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There is a pressing need for global monitoring of snow water equivalent (SWE) at high spatiotemporal resolution, and L‐band (1–2 GHz) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) holds promise. However, the technique has not seen extensive evaluation in forests. We evaluated this technique across varying forest canopy conditions using eight InSAR pairs collected at the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, USA by NASA UAVSAR during the 10‐week NASA SnowEx 2021 Campaign. Compared with in situ measurements, we found root mean squared errors (RMSEs) of 14–17 mm for SWE changes in forest cover fractions (FCF) < 0.40, but RMSEs increased to 33–40 mm at FCF > 0.50. Statistical distributions between normalized lidar snow depths and normalized UAVSAR SWE were similar at FCF < 0.5, but diverged at FCF > 0.50. Thus, the upcoming NISAR L‐band satellite has strong potential for global snowpack monitoring, including below sparse to moderate forest cover. Plain Language Summary: Monitoring the amount of water stored in seasonal snowpacks is essential for water resource management, but it remains challenging, particularly in mountain and forest environments. Satellite radar techniques may provide a viable path forward for snowpack monitoring, particularly at longer radar wavelengths (>20 cm) such as the radar used for the upcoming NASA‐ISRO SAR satellite mission. At these longer wavelengths, the radar signal can penetrate forest canopy, but the canopy interferes with the signal and may reduce the accuracy of the radar snowpack measurement. We examined the influence of forest cover on airborne radar measurements of the snowpack in the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, USA and observed errors that increased with greater forest cover. Notably, the radar measurements were accurate for sparse to moderately dense forest covers. The radar snowpack measurements reproduced elevational trends observed in lidar‐measured snow depths, but we identified snowpack measurement errors that correlated with oblique radar viewing geometries. Considering these limitations, we conclude that the NASA‐ISRO SAR satellite mission represents a promising path toward global snowpack monitoring. Key Points: We evaluated L‐band interferometry for snowpack monitoring in a montane forest in ColoradoRetrievals of changes in snow water equivalent from L‐band interferometry were accurate and unbiased in forest cover fractions <0.40Despite limitations, L‐band interferometry represents a promising path toward global snowpack monitoring [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevation gradients provide excellent semi‐experimental conditions to investigate how the spatial distribution of biodiversity is shaped by the environment. Here, we investigate how temperature, productivity, and elevation are related to the diversity of anuran assemblages in a montane region of the southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We sampled 20 half‐hectare plots between 2020 and 2021, distributed along a sharp elevation gradient. Anuran species richness and abundance decreased with increasing elevation. We show a positive relationship between ambient temperature and frog species richness and abundance, highlighting the importance of temperature in shaping assemblages along the elevation gradient. In contrast, productivity did not affect species richness and abundance, suggesting that available energy via resources does not limit local frog diversity. We further observed marked differences in the composition of anuran assemblages between low and high elevation areas, which were related to temperature. Beta diversity is mainly driven by species replacements among assemblages, which were likely related to environmental conditions. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating protected areas that encompass the entire range of elevations to capture the full complement of landscape‐scale diversity. This is crucial as species showed limited distributions, and the marked effects of temperature should be explicitly considered under future scenarios of elevated upslope warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding ecological and evolutionary processes driving species range expansion is essential to assess extirpation risks and reduce future biodiversity loss. During range expansion, spatial sorting eco-evolutionary model predicts enhanced dispersal rate in leading-edge populations through local accumulation of phenotypic traits related to dispersal. This process may result in a transient trade-off, whereby local fitness is temporarily sacrificed for the benefit of dispersal during range expansion. Here, we empirically tested the spatial sorting model and its fitness cost by assessing dispersal ability of 8138 white spruce (Picea glauca) winged seeds and seed viability along altitudinal gradients in two eastern Canadian mountain ranges with different dynamics according to contrasted historical disturbance regime, as well as in a lowland site representative of the species geographical range core. In the Uapishka mountains, stand-replacing wildfires have opened the forest cover and leading-edge populations are currently expanding upslope. Dispersal ability was enhanced at the expansion front whereas germination potential decreased. Treeline populations exhibit a trade-off maximizing dispersal over fitness, as expected from the spatial sorting model. By contrast, in the McGerrigle mountains where there is no evidence of wildfire activity, treeline populations established several millennia ago and there is currently no upslope range expansion. In these mountains, no trait variation was found along the altitudinal gradient, suggesting that a local optimum was reached for the traits involved in the trade-off between dispersal ability and seed viability. In the geographical core of the range, dispersal ability reaches its lowest values while germination potential is maximal, suggesting absence of a spatial sorting mechanism, but natural selection as the primary evolutionary process operating to increase local fitness. This study sheds light on the importance of intraspecific trait variation related to the dispersal ability of individuals and its transient impact on life-history in tree populations located at the expansion front. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We celebrate the 100th anniversary of Thomas Van der Hammen (1924–2010). His career is a model of explorative environmental research in nearly all ecosystems of northern South America. He introduced palynological research into South America. As a PhD student he studied changes of climate, vegetation and landscape during the Lateglacial in Twente, eastern Netherlands. He continued his career in 1952 at the Geological Survey of Colombia with research, and teaching palynology and palaeobotany. He studied sediment archives from the Cretaceous to the Quaternary palynologically. He explored the potential of developing an understanding of the Quaternary history of neotropical ecosystems, the response to ice-ages in particular. In 1959 he returned to Leiden University where he succeeded professor Florschütz. In 1966 he was appointed at the University of Amsterdam and continued training Colombian and Dutch PhD students in studying the history of climate, flora and vegetation of northern South America, Amazonia and the Netherlands. He organised unparalleled transect studies through the Colombian Andes and collected a wealth of evidence in support of an elevational sequence of biodiversity. During decades Thomas skilfully used opportunities for research in academia as well as in industry. He gave structure for research at universities, municipalities, musea, ministries, and nature conservations. After his retirement he lived in Colombia. His country estate became a central meeting place where students, scientists, farmers, mayors, and even Ministers of State discussed the environmental past and future of Colombian ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey on the diversity, abundance, and habitat association of small mammals in Wenchi Highland, central Ethiopia, was carried out from August 2019 to January 2021. Small mammals were trapped at six different habitats (Hagenia Woodland, Erica Scrub, Qibate, Lakeshore, Erica, and Albesa Forests) using Sherman and snap traps in standard trapping grids. A total of 937 rodents belonging to 12 species (Arvicanthis abyssinicus, Desmomys yaldeni, Mastomys natalensis, M. awashensis, Stenocephaylemys albipes, Lophuromys flavopunctatus, L. brevicaudus, L. chrysopus, Dendromus lovati, Lophiomys imhausi, Graphirius murinus , and an unidentified murid rodent), and 22 insectivores belonging to 3 species (Crocidura bailey, C. fumosa and C. olivieri) were recorded. Hystrix cristata and Tachyoryctes splendens were also recorded through indirect evidence. About 52.9% of the identified small mammals were endemic to Ethiopia. A significant variation was observed in the captures of small mammals. The capture rate was higher in live traps (23.85%) than in snap traps (8.26%). The diversity and composition of small mammal species varied among habitats. The highest species diversity (H'=1.656) was recorded in Albesa Forest, while the lowest was in Erica Scrub (H'=1.409) and Qibate Forest (H'=1.407). However, after controlling for sampling effects, species diversity was the highest in the Erica Scrub (Fisher's alpha=2.128) and the lowest in the Lakeshore Forests (Fisher's alpha=1.318). The highest number of individuals was recorded in Lakeshore Forest (27.73%), whereas the lowest was in Erica Forest (3.96%). Mastomys natalensis (30.86%) and S. albipes (27.82%) were the two most abundant species, whereas L. imhausi (0.1%) was the least abundant one. Wenchi montane forests are essential homes for unique small mammals that need urgent conservation actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species of Archidendron pahangense (Kosterm.) I.C. Nielsen (Fabaceae) is an endemic species in Peninsular Malaysia known only from Pahang and Selangor state. This species was also recorded in Gunung Rabong, Kelantan. This species was reported in Fraser Hill, Pahang, whereby common in the Pine Tree Hill. This species was also observed in Semangko Tambahan Forest Reserve, Selangor. Fertile specimens were collected in 1923, 1938, 1954, 1966 and 1967. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Montane ecosystems in South America harbor high levels of endemism typically with species that are often threatened. Here we investigated fruit and seed morphology, germination, and early growth parameters of Crinodendron brasiliense, an endangered and narrow endemic tree species of subtropical montane cloud forests in Southern Brazil. We obtained fruit and seed size and shape, number of lobes and number of seeds per fruit and evaluated germination and early growth parameters in a greenhouse. We tested the effect of different container types and parent plant on seed morphology, germination, and early growth. We also tested whether thermal scarification would improve germination rates. We showed that parent plant significantly influenced fruit and seed morphology as well as early growth rates. The germination rate of the species was extremely low (0.003-0.004 seeds per day), which may be one important underlying cause of its small population size and restricted distribution. Thermal scarification was ineffective to improve the germination of seeds. Unexpectedly, container type significantly affected germination success, as seeds in trays germinated faster and in higher rates than seeds planted in seedbeds. Such result suggests a higher soil moisture could improve germination success. Our study is the first documented propagation of the species and provides essential aspects on the reproductive biology and early development of Crinodendron brasiliense. We highlight the urgent need for further research and collaborative conservation initiatives to prevent the extinction of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biotropica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Stomata play a critical role in surface–atmosphere exchange by controlling the flux of water and CO2 between the leaf and the atmosphere. However, the driving factors for the vital parameter, the marginal water cost of the carbon gain (λ), are poorly understood in the subalpine regions. Therefore, we studied λ in subalpine plants at all across altitudes. There was a parabolic pattern in λ of trees with increasing elevation, the highest at 2700 m asl and 3500 m asl for the broadleaf trees and the coniferous trees, respectively, while the λ of species of herbs and shrub decreased with elevation. For all species, λ were higher during the mid-growing season than during the early and late growing seasons under the same conditions. Mean λ values were higher in herbs and shrubs than in trees, indicating a more conservative strategy for water use in trees than in herbs and shrubs in forest communities. Furthermore, a higher λ value of the broadleaf tree than of the coniferous tree suggests that angiosperm trees use water more profligately than gymnosperm trees. Environmental factors had opposite effects on λ for herbs, shrubs, and trees. Soil conditions were positively correlated with λ for herbs and shrubs, but negatively for trees. Vegetation factors negatively influenced λ for herbs and shrubs, while no significant relationship was found with trees. From the results of the structural equation model, the improved empirical models for the simulation of stomatal conductance(gs) simulation based on the optimal stomatal behavior theory can accurately estimate the gs of the main species in subalpine forest communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seedling recruitment is a key process of plant regeneration that often depends on plant functional traits, such as seed size. To optimize forest restoration efforts, we need to better understand how seedling recruitment of different seed sizes varies along environmental gradients with strong variation in abiotic and biotic factors. To understand these interacting effects, we conducted a sowing experiment with different-sized seeds in forests and pastures in the tropical mountains of southern Ecuador. We quantified seedling recruitment in relation to temperature, soil moisture and biotic pressures. We sowed seeds of five tree species of varying seed size at three elevations (1000, 2000 and 3000 m a.s.l.) in primary forest and pastures. We tested (1) how habitat type influences the recruitment of seedlings belonging to three small- and two large-seeded species, and (2) how abiotic and biotic factors limit seedling recruitment of species with different seed sizes. We found that seedlings of the two large-seeded species recruited better than seedlings of the three small-seeded species, but only in the forest habitat. Seedling recruitment of large seeds was primarily limited by high surface temperature, which explains lower recruitment of large seeds in pastures compared to forests. Our study shows that seed size can be a key trait mediating variability in seedling recruitment in tropical ecosystems. We conclude that restoration measures should aim to mitigate extreme temperatures in tropical pastures to aid the natural regeneration of large-seeded tree species.

We report for the first time the presence of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), in the Machupicchu Historic Sanctuary, using camera traps. Twenty-one independent photographic records were obtained in four montane forest sectors between June 2018 and March 2020. The altitudinal range recorded for this species within the Sanctuary ranges from 2193 to 3414 m of altitude, which includes the second highest elevation record in Peru. The records indicate a pattern of cathemeral activity, with no time preference between day and night, and suggest that the presence of ocelots in some areas above 3000 m may be more common than previously thought, with specimens present year-round. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Dioscorea is the most morphologically diverse, species-rich and widely distributed genus of the family Dioscoreaceae. Dioscorea trifurcata is a poorly known species with two specimens collected in 1910 and 1916 in Catamarca province, Argentina. But recently, the species was cited for Brazil, and populations were located near the type locality. With new collections available, the purpose of the article is to update aspects of the morphology, habitat and distribution of D. trifurcata. M&M: Specimens newly collected in Catamarca province were analyzed and identified to species using specific bibliography and by comparison with the original material of Dioscorea trifurcata and from other specimens of Dioscorea at different herbaria. Results: A detailed morphological description of Dioscorea trifurcata is provided along with illustrations, photographs and a geographic distribution map. The presence of the species in Brazil is questioned. Conclusions: The rediscovery of Dioscorea trifurcata opens the possibility of conducting new studies based on multiple lines of evidence to corroborate the delimitation and distribution of the species. The importance of regional herbaria and of having recent and complete collections of poorly-known species for the inventory and conservation of biodiversity is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Seed size mediates seedling recruitment in tropical forests and pastures. • Large-seeded species recruited better than small-seeded species in the forest. • Recruitment of large-seeded species in pastures was limited by surface temperature. • Large-seeded species should be protected against drought in regenerating pastures. Seedling recruitment is a key process of plant regeneration that often depends on plant functional traits, such as seed size. To optimize forest restoration efforts, we need to better understand how seedling recruitment of different seed sizes varies along environmental gradients with strong variation in abiotic and biotic factors. To understand these interacting effects, we conducted a sowing experiment with different-sized seeds in forests and pastures in the tropical mountains of southern Ecuador. We quantified seedling recruitment in relation to temperature, soil moisture and biotic pressures. We sowed seeds of five tree species of varying seed size at three elevations (1000, 2000 and 3000 m a.s.l.) in primary forest and pastures. We tested (1) how habitat type influences the recruitment of seedlings belonging to three small- and two large-seeded species, and (2) how abiotic and biotic factors limit seedling recruitment of species with different seed sizes. We found that seedlings of the two large-seeded species recruited better than seedlings of the three small-seeded species, but only in the forest habitat. Seedling recruitment of large seeds was primarily limited by high surface temperature, which explains lower recruitment of large seeds in pastures compared to forests. Our study shows that seed size can be a key trait mediating variability in seedling recruitment in tropical ecosystems. We conclude that restoration measures should aim to mitigate extreme temperatures in tropical pastures to aid the natural regeneration of large-seeded tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Tropical plants exhibit virtually all known phenological responses, which can range from near-continuous to brief events, and from complete synchrony to complete asynchrony. This wide variety of phenological patterns is related to high tropical biodiversity and complex interactions with diverse abiotic and biotic factors, such as plant-pollinator interactions. Changes in these factors will therefore influence plant phenology, and differences in those phenological responses can impact reproductive success and plant fitness. We report here interspecific variations in the reproductive ecology (flowering phenology, floral biology, reproductive systems, and pollination) of 10 Myrtaceae species in a gallery forest in northeastern, Brazil. We evaluated flowering patterns and strategies, considering the frequency and duration of each phenophase from monthly observations, using the semi-quantitative Fournier scale. We also analyzed floral biology, recorded floral visitors, conducted pollination experiments (autonomous self-pollination, hand self-pollination, hand cross-pollination, and natural/open pollination), and calculated sefl-incompatibility (SII) and autogamy (AI) indices. Most species exhibited synchronous and annual flowering lasting between 1 and 5 months, with a “pulsed bang” strategy (i.e., mass flowering concentrated within just a few days, with intervals). These patterns were repeated among congeneric species, except in Myrcia, in which half of the species accompanied were classified as having a “pulsed bang” and the other half a “big bang” strategy. The flowering strategies appeared to be associated with distinct patterns of inflorescence development, bud production, flowering duration, and the timing of flowering in individual plants. Bee species were considered pollinators. Most species studied were self-incompatible and allogamous. In general, the species produced large quantities of flowers during short temporal intervals, favoring crosses between individuals having precise synchrony.

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Entomología is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We report a recent record of the elusive Eurasian Otter Lutra lutra from Kerala, through a direct observation in the higher reaches of the Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary within the Western Ghats, southern India. Field observation involved the sighting of two Eurasian Otters in a rocky-torrential stream in March 2020. The otters displayed a hyperactive foraging behaviour, searching among submerged rocks and crevices, followed by occasional dives. They seemed particularly interested in areas where water rushed with force, avoiding locations with low water flow or shallow pools. The observation site, at 1,275 m altitude in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, located in the Western Ghats of Kerala region, featured wet evergreen vegetation, transitional sholas (stunted evergreen forests), and riparian patches along a stream characterised by rapid water flow, boulders, and fallen trees. This habitat, as observed by others, was also indicative of Asian Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus suitability, suggesting potential resource partitioning between the two otter species. This discovery challenges previous assumptions about the preferred habitat of Eurasian Otters in the Western Ghats and emphasizes the need for comprehensive research on the taxonomy, distribution, population status, and behaviour of these possibly sympatric species of otters, the Asian Small-clawed Otter and the Eurasian Otter. Such studies are crucial for the conservation of both these species, which face threats from habitat loss, sand mining, hunting, and population decline. Preserving and restoring riparian vegetation in the higher reaches of the Western Ghats is essential for their protection within this biodiversity hotspot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraspartolus Günther, 1939 is a monotypic genus endemic to the Philippines. Its only species - P. curiosus Günther, 1939 - has been known only from Cape Engaño, Santa Ana, Cagayan, Luzon Island. Even though the species was described more than 80 years ago, only three specimens have been known, and nothing about the species' coloration, variability, or ecology was noted. In this study, we provide live photographs of the species for the first time from Negros Island - some 1000 km away from the type locality. We present detailed measurements of the collected male and female specimens and describe the species' color variations and microhabitats, including their bryophyte associates. We provide comments on the distribution of the species and identify problems with the higher classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a list of bats collected above 2000 meters in Río Abiseo National Park. Sixteen bat species belonging to the Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae families were collected during four expeditions between 1987 and 1990. Twelve species were found within expected altitudinal ranges, but four exceeded their previously reported maximum altitudinal ranges. A comparison with other bat lists from other localities at similar altitudes is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the western Andes of southern Ecuador, remnants of Andean montane tropical forests (BTMA) deserve to be studied ecologically for their value and conservation purposes. This research aimed to describe the difference in taxonomic and functional parameters of arboreal vegetation and explain its relationship with predictor variables. Predictors of climate, soils and spatial correlation were used to explain the difference in composition, diversity, tree density, biomass and functional traits between two types of BTMA: evergreen montane forest (BSM) and highline evergreen montane forest (BSMA). The difference in species composition was described with ANOSIM and NMDS. Differences in diversity, density, biomass and functional traits were evaluated using mean tests with Student t. The relationship between species composition and predictor variables was analyzed with variance partitioning (VARPART), while tree density, above-ground biomass, and functional traits were analyzed with generalized linear models (MLG). The composition was different between the two types and was explained by climate and spatial correlation. Tree density and above-ground biomass were higher in the BSMA. The weighted average of the leaf area (AF) was higher in BSM, while the specific leaf area (AFE) was higher in the BSMA. The mean annual precipitation (PMA) and mean annual temperature (TMA) explained the composition of the species. The density was explained by the TMA, apparent density (DA) and MO. The aboveground biomass was explained by TMA. The AF was explained by the TMA and DA and the AFE was explained by the PMA. We concluded that the parameters of the vegetation vary in small altitudinal gradients, where there is environmental heterogeneity conditioned by the climate and certain soil variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mean fire interval (MFI) is the average time between successive fires, influenced by environmental factors such as latitude, elevation, and vegetation type. This study evaluated the relationship between MFI and latitude in conifer forests of western North America. First, we obtained pre-fire-disruption MFI data from dendrochronology-based fire history studies in western Canada, the United States, and Mexico montane ranges. Then, we used generalized additive models (GAMs) to evaluate the relationship between MFI and latitude, considering elevation and conifer forest type as covariables. In addition, we mapped the spatial mean fire intervals (SMFIs) through inverse distance weighting (IDW). MFI increased significantly at higher latitudes, influenced by elevation and conifer forest type (R2 = 0.7). Furthermore, we found longer MFI in high elevations of the Madrean Archipelago, the Rocky Mountains, and the Alaska Range. Fire frequency also decreased in the boreal, Douglas-fir, and subalpine forests, with MFI longer than 20 yr. Moreover, the shortest SMFIs were found in the Mexican sierras and the Madrean Archipelago, with fire intervals between 4.1 and 5.6 yr. Our results showed a latitudinal gradient of MFI in conifer forests of western North America, which provides valuable information for fire management and the restoration of natural fire regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lilloa is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wood density (WD) is a key functional trait related to ecological strategies and ecosystem carbon dynamics. Despite its importance, there is a considerable lack of information on WD in tropical Andean forests, particularly regarding its relationship with forest succession and ecosystem carbon cycling. Here, we quantified WD in 86 upper Andean tree and shrub species in central Colombia, with the aim of determining how WD changes with forest succession and how it is related to productivity. We hypothesized that WD will increase with succession because early successional forests will be colonized by acquisitive species, which typically have low WD, while the shaded understory of older forests should favor higher WD. We measured WD in 481 individuals from 27 shrub and 59 tree species, and quantified aboveground biomass (AGB), canopy height, net primary production (NPP) and species composition and abundance in 14, 400-m², permanent plots. Mean WD was 0.513 ± 0.114 (g/cm³), with a range between 0.068 and 0.718 (g/cm³). Shrubs had, on average, higher WD (0.552 ± 0.095 g/cm³) than trees (0.488 ± 0.104 g/cm³). Community weighted mean WD (CWMwd) decreased with succession (measured as mean canopy height, AGB, and basal area); CWMwd also decreased with aboveground NPP and stem growth. In contrast, the percentage of NPP attributed to litter and the percent of shrubs in plots increased with CWMwd. Thus, our hypothesis was not supported because early successional forests had higher CWMwd than late successional forests. This was related to a high proportion of shrubs (with high WD) early in succession, which could be a consequence of: 1) a low seed availability of trees due to intense land use in the landscape and/or 2) harsh abiotic conditions early in succession that filter out trees. Forest with high CWMwd had a high %NPP attributed to litter because they were dominated by shrubs, which gain little biomass in their trunks. Our findings highlight the links between WD, succession and carbon cycling (biomass and productivity) in this biodiversity hotspot. Thus, WD is an important trait that can be used to understand upper Andean forest recovery and improve forest restoration and management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood density (WD) is a key functional trait related to ecological strategies and ecosystem carbon dynamics. Despite its importance, there is a considerable lack of information on WD in tropical Andean forests, particularly regarding its relationship with forest succession and ecosystem carbon cycling. Here, we quantified WD in 86 upper Andean tree and shrub species in central Colombia, with the aim of determining how WD changes with forest succession and how it is related to productivity. We hypothesized that WD will increase with succession because early successional forests will be colonized by acquisitive species, which typically have low WD, while the shaded understory of older forests should favor higher WD. We measured WD in 481 individuals from 27 shrub and 59 tree species, and quantified aboveground biomass (AGB), canopy height, net primary production (NPP) and species composition and abundance in 14, 400-m2, permanent plots. Mean WD was 0.513 ± 0.114 (g/cm3), with a range between 0.068 and 0.718 (g/cm3). Shrubs had, on average, higher WD (0.552 ± 0.095 g/cm3) than trees (0.488 ± 0.104 g/cm3). Community weighted mean WD (CWMwd) decreased with succession (measured as mean canopy height, AGB, and basal area); CWMwd also decreased with aboveground NPP and stem growth. In contrast, the percentage of NPP attributed to litter and the percent of shrubs in plots increased with CWMwd. Thus, our hypothesis was not supported because early successional forests had higher CWMwd than late successional forests. This was related to a high proportion of shrubs (with high WD) early in succession, which could be a consequence of: 1) a low seed availability of trees due to intense land use in the landscape and/or 2) harsh abiotic conditions early in succession that filter out trees. Forest with high CWMwd had a high %NPP attributed to litter because they were dominated by shrubs, which gain little biomass in their trunks. Our findings highlight the links between WD, succession and carbon cycling (biomass and productivity) in this biodiversity hotspot. Thus, WD is an important trait that can be used to understand upper Andean forest recovery and improve forest restoration and management practices.

Background and Research Aims: Biodiversity loss is a recent global crisis largely due to intense anthropogenic pressures. A study was conducted in Wenchi highlands in the late 2020 and early 2021 to explore the major challenges and opportunities for biodiversity conservation. Methods: Data were collected using semi–structured questionnaires, focus group discussions and direct observations from four relatively accessible highland villages. The questionnaires were administered to 395 randomly selected household farmers based on their accessibility, presence of natural forest remnants and proximity to an iconic Lake Wenchi. Results: The types of natural resource utilizations (χ2=87.94, df=4, P < 0.05) and the attitudes of the local community varied among the respondents (χ2=110.92, df=2, P < 0.05). The majority of the respondents used the natural resources as sources of firewood (70.19%) and for cattle grazing (63.51%). Most of the community members (56.47%) had a positive attitude towards biodiversity conservation. Only 12.14% had no idea about biodiversity conservation. The study also identified land-use changes, exotic plantations, soil erosion, illegal land grabbing, and burning of ericaceous belts as the major conservation challenges in the area. The severity level of conservation threats also varied significantly (χ2=243.519, df=6, P < 0.05). Overgrazing, firewood collection and land-use changes were the most serious biodiversity challenges. A unique topographic beauty, rich floras and faunas, recent global and regional recognitions, positive outlooks of the local people, and ecotourism development projects in the area were the main possible conservation opportunities. Conclusion: Anthropogenic activities severely threatened Wenchi montane forests and wildlife therein. Potential conservation opportunities in the area, however, opens up the door for future conservation actions. Implications for conservation: Wenchi highlands face severe conservation threats and need urgent conservation priorities and actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The timing of breeding is a key component of the life history of birds. In the tropics, where avian diversity is higher and environmental variability is less predictable than in temperate latitudes, breeding phenology patterns are poorly understood, and many other life-history traits remain largely unstudied. We describe the nest, egg, juvenile plumage, and breeding phenology of a population of the grey-browed brushfinch (Arremon assimilis assimilis, Passerellidae) from the Eastern Andes of Colombia. We found a single bluish-white unmarked egg in a cup-shaped nest. We also examined the relationship between photoperiod and precipitation with breeding phenology by monitoring 44 territorial pairs between 2017 and 2018. Arremon assimilis has two breeding peaks associated with the onset of rainfall in prior months: the first peak extends from mid-May to September, and the second from November and December to January. We also update a recent review of breeding biology data in Arremon and discuss how life-history traits may have evolved in light of the relationships among sparrows in this genus. Our study, one of few analyses of the breeding biology of a population in a montane species from the Andes, highlights the importance of such studies to further comprehend the general mechanisms that shape the breeding biology of tropical birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the severity and extent of near surface critical zone (CZ) disturbances and their ecosystem response is a pressing concern in the face of increasing human and natural disturbances. Predicting disturbance severity and recovery in a changing climate requires comprehensive understanding of ecosystem feedbacks among vegetation and the surrounding environment, including climate, hydrology, geomorphology, and biogeochemistry. Field surveys and satellite remote sensing have limited ability to effectively capture the spatial and temporal variability of disturbance and CZ properties. Technological advances in remote sensing using new sensors and new platforms have improved observations of changes in vegetation canopy structure and productivity; however, integrating measures of forest disturbance from various sensing platforms is complex. By connecting the potential for remote sensing technologies to observe different CZ disturbance vectors, we show that lower severity disturbance and slower vegetation recovery are more difficult to quantify. Case studies in montane forests from the western United States highlight new opportunities, including evaluating post‐disturbance forest recovery at multiple scales, shedding light on understory vegetation regrowth, detecting specific physiological responses, and refining ecohydrological modeling. Learning from regional CZ disturbance case studies, we propose future directions to synthesize fragmented findings with (a) new data analysis using new or existing sensors, (b) data fusion across multiple sensors and platforms, (c) increasing the value of ground‐based observations, (d) disturbance modeling, and (e) synthesis to improve understanding of disturbance. Key Points: Increasing remote sensing capabilities improve observations of disturbance severity and recovery in varying critical zone settingsCase studies present how new approaches from multiple platforms and sensors better quantify post‐disturbance recovery of montane forestsWe suggest integrating the new approaches to refine remote sensing capabilities and resolve critical zone processes at multiple scales [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out to study the diversity and assess the conservation status and endemism of ferns and lycophytes in the Mt. Malambo, Datu Salumay, Southern Philippines. Repeated transect walks were done with 20 sampling plots delineated on the site. Specimens were collected, identified, and assessed for their conservation status and endemism. Data gathered were analyzed employing the Shannon-Weiner Index. The inventory revealed 215 species (202 species of ferns and 13 species of lycophytes) belonging to 74 genera and 23 families. Polypodiaceae, Aspleniaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, and Pteridaceae were the species-rich families collected. Asplenium nidus L., Pneumatopteris costata (Brackenr.) Holttum, and Asplenium thunbergii Kunze obtained the highest species importance values. Mt. Malambo has a diversity value of H’=1.83 which is higher compared to other mountains in Mindanao. This study reports 20 Philippine endemic and 19 threatened species of ferns and lycophytes in the area. Of these, one is critically endangered, 11 are endangered, five are vulnerable, and two are other threatened species. The presence of many threatened and endemic species in the area implies that high priority should be addressed in protecting and conserving these species of ferns and lycophytes in Mt. Malambo.

We present a checklist of species of Lepanthes (Orchidaceae) from Peru, based on published reports supplemented by personal observations and the review of some herbarium specimens. Of the 81 species here reported from Peru, five are new records for the country and 44 are endemic. For each recorded species, we provide the accepted name, publication data, type, synonymy, and distribution in Peru by department and extralimital distributions by country. A map showing the numerical distribution of species by department and photographs of the five newly recorded and one recently described species are also provided. One lectotype is designated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary montane forests, covering 30% of forested lands in the Andes, play a crucial role in mitigating the impact of carbon release. However, the mechanisms responsible for carbon sequestration in the above-ground biomass of these forests are not well quantified. Understanding the determinants of above-ground carbon (AGC) dynamics in secondary forests along a 3000-m elevational gradient in the Andes to assess their mitigation potential. We assessed how abiotic and biotic conditions and past human disturbances were related to forest structure and composition, AGC stocks and productivity within sixteen 0.36-ha plots established in secondary forest stands of 30–35 years of age. Structural equation models revealed that changes in temperature conditions along the elevation gradient shaped leaf functional composition, which in turn controlled AGC dynamics. Productivity and temperature decreased with increasing elevation and decreased tree community leaf area. Disturbance legacy (Tree mortality) increased with competitive thinning and low soil fertility. We show that temperature drives AGC dynamics by changing the functional trait composition. This highlights the importance of preserving these forests along elevation gradients and implies potentially strong future changes due to global warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Understanding the severity and extent of near surface critical zone (CZ) disturbances and their ecosystem response is a pressing concern in the face of increasing human and natural disturbances. Predicting disturbance severity and recovery in a changing climate requires comprehensive understanding of ecosystem feedbacks among vegetation and the surrounding environment, including climate, hydrology, geomorphology, and biogeochemistry. Field surveys and satellite remote sensing have limited ability to effectively capture the spatial and temporal variability of disturbance and CZ properties. Technological advances in remote sensing using new sensors and new platforms have improved observations of changes in vegetation canopy structure and productivity; however, integrating measures of forest disturbance from various sensing platforms is complex. By connecting the potential for remote sensing technologies to observe different CZ disturbance vectors, we show that lower severity disturbance and slower vegetation recovery are more difficult to quantify. Case studies in montane forests from the western United States highlight new opportunities, including evaluating post‐disturbance forest recovery at multiple scales, shedding light on understory vegetation regrowth, detecting specific physiological responses, and refining ecohydrological modeling. Learning from regional CZ disturbance case studies, we propose future directions to synthesize fragmented findings with (a) new data analysis using new or existing sensors, (b) data fusion across multiple sensors and platforms, (c) increasing the value of ground‐based observations, (d) disturbance modeling, and (e) synthesis to improve understanding of disturbance.

Copyright of Espirales Revista Multidisciplinaria de Investigación is the property of Grupo Compas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Metapocyrtus (Metapocyrtus) ged Cabras & Medina, 2021 is a Mindanao-endemic species known only in Davao del Sur. Here, we recorded the species first in Bukidnon and the Cotabato region. Moreover, we also provide ecological notes of the species specifically the identities of its food plants, description of its habitat, and potential threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Many species inhabiting Kihansi gorge ecosystem in Southern Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania are threatened with extinction due to habitat loss caused by constructed hydropower plant that diverted over 90% the water off the Kihansi River. Understanding ecological correlates and structure of an animal community in perturbed ecosystems is an important way to enhancing species conservation particularly in this system, where several species are already threatened with extinction. This study assessed influences of local habitat characteristics on the butterfly abundance, species richness and diversity and examined how the butterfly community structures across three structurally heterogeneous habitats in the Kihansi gorge forest. Butterfly abundance data were collected using baited traps and measured environmental variables in the field, where trapping occurred. To understand the diversity and butterfly richness, these parameters were computed under Primer software. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and analysis of community similarity were used to analyse the butterfly community structure. Furthermore, the generalized linear models (GLM) were used to assess how the measured variables explained observed species diversity, abundance, and richness. Results In total, 72 species of butterfly in five families were recorded. Butterfly species diversity and richness did not vary across the habitat types or elevation gradient but showed strong correlation with some habitat characteristics. In addition, there was evidence of butterfly communities structuring into distinct groups that showed greater separation associated with the habitat characteristics they utilise. Furthermore, across the study area, butterfly species diversity increased significantly in high canopy and in trees with smaller DBH and at lower ground cover. Similarly, abundance significantly increased in the woodland and wooded grassland habitats, where there was high canopy and where tree density was high. Furthermore, butterfly species richness was strongly positively associated with high canopy cover and mostly increased in sites closer to water source. Conclusion First, this study shows strong positive correlation between the habitat characteristics and butterfly species and community structure, suggesting strongly that maintaining habitat quality should be a priority in conserving the butterfly communities in Kihansi. Second, conservation of environmental disturbance indicator butterfly taxa which are also endemic and rare is worthy of concern under the ongoing human-induced threats in the area. It is appropriate time that the Tanzania government should declare the Kihansi gorge forest among existing protected areas to secure effective conservation of biological diversity in this threatened ecosystem. Third, the ants–butterfly symbionts and their links to the potential lichen depletion are still unclear, and thus future research should explore the trophic cascades of depleting habitat quality on the endemic and rare butterfly species in the Kihansi gorge.

The Costa Rican highlands are considered hotspots of diversity and endemism, but studies on rodents are scarce. We compared the richness and abundance of mice between the montane forest and the paramo at the summit of the Talamanca mountain range. We selected two study sites within the Talamanca mountain range: the Cerro de la Muerte Biological Station and the paramo. The former is a montane forest dominated by oaks, and the latter is dominated by an herbaceous layer, and some scattered bushy patches. We captured mice in two different microhabitats within each montane forest and paramo, so we had four different sampling microhabitats: (1) paramo--bush, (2) paramo--Chusquea, (3) montane forest--bush, and (4) montane forest--Chusquea. Mice were marked to identify recaptures. We captured four mouse species and their abundance varied largely between habitats and among microhabitats (Table 1). The most abundant species, representing 85 % of all mouse captures, was Peromyscus nudipes. Mice were more abundant in the montane forest than in the paramo. Within the montane forest, mice were more abundant in the microhabitat containing bushes. The montane forest has a more complex vegetation structure with more diversity of food resources and shelters than the paramo. As well as at the habitat level, we argue that differences in abundance among microhabitats are directly related with the structure of vegetation. A more complex habitat structure may provide rodents with better conditions. Las tierras altas de Costa Rica son consideradas un punto caliente de diversidad y endemismo, pero los estudios sobre roedores son escasos. Comparamos la riqueza y abundancia de ratones entre el bosque de robledal y el páramo en la cima de la Cordillera de Talamanca. Seleccionamos dos sitios de estudio en la Cordillera de Talamanca: la Estación Biológica Cerro de la Muerte y el páramo. El primero es un bosque montano dominado por robles, y el segundo está dominado por una vegetación herbácea y algunos parches dispersos de arbustos. Capturamos ratones en dos microhábitats diferentes en el robledal y el páramo. Por lo que tuvimos cuatro microhábitats de muestreo: (1) páramo--arbustos, (2) páramo--Chusquea, (3) bosque montano--arbustos, y (4) bosque montano--Chusquea. Los ratones fueron marcados para identificar recapturas. Capturamos cuatro especies de ratones y sus abundancias variaron considerablemente entre hábitats y microhábitats (Tabla 1). La especie más abundante, con 85 % del total de capturas, fue Peromyscus nudipes. Los ratones fueron más abundantes en el robledal que en el páramo. Dentro del robledal, los ratones fueron más abundantes en el microhábitat compuesto por arbustos. El bosque montano posee una estructura vegetal más compleja, con mayor diversidad de recursos alimenticios y refugios que el páramo. Al igual que a nivel de hábitat, discutimos que las diferencias en abundancia entre microhábitats están directamente relacionadas con la estructura de la vegetación. Un hábitat con una estructura más compleja es de esperar que provea a los roedores de mejores condiciones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Costa Rican Paramo is a unique ecosystem with high levels of endemism that is geographically isolated from the Andean Paramos. Paramo ecosystems occur above Montane Forests, below the permanent snow level, and their vegetation differs notably from that of adjacent Montane Forests. We compared the composition and beta diversity of blooming plant species using phenological data from functional plant groups (i.e., insect-visited, bird-visited and insect C bird-visited plants) between a Paramo and a Montane Forest site in Costa Rica and analyzed seasonal changes in blooming plant diversity between the rainy and dry seasons. Species richness was higher in the Montane Forest for all plant categories, except for insect-visited plants, which was higher in the Paramo. Beta diversity and blooming plant composition differed between both ecosystems and seasons. Differences in species richness and beta diversity between Paramo and the adjacent Montane Forest are likely the result of dispersal events that occurred during the last glacial period and subsequent isolation, as climate turned to tropical conditions after the Pleistocene, and to stressful abiotic conditions in the Paramo ecosystem that limit species establishment. Differences in blooming plant composition between both ecosystems and seasons are likely attributed to differential effects of climatic cues triggering the flowering events in each ecosystem, but phylogenetic conservatism cannot be discarded. Analyses of species composition and richness based on flowering phenology data are useful to evaluate potential floral resources for floral visitors (insects and birds) and how these resources change spatially and temporarily in endangered ecosystems such as the Paramo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting how forest species composition may change in response to global change is essential for meaningful management. Which species are most likely to successfully recruit depends on a multitude of factors, but processes operating at the seed-toseedling transition being especially important. Here, we explore how insufficient seed dispersal (dispersal limitation) and ecological filtering of seedlings (establishment limitation) influence species recruitment in an Afromontane Forest. We combined census data from seeds in seed traps and seed-seedling transition plots in a Nigerian montane forest to measure dispersal and establishment limitation across species, life history strategies, and seed sizes. From 106 seed traps and 318 seedling plots, we recorded 11,278 seeds from 38 species and 2688 seedlings of 61 species. All species except for one liana showed strong dispersal limitation while 23 out of the 30 species showed establishment limitation. The two lianas sampled had significantly lower dispersal limitation compared to the trees investigated in the study. Our results suggest that both dispersal and establishment limitation are markedly high in this Afromontane forest than would be expected in a lowland counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Científico Centro de Museos de Historia Natural is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Philippine archipelago hosts an exceptional diversity of murid rodents that have diversified following several independent colonization events. Here, we report the discovery of a new species of rodent from Mt. Kampalili on eastern Mindanao Island. Molecular and craniodental analyses reveal this species as a member of a Philippine "New Endemic" clade consisting of Tarsomys , Limnomys , and Rattus everetti (tribe Rattini). This new species of "shrew-mouse" is easily distinguished from its relatives in both craniodental and external characteristics including a long, narrow snout; small eyes and ears; short, dark, dense fur dorsally and ventrally; stout body with a tapering, visibly haired tail shorter than head and body length; stout forepaws; bulbous and nearly smooth braincase; narrow, tapering rostrum; short incisive foramina; slender mandible; and narrow, slightly opisthodont incisors. This new genus and species of murid rodent illustrates that murids of the tribe Rattini have exhibited greater species and morphological diversification within the Philippines than previously known and provides evidence that Mt. Kampalili represents a previously unrecognized center of mammalian endemism on Mindanao Island that is deserving of conservation action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevational patterns of tree diversity are well studied worldwide. However, few studies have examined how seedlings respond to elevational gradients and whether their responses vary across climatic zones. In this study, we established three elevational transects in tropical, subtropical and subalpine mountain forests in Yunnan Province, southern China, to examine the responses of tree species and their seedlings to elevational gradients. Within each transect, we calculated species diversity indices and composition of both adult trees and seedlings at different elevations. For both adult trees and seedlings, we found that species diversity decreased with increasing elevation in both tropical and subalpine transects. Species composition showed significant elevational separation within all three transects. Many species had specific elevational preferences, but abundant tree species that occurred at specific elevations tended to have very limited recruitment in the understory. Our results highlight that the major factors that determine elevational distributions of tree species vary across climatic zones. Specifically, we found that the contribution of air temperature to tree species composition increased from tropical to subalpine transects, whereas the contribution of soil moisture decreased across these transects.

Abstract This study aims to identify the flower visitors of Mucuna thailandica (Fabaceae), endemic plant species in montane forests in Thailand, to determine their potential pollinators. The genus Mucuna produces papilionaceous flowers and has an explosive flower‐opening step. Explosive opening rapidly exposes stamens and pistil from keel petals and releases pollen. The flower of this species depends completely on animals to perform this step, essential for pollination success. Using a camera trap survey, we revealed that non‐flying mammals, such as squirrels (Callosciurus sp.) and masked palm civets (Paguma larvata), opened flowers explosively. Thus, these mammals contribute to the pollination of M. thailandica. This is the first report of non‐flying mammals contributing to pollination in montane forests in tropical Asia.

We describe two new species of terrestrial-breeding frogs in the genus Pristimantis from the Andes of northeastern Peru, Amazonas Department. Both species share several characters with other congeners from northern Peru, such as the presence of prominent conical tubercles on their eyelids and heel, prominent conical tubercles along the outer edge of the tarsus, and discs on fingers and toes widely expanded. However, both species can be diagnosed from morphologically similar Pristimantis in the region. Pristimantis kiruhampatu has axillae, groins, and hidden surfaces of hindlimbs that are cherry with white minute flecks, tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus evident, conical tubercles along the edge of snout and outer edge of tibia, and \/ shaped folds in the scapular region. Pristimantis paulpittmani has yellow or dirty cream groins and hidden surfaces of hindlimbs, whitish cream irises with scattered dark brown reticulations, and a thin vertical dark brown streak at the middle of the eye, snout subacuminate with a conical tubercle at the tip, and lacks a tympanic annulus and membrane. Additionally, we provide a short description of the advertisement call of P. kiruhampatu.

The Costa Rican Paramo is a unique ecosystem with high levels of endemism that is geographically isolated from the Andean Paramos. Paramo ecosystems occur above Montane Forests, below the permanent snow level, and their vegetation differs notably from that of adjacent Montane Forests. We compared the composition and beta diversity of blooming plant species using phenological data from functional plant groups (i.e., insect-visited, bird-visited and insect + bird-visited plants) between a Paramo and a Montane Forest site in Costa Rica and analyzed seasonal changes in blooming plant diversity between the rainy and dry seasons. Species richness was higher in the Montane Forest for all plant categories, except for insect-visited plants, which was higher in the Paramo. Beta diversity and blooming plant composition differed between both ecosystems and seasons. Differences in species richness and beta diversity between Paramo and the adjacent Montane Forest are likely the result of dispersal events that occurred during the last glacial period and subsequent isolation, as climate turned to tropical conditions after the Pleistocene, and to stressful abiotic conditions in the Paramo ecosystem that limit species establishment. Differences in blooming plant composition between both ecosystems and seasons are likely attributed to differential effects of climatic cues triggering the flowering events in each ecosystem, but phylogenetic conservatism cannot be discarded. Analyses of species composition and richness based on flowering phenology data are useful to evaluate potential floral resources for floral visitors (insects and birds) and how these resources change spatially and temporarily in endangered ecosystems such as the Paramo.

Biogeochemical properties of soils play a crucial role in soil and stream chemistry throughout a watershed. How water interacts with soils during subsurface flow can have impacts on water quality, thus, it is fundamental to understand where and how certain soil water chemical processes occur within a catchment. In this study, ~200 soil samples were evaluated throughout a small catchment in the Front Range of Colorado, USA to examine spatial and vertical patterns in major soil solutes among different landscape units: riparian areas, alluvial/colluvial fans, and steep hillslopes. Solutes were extracted from the soil samples in the laboratory and analyzed for major cation (Li, K, Mg, Br, and Ca) and anion (F, Cl, NO2, NO3, PO4, and SO4) concentrations using ion chromatography. Concentrations of most solutes were greater in near surface soils (10 cm) than in deeper soils (100 cm) across all landscape units, except for F which increased with depth, suggestive of surface accumulation processes such as dust deposition or enrichment due to biotic cycling. Potassium had the highest variation between depths, ranging from 1.04 mg/l (100 cm) to 3.13 mg/l (10 cm) sampled from riparian landscape units. Nearly every solute was found to be enriched in riparian areas where vegetation was visibly denser, with higher mean concentrations than the hillslopes and fans, except for NO3 which had higher concentrations in the fans. Br, NO2, and PO4 concentrations were often below the detectable limit, and Li and Na were not variable between depths or landscape units. Ratioed stream water concentrations (K:Na, Ca:Mg, and NO3:Cl) vs. discharge relationships compared to the soil solute ratios indicated a hydraulic disconnection between the shallow soils (

In this study we describe a new species, Epidendrum itacolomiensis, from the historically well collected region of the Itacolomi peak, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We compare the new species with taxa belonging to the E. proligerum complex. The new species has some of the smallest flowers of the complex and is similar to E. bothryanthum and E. parahybunense, but it is easily distinguished from them by the erect stems, the absence of a distinct ventral vesicle in the pedicellate ovary formed by an inflated cuniculus, and pale pink flowers. It also differs from E. bothryanthum by the entire lip. We also provide an illustration, photographs, and an identification key for the species complex. This study highlights that even extensively collected areas in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest may hide new orchid taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The mixed forest presented the highest organic soil mercury accumulation. • Litterfall mercury input is the important source for mercury accumulation in soils. • Vegetation and climate play an important role in influencing mercury distribution. • Harsh climate and sparse plants lead to low soil mercury levels in the alpine forest. Understanding atmospheric mercury (Hg) accumulation in remote montane forests is critical to assess the Hg ecological risk to wildlife and human health. To quantify impacts of vegetation, climatic and topographic factors on Hg accumulation in montane forests, we assessed the Hg distribution and stoichiometric relations among Hg, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) in four forest types along the elevation of Mt. Gongga. Our results show that Hg concentration in plant tissues follows the descending order of litter > leaf, bark > root > branch > bole wood, indicating the importance of atmospheric Hg uptake by foliage for Hg accumulation in plants. The foliar Hg/C (from 237.0 ± 171.4 to 56.8 ± 27.7 µg/kg) and Hg/N (from 7.5 ± 3.9 to 2.5 ± 1.2 mg/kg) both decrease along the elevation. These elevation gradients are caused by the heterogeneity of vegetation uptake of atmospheric Hg and the variation of atmospheric Hg° concentrations at different altitudes. Organic soil Hg accumulation is controlled by forest types, topographic and climatic factors, with the highest concentration in the mixed forest (244.9 ± 55.7 µg/kg) and the lowest value in the alpine forest (151.9 ± 44.5 µg/kg). Further analysis suggests that soil Hg is positively correlated to C (r 2 = 0.66) and N (r 2 = 0.57), and Hg/C and Hg/N both increase with the soil depth. These stoichiometric relations highlight the combined effects from environmental and climatic factors which mediating legacy Hg accumulation and selective Hg absorption during processes of organic soil mineralization. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kafa Biosphere Reserve (KBR) is the largest montane forest reserve in Ethiopia and was declared officially a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) biosphere reserve in 2010. Only recently, however, has the reserve been surveyed in terms of its small‐ and medium‐sized mammal inhabitant species. The KBR supports a diverse variety of habitat types, which are increasingly under pressure from anthropogenic degradation. During the 2014 dry season and 2019 wet season, we used traps, mist‐nets, acoustic signals, photography and roadkill surveys to assess the small‐ and medium‐sized mammals of the reserve. We recorded 17 small‐ and five medium‐sized mammal species, almost half (45.5%) being endemic to Ethiopia. The grayish‐brown shaggy rat (Dasymys griseifrons) and two fruit bats (Epomophorus gambianus and Hypsignathus monstrosus) were recorded in the reserve for the first time. As a next step, a large‐scale, detailed inventory of the mammals in a wider area of southwestern Ethiopian forests and wetlands, including prevailing anthropogenic threats, is required. Notwithstanding, immediate conservation action by regional and national authorities to prevent further habitat loss to reduce the risk of local extinction is needed, particularly for endemic species or those exhibiting limited range distributions in southwestern Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mountain pine (Podocarpus parlatorei Pilg.) is endemic to the southern montane forests, historically over-exploited for timber purposes and currently is in danger of extinction. In Bolivia, also presents information gaps regarding its population structure and dynamics. We describe its forest structure (adult individuals, ≥10 cm in diameter) and regeneration (young individuals, <10 cm) in the complex of the bolivian-tucuman pine forest in the Department of Santa Cruz (Bolivia). Sixteen localities were evaluated in the municipalities of Vallegrande, Postrer Valle, Pucara and Quirusillas (81 sampling plots). The densities (individuals/ha) of structure and regeneration were contrasted (Kruskal-Wallis tests) between municipalities and diameter categories; the association (Spearman correlations) of both variables was analyzed with each other, with elevation, slope and tree cover. The forest structure was classified into five diameter categories and was distributed in the form of an inverted J; Vallegrande presented the highest density (650 individuals/ha), higher than that determined for the landscape in general (200 individuals/ha). Regeneration, among its four diameter categories, also presented an inverted J distribution; the greatest regeneration was quantified in Pucara (1700 individuals/ha), which exceeded what was recorded at the landscape level (1100 individuals/ha). Only three variables presented significant associations (P<0.05); elevation (ϱ=0.23) and tree cover (ϱ=0.43) were positively related to forest structure, while regeneration was negatively related (ϱ=-0.30). The forest structure and the natural regeneration of the mountain pine populations revealed that the species is far from presenting a good conservation status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orchidaceae is among the largest plant families in the world; that is why it is notoriously difficult to identify species using traditional taxonomic methods. This problem is especially apparent in the Andean region of South America, a global hotspot for orchid diversity. Plant DNA barcoding has been proposed to help with orchid species discrimination. However, the utility of the rbcL and matK DNA barcode markers to discriminate between orchid species still needs investigating. The goal of this study is to determine the utility of the rbcL and matK DNA barcode markers to discriminate orchid species from a localized Andean montane forest in Ecuador. A total of 174 samples from the Siempre Verde Preserve, Ecuador, were sequenced, returning 51 unique rbcL and 81 unique matK barcode gene region sequences. Similar rates of sequencing success, rbcL (76%) and matK (75%), were found for both gene regions. Sequences were then queried to GenBank, where top matches were compared to the taxonomic identification of samples. Analysis of 132 unique orchid sequences indicated that, overall, the matK gene region was more robust for species (63%) and genus level (78%) discrimination compared to the rbcL gene region (species: 29%; genus: 36%). However, for 11 of 29 genera, rbcL and matK had similar success at genus level discrimination. Collectively, results emphasize the utility of the matK DNA barcode for the discrimination of orchid taxa and the importance of incorporating taxonomic and genetic methods when investigating the identity of plant species from complex groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]