the code for healthcare discrete-event simulation models can be shared alongside publications, it may require specialist skills to use and run. This is a disincentive to researchers adopting Free and Open Source Software and open science practices. Building on work from other health data science disciplines, we propose that web apps offer a user-friendly interface for healthcare models that increase the accessibility of research to the NHS, and researchers from other disciplines. We focus on models coded in Python deployed as streamlit web apps. To increase uptake of these methods, we provide an approach to structuring discrete-event simulation model code in Python so that models are web app ready. The method is general across discrete-event simulation Python packages, and we include code for both simpy and ciw implementations of a simple urgent care call centre model. We then provide a step-by-step tutorial for linking the model to a streamlit web app interface, to enable other health data science researchers to reproduce and implement our method.

Photochemical processes in ambient air were studied using the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany. Ambient air was continuously drawn into the chamber through a 50 m high inlet line and passed through the chamber for 1 month in each season throughout 2019. The residence time of the air inside the chamber was about 1 h. As the research center is surrounded by a mixed deciduous forest and is located close to the city Jülich, the sampled air was influenced by both anthropogenic and biogenic emissions. Measurements of hydroxyl (OH), hydroperoxyl (HO2), and organic peroxy (RO2) radicals were achieved by a laser-induced fluorescence instrument. The radical measurements together with measurements of OH reactivity (kOH, the inverse of the OH lifetime) and a comprehensive set of trace gas concentrations and aerosol properties allowed for the investigation of the seasonal and diurnal variation of radical production and destruction pathways. In spring and summer periods, median OH concentrations reached 6 × 106 cm−3 at noon, and median concentrations of both HO2 and RO2 radicals were 3 × 108 cm−3. The measured OH reactivity was between 4 and 18 s−1 in both seasons. The total reaction rate of peroxy radicals with NO was found to be consistent with production rates of odd oxygen (Ox= NO2 + O3) determined from NO2 and O3 concentration measurements. The chemical budgets of radicals were analyzed for the spring and summer seasons, when peroxy radical concentrations were above the detection limit. For most conditions, the concentrations of radicals were mainly sustained by the regeneration of OH via reactions of HO2 and RO2 radicals with nitric oxide (NO). The median diurnal profiles of the total radical production and destruction rates showed maxima between 3 and 6 ppbv h−1 for OH, HO2, and RO2. Total ROX (OH, HO2, and RO2) initiation and termination rates were below 3 ppbv h−1. The highest OH radical turnover rate of 13 ppbv h−1 was observed during a high-temperature (max. 40 ∘C) period in August. In this period, the highest HO2, RO2, and ROX turnover rates were around 11, 10, and 4 ppbv h−1, respectively. When NO mixing ratios were between 1 and 3 ppbv, OH and HO2 production and destruction rates were balanced, but unexplained RO2 and ROX production reactions with median rates of 2 and 0.4 ppbv h−1, respectively, were required to balance their destruction. For NO mixing ratios above 3 ppbv, the peroxy radical reaction rates with NO were highly uncertain due to the low peroxy radical concentrations close to the limit of NO interferences in the HO2 and RO2 measurements. For NO mixing ratios below 1 ppbv, a missing source for OH and a missing sink for HO2 were found with maximum rates of 3.0 and 2.0 ppbv h−1, respectively. The missing OH source likely consisted of a combination of a missing inter-radical HO2 to OH conversion reaction (up to 2 ppbv h−1) and a missing primary radical source (0.5–1.4 ppbv h−1). The dataset collected in this campaign allowed analyzing the potential impact of OH regeneration from RO2 isomerization reactions from isoprene, HO2 uptake on aerosol, and RO2 production from chlorine chemistry on radical production and destruction rates. These processes were negligible for the chemical conditions encountered in this study.

Climate change is exerting significant impacts on ecosystems worldwide, with alpine regions being particularly vulnerable. Alpine fauna is relatively poorly understood, particularly in terrain which is difficult for humans to survey. Knowledge of alpine species is further limited by a paucity of survey techniques that are widely applicable in this environment. Drones have potential as a low-impact tool for surveying fauna in remote alpine terrain. New Zealand’s diverse alpine lizards are an ideal system for exploring novel survey techniques. We build on previous research demonstrating the potential of drones for surveying alpine lizards by evaluating (1) how closely a drone can approach different alpine lizard species in scree, talus, and tussock-grassland habitats and (2) the effectiveness of drone surveys compared to traditional systematic visual searches for these species and habitats. The drone (model: DJI Mavic Air 2) was able to approach within 0.1–2.5 m of a lizard (mean = 0.77 m) before triggering a flight response. Systematic visual searches outperformed drone surveys in all habitats accessible to human observers. However, drones were relatively effective in talus habitats, demonstrating their potential utility in inaccessible rocky alpine habitats. Improvements to drone technology may further enhance the utility of drone-based surveys in ecological research.

Socioeconomic diversity in tertiary education has come under heightened scrutiny in the past few years. This paper estimates the relationship between prices (both sticker price and net price), financial aid policies, and selectivity on the variation of low-income students across postsecondary institutions. All three factors are significant in identifying variation across postsecondary institutions in the representation of Pell Grant recipients as a percentage of an institution's entering class. A focus on net price alone ignores the correlation between sticker price, selectivity, and financial aid policies on low-income students' enrollment outcomes.

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Nomada fucata (the painted nomad bee; Arthropoda; Insecta; Hymenoptera; Apidae). The genome sequence is 264.1 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 8 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 22.06 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 10,173 protein coding genes.

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Nomada ruficornis (the fork-jawed nomad bee; Arthropoda; Insecta; Hymenoptera; Apidae). The genome sequence is 273.0 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 16 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 20.66 kilobases in length.

Introdução: A automedicação é uma realidade para uma grande parcela da população. O atendente de farmácia é um profissional que, embora participe diretamente dessa prática, não costuma ser considerado em estudos que avaliam a automedicação no Brasil. Como resultado, pouco se sabe sobre o entendimento dos atendentes de farmácia quanto aos riscos dessa prática. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o uso da automedicação pelos balconistas da cidade de Pelotas, no Rio Grande do Sul, além de seus conhecimentos sobre os riscos que envolvem essa prática. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal por meio de questionário estruturado enviado ao e-mail profissional dos atendentes. Resultados: 41,6% dos atendentes entrevistados afirmaram que se automedicam pelos menos uma vez por mês e 66,3% que realizam indicação de medicamentos isentos de prescrição para clientes da farmácia. 30,7% dos participantes afirmaram que já foram incentivados a indicar medicamentos, porém 75,2% não se consideram preparados para auxiliar os clientes na automedicação. Conclusão A automedicação e o auxílio à automedicação de pacientes é uma prática comum entre os atendentes de farmácia. Diante disso, cabe ao farmacêutico assumir a responsabilidade pelo treinamento desses profissionais para minimizar os riscos da automedicação para os pacientes e atendentes.

Objective We sought to compare the incidence of early-onset sepsis (EOS) in infants ≥34 weeks’ gestation identified >24 hours after birth, in hospitals using the Kaiser Permanente Sepsis Risk Calculator (SRC) with hospitals using the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance.Design and setting Prospective observational population-wide cohort study involving all 26 hospitals with neonatal units colocated with maternity services across London (10 using SRC, 16 using NICE).Participants All live births ≥34 weeks’ gestation between September 2020 and August 2021.Outcome measures EOS was defined as isolation of a bacterial pathogen in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture from birth to 7 days of age. We evaluated the incidence of EOS identified by culture obtained >24 hours to 7 days after birth. We also evaluated the rate empiric antibiotics were commenced >24 hours to 7 days after birth, for a duration of ≥5 days, with negative blood or CSF cultures.Results Of 99 683 live births, 42 952 (43%) were born in SRC hospitals and 56 731 (57%) in NICE hospitals. The overall incidence of EOS (24 hours was 2.3/100 000 (n=1) for SRC vs 7.1/100 000 (n=4) for NICE (OR 0.5, 95% CI (0.1 to 2.7)). This corresponded to (1/20) 5% (SRC) vs (4/45) 8.9% (NICE) of EOS cases (χ=0.3, p=0.59). Empiric antibiotics were commenced >24 hours to 7 days after birth in 4.4/1000 (n=187) for SRC vs 2.9/1000 (n=158) for NICE (OR 1.5, 95% CI (1.2 to 1.9)). 3111 (7%) infants received antibiotics in the first 24 hours in SRC hospitals vs 8428 (15%) in NICE hospitals.Conclusion There was no significant difference in the incidence of EOS identified >24 hours after birth between SRC and NICE hospitals. SRC use was associated with 50% fewer infants receiving antibiotics in the first 24 hours of life.