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Performances that become rituals, which are preserved through decades, even centuries, are formed by history. Every aspect that composes them speaks about the community represented, the intended audience and the surroundings. Costume is the most visible element a performer has to spread a message in the most democratic way possible. The capital city of a small South American country — Montevideo, Uruguay — presents Candombe, an interesting carnival celebration first performed by enslaved Afro-Uruguayans which has become a popular event that now represents a significant part of the country's culture. This article aims to understand the origins of the costume for this particular ritual and why the design is preserved today in contemporary celebrations. The topics discussed are colonialism, memory, tradition and multiculturalism. In addition, the concept of agency in regard to the costume is addressed with concrete examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Most foodborne salmonellosis outbreaks are linked to agricultural animal products with a few serovars accounting for most Salmonella isolated from specific animal products, suggesting an adaptation to the corresponding animal hosts and their respective environments. Here, we utilized whole-genome sequence (WGS) data to analyze the evolution and population genetics of seven serovars frequently isolated from ground beef (Montevideo, Cerro, and Dublin), chicken (Kentucky, Infantis, and Enteritidis), and turkey (Reading) in the United States. In addition, publicly available metadata were used to characterize major clades within each serovar with regard to public health significance. Except for Dublin, all serovars were polyphyletic, comprising 2–6 phylogenetic groups. Further partitioning of the phylogenies identified 25 major clades, including 12 associated with animal or environmental niches. These 12 clades differed in evolutionary parameters (e.g., substitution rates) as well as public health relevant characteristics (e.g., association with human illness, antimicrobial resistance). Overall, our results highlight several critical trends: (i) the Salmonella generation time appears to be more dependent on source than serovar and (ii) all serovars contain clades and sub-clades that are estimated to have emerged after the year 1940 and that are enriched for isolates associated with humans, agricultural animals, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and/or specific geographical regions. These findings suggest that serotyping alone does not provide enough resolution to differentiate isolates that may have evolved independently, present distinct geographic distribution and host association, and possibly have distinct public health significance.IMPORTANCENon-typhoidal Salmonella are major foodborne bacterial pathogens estimated to cause more than one million illnesses, thousands of hospitalizations, and hundreds of deaths annually in the United States. More than 70% of Salmonella outbreaks in the United States have been associated with agricultural animals. Certain serovars include persistent strains that have repeatedly contaminated beef, chicken, and turkey, causing outbreaks and sporadic cases over many years. These persistent strains represent a particular challenge to public health, as they are genetically clonal and widespread, making it difficult to differentiate distinct outbreak and contamination events using whole-genome sequence (WGS)-based subtyping methods (e.g., core genome allelic typing). Our results indicate that a phylogenetic approach is needed to investigate persistent strains and suggest that the association between a Salmonella serovar and an agricultural animal is driven by the expansion of clonal subtypes that likely became adapted to specific animals and associated environments.

There are very few feminist urban public spaces in the world and even fewer urban feminist commons. This paper focuses on the initiative and functioning of the Plaza las Pioneras in Montevideo, Uruguay. The Plaza is an innovative feminist public space and urban commons experience that opened in 2020 as an effort by the city's Urban Development and Gender Equity divisions to contribute to a more feminist city. The authors describe the specific context and history of both the urban space and its actors that led to political opportunities but also agency and sociopolitical dynamics on the part of different actors. Its inception and foundation are considered feminist by its stakeholders both in terms of process and finality. The article details and analyses how the Plaza las Pioneras provides fertile ground for feminist claims and initiatives while enabling women to appropriate the space and emerge as actors and beneficiaries of innovation, creation, and collective self-management of urban commons. Since its inauguration, the Plaza has become a community territory as a space, a resource, and meeting grounds. It is used by the feminist collectives that make up its Assembly as a way to promote solidarity, care, and commoning not only among its members but also with other civil society groups and social movements while working with the municipality to promote feminist urban initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo analiza la huelga de albañiles de 1895 en Montevideo, centrada en la reducción de la jornada laboral, reflejando las duras condiciones de trabajo de la época. Montevideo experimentaba un rápido crecimiento urbano y económico, con una clase trabajadora diversa enfrentando largas jornadas, bajos salarios y falta de protección social. Los trabajadores, organizados en “sociedades de resistencia”, buscaron mejorar sus condiciones a través de acciones colectivas. La Sociedad de albañiles lideró la huelga como ejemplo de estas luchas. El artículo explora los métodos de trabajo, las relaciones laborales y las estrategias de organización de los albañiles, destacando la limitada atención historiográfica sobre su historia en el siglo XIX. Se basa en una revisión exhaustiva de la prensa y diversas fuentes para iluminar este período.

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The article presents the actions carried out by the municipality of Montevideo between 1951 and 1964, with the aim of creating an Art Center, which was the seed of the Museum of Art History, currently MuHAr. The municipal advisor in plastic arts, architect Fernando García Esteban, led the aforementioned process, which involved the purchase of pieces abroad, the reception of donations and loans, while organizing exhibitions and shows that were disseminated through the press. The Art Center was basically born as a museum of casts, with a collection that placed special emphasis on ancient art and undoubtedly on European art. The strong pedagogical mission attributed to the project was undoubtedly one of the reasons why the process was brief and successful. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores how feminist movements in Montevideo have built cities through the appropriation of urban spaces that promote diverse ways of living. An approach is made from the concept of the right to the city and the perspective of feminist urbanism, which seeks to consider the needs of historically excluded groups. To this end, it is essential to recognize that cities have been designed from a male perspective and to analyze how urban conflicts are rooted in the violence that women experience in their daily lives and in the need to resignify and reclaim these spaces. A situated approach is proposed, taking into account the characteristics of the new ways of being in the public space by Latin American feminisms. Based on an extensive documentary analysis, interviews and systematic observations, it delves into how feminism constructs cities in different ways, both at the institutional level and in everyday life. It is essential to understand the effects that feminist movements have on the urban sphere and the need to identify and address the conquests, negotiations, disputes and difficulties between the different actors involved. Thus, and incorporating the contributions of feminist urbanism, the production capacity of these conflicts is addressed, following the proposal of Melé (2016), and they are categorized into political, legal and territorial productivity. It is concluded that the effects of the feminist movement generate new possibilities for the construction of a fairer city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tango was born in the Rio de la Plata basin at the end of the 19th century. After an eclipse in the second half of the 20th century, it is experiencing a globalized revival, both as a spectacle and as a practice. To consider the geography of tango in Buenos Aires and Montevideo is then to study their prominent place in a diversity of tourist and cultural circulations, at various scales (continental and global), transforming cultural and heritage elements into territorial symbols and drivers of development through culture and tourism. These political and economic uses of tango pluralize its meanings and produce conflicts on the modes of anchoring a cultural practice to these two cities.

El presente artículo explora cómo los movimientos feministas en Montevideo han construido ciudad a través de la apropiación de espacios urbanos que promueven formas de habitar diversas. Se realiza un abordaje desde el concepto de derecho a la ciudad y la perspectiva del urbanismo feminista, que busca considerar las necesidades de grupos históricamente excluidos. Para ello, resulta fundamental reconocer que las ciudades han sido diseñadas desde una perspectiva masculina y analizar cómo los conflictos urbanos tienen su raíz en las violencias que experimentan las mujeres en su vida diaria y en la necesidad de resignificar y reclamar esos espacios. Se plantea un abordaje situado, atendiendo a las características de las nuevas formas de estar en el espacio público por parte de los feminismos latinoamericanos. A partir de la realización de un amplio análisis documental, entrevistas y observaciones sistemáticas, se profundiza en cómo el feminismo construye ciudad de diversas formas, tanto a nivel institucional como en la vida cotidiana. Resulta fundamental comprender los efectos que los movimientos feministas tienen en el ámbito urbano y la necesidad de identificar y abordar las conquistas, negociaciones, disputas y dificultades entre los diferentes actores involucrados. Así, e incorporando los aportes del urbanismo feminista, se aborda la capacidad de producción de estos conflictos, siguiendo la propuesta de Melé (2016), y se las categoriza en productividades de tipo políticas, jurídicas y territoriales. Se concluye que los efectos del movimiento feminista generan nuevas posibilidades para la construcción de una ciudad más justa.

El artículo presenta las acciones llevadas adelante por la comuna montevideana entre 1951 y 1964, con el objetivo de crear un Centro de Artce, que fue el germen del Museo de Historia del Arte, actual MuHAr. El asesor municipal en artes plásticas, el arquitecto Fernando García Esteban lideró el mencionado proceso, que supuso la compra de piezas en el exterior, la recepción de donaciones y préstamos, al tiempo que se organizaban exposiciones y muestras que eran difundidas a través de la prensa. El Centro de Arte nació básicamente como un museo de calcos, con una colección que hacía especial énfasis en el arte antiguo y sin duda en el europeo. Una operación que puede resultar extraña a mediados del siglo XX, momentos en que nacían los museos de arte moderno y las colecciones de calcos o escuturas antiguas parecían perder vigor. A partir de esa observación, mi objetivo será presentar los motivos que llevaron a la Intendencia montevideana a sostener un proyecto que se concretó en un período relativamente breve. La fuerte misión pedagógica que se atribuyó al proyecto, fue sin duda una de las razones de que el proceso fuera breve y exitoso. Una misión centrada en la idea de que el conocimiento de la historia del arte era un componente básico en la formación del ciudadano, así como en la certeza de que el arte europeo y occidental eran la matriz cultural de los uruguayos.

Comprised of eight charts and eight views that map the coastline of the Americas from Ecuador to Brazil, the Atlas maritimo del Reyno de el Perù, Chile, Costa Patagónica Oriental, y Occidental is an exquisite example of eighteenth-century Spanish American manuscript cartography whose production and content contribute to understanding imperial expansion and artistic exchange in the Atlantic World. Commissioned by a pilot of the Indies fleet and produced in Montevideo, this presentation atlas highlights a confluence of local and imperial interests in the cartographic production of the River Plate region. Sources include the works of prominent European explorers, and analysis of the atlas' elaborate trompe l'oeil cartouches suggests potential artistic links with Andalusia and France. The atlas also reflects changing imperial attitudes towards Patagonia as a geostrategic location, and advances Spanish claims to the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo tiene por objeto reflexionar sobre las tramas urbanas a partir del análisis de sus tejidos barriales. Desde una perspectiva estética y comunicacional de la subjetividad, proponemos un abordaje socio-territorial para intentar comprender la composición de nuestros ambientes de vida en la ciudad contemporánea. Para ello tomamos como caso la zona del histórico segundo ensanche de Montevideo por sus cualidades socioculturales, tanto de sus habitantes como de sus entornos arquitectónicos: una centralidad dinámica, con altos niveles de oportunidad para la renovación urbana con inclusión social. Primero se realiza una breve contextualización. En segundo lugar se explicita el ejercicio conceptual propuesto. Luego, se pasa a analizar los diferentes aspectos del fenómeno presentando las cualidades de esta zona de Montevideo, siempre orientados en el estudio de lo que acontece en las fronteras como un “entre”, buscando cartografiar las configuraciones de las tramas generadas por las diversas maneras de tejer la vida urbana.

El bienestar, sus componentes y determinantes han retomado importancia en la teoría económica, y se han convertido en un tema actual y significativo. Por ello, este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer el impacto de tres variables económicas del bienestar objetivo en la felicidad (bienestar subjetivo) de los individuos, en el ámbito urbano. A través de un modelo de regresión logística aplicado a datos de la ciudad de Montevideo, se pudo observar que existe una relación significativa entre el ingreso, la riqueza y el desempleo de un individuo con la probabilidad de que se autoproclame feliz (positiva en los dos primeros casos y negativa en el tercero). Los resultados obtenidos permiten asistir a la construcción de política pública en lo que respecta a la relevancia de las variables consideradas.

La pesca de arrastre fue por siglos una cuestión controvertida por las protestas de los pescadores que ejercían otras artes de pesca y las discusiones sobre su impacto ambiental, social y económico. Este tipo de debate emergió en Montevideo a fines del siglo xix, cuando comenzó a operar la compañía de Pedro Galcerán con embarcaciones a vapor y grandes redes de arrastre. En este trabajo se analizan dos momentos de los conflictos entre los pescadores y la compañía Galcerán. El primero se manifestó con los petitorios y la huelga de pescadores de 1898; el segundo se centra en las discusiones ocurridas en 1907, cuando una empresa argentina comenzó a operar con modernos barcos arrastreros. Estas polémicas involucraron a varios actores y argumentos de distinta índole, desde aspectos económicos y sociales hasta diferentes interpretaciones sobre el ambiente del Río de la Plata.

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Most foodborne salmonellosis outbreaks are linked to agricultural animal products with a few serovars accounting for most Salmonella isolated from specific animal products, suggesting an adaptation to the corresponding animal hosts and their respective environments. Here, we utilized whole-genome sequence (WGS) data to analyze the evolution and population genetics of seven serovars frequently isolated from ground beef (Montevideo, Cerro, and Dublin), chicken (Kentucky, Infantis, and Enteritidis), and turkey (Reading) in the United States. In addition, publicly available metadata were used to characterize major clades within each serovar with regard to public health significance. Except for Dublin, all serovars were polyphyletic, comprising 2-6 phylogenetic groups. Further partitioning of the phylogenies identified 25 major clades, including 12 associated with animal or environmental niches. These 12 clades differed in evolutionary parameters (e.g., substitution rates) as well as public health relevant characteristics (e.g., association with human illness, antimicrobial resistance). Overall, our results highlight several critical trends: (i) the Salmonella generation time appears to be more dependent on source than serovar and (ii) all serovars contain clades and sub-clades that are estimated to have emerged after the year 1940 and that are enriched for isolates associated with humans, agricultural animals, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and/or specific geographical regions. These findings suggest that serotyping alone does not provide enough resolution to differentiate isolates that may have evolved independently, present distinct geographic distribution and host association, and possibly have distinct public health significance., Importance: Non-typhoidal Salmonella are major foodborne bacterial pathogens estimated to cause more than one million illnesses, thousands of hospitalizations, and hundreds of deaths annually in the United States. More than 70% of Salmonella outbreaks in the United States have been associated with agricultural animals. Certain serovars include persistent strains that have repeatedly contaminated beef, chicken, and turkey, causing outbreaks and sporadic cases over many years. These persistent strains represent a particular challenge to public health, as they are genetically clonal and widespread, making it difficult to differentiate distinct outbreak and contamination events using whole-genome sequence (WGS)-based subtyping methods (e.g., core genome allelic typing). Our results indicate that a phylogenetic approach is needed to investigate persistent strains and suggest that the association between a Salmonella serovar and an agricultural animal is driven by the expansion of clonal subtypes that likely became adapted to specific animals and associated environments., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The article rebuilds the political cycle that began in Montevideo with the English invasions of the Río de la Plata in 1806 and ended with the fall of the Spanish government in 1814. It offers an analysis of the modalities and spaces of popular political participation, while questioning the composition of these classes and their link with the political identities that were born in that period. At the same time, it proposes a thought on the ways in which these traditions of collective action were recovered by Uruguayan historiography, since the mid-nineteenth century. In this regard, there is a double exclusion of these groups by historiography. On one hand, their plebeian nature made them invisible to an academic tradition that used predominantly elitist sources. On the other hand, the fact that these classes have adhered to loyal positions left them out of the dominant memories of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the British Invasions (1806-1807), a militarization process of the society of the Rio de la Plata began, and it crystallized in the creation of diverse militias to defend the territory. The new provincially based groups, identified themselves as neighbours who volunteered to take part in the conflict, and that broke the traditional structure of this viceregal figure. This provoked tough opposition, and diverse conflicts, with several military commanders and high authorities of the viceregal's institutions. This article will focus in the militia groups formed by the Catalan community in tackle with them: how they adopted their own militia identity, the opposition they found and how they used this new status to intervene in the new paths of political participation that opened in the hard damaged, but not broken, viceregal structure during the military conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Global Financial Crisis, activists and scholars have turned to collective forms of housing as a strategy to decommodify housing. We argue that housing cooperatives might take a crucial role in this strategy. The fact that they are still marginal, however, raises questions about the conditions for their emergence, growth and survival. By bringing the trajectories of housing cooperatives in Switzerland and Uruguay in dialogue, we capture different paths towards housing policies conducive for cooperatives. In both countries, housing cooperatives are meaningful policy instruments to make urbanization governable. To understand their development, their mutual relations with governments are crucial. We argue that the organizational form of a cooperative resembles a shell, which can be repurposed from the inside and the outside. In their ambiguous position between self-organization and being entangled with state practices, the situated stories of housing cooperatives in Switzerland and Uruguay help to re-describe struggles to live and dwell in urbanizing spaces around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Este artículo sintetiza algunos aspectos del proyecto “Hierro y bronce. Criterios para la valoración y conservación de la herrería artística en el patrimonio arquitectónico del Uruguay”[i], cuyo objetivo es establecer los atributos patrimoniales de los elementos ornamentales metálicos asociados a fachadas del patrimonio arquitectónico nacional y contribuir a su difusión, puesta en valor y conservación. A lo largo de la investigación se abordan los aspectos socioculturales, artísticos, formales, técnicos y, por último, los relativos al deterioro de estos elementos y las pautas para su preservación y restauración. La metodología se basa en el estudio de fuentes primarias, éditas e inéditas, en la revisión de bibliografía especializada y en el trabajo de campo sobre una muestra representativa de elementos ornamentales metálicos aplicados a las fachadas de la arquitectura montevideana. Fue relevado un total de 250 edificios, correspondientes a los distintos períodos que distinguimos en la evolución de la herrería local entre finales del siglo XVIII y mediados del siglo XX. Se trata de un aporte inicial que profundiza en un campo escasamente abordado en nuestro medio acerca del conocimiento y difusión de los trabajos de herrería en el marco del patrimonio arquitectónico y artístico uruguayo, proporcionando información útil a la academia, las instituciones vinculadas a la valoración y conservación patrimonial y el público general. Notas [i] Proyecto concursado y financiado en la modalidad Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D), Comisión Sectorial de Investigación científica (CSIC), Universidad de la República, a realizarse entre marzo de 2018 y marzo de 2020, por un equipo interdisciplinario integrado por docentes e investigadores de las facultades de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo: Miriam Hojman, Valentina Marchese y Tatiana Rimbaud (Instituto de Historia), Gianella Mussio, Leticia Olivera, Carola Romay y Verónica Ulfe (Instituto de Tecnologías); de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación: Ernesto Beretta (Instituto de Ciencias Históricas-Historia del Arte); y de la Facultad de Ingeniería: Sofía Aguiar (Instituto de Ensayo de Materiales). El presente artículo fue elaborado por todos los integrantes del equipo.

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Latin American labor markets are remarked on for their structural heterogeneity, which, over the years, has been the result of a growing labor surplus. Thus, the digital labor platforms in delivery services that have emerged are breaking into a complex labor landscape, imposing new challenges. We intend to describe what forms the workers' collective actions take and how these collective actions and their forms are linked with the labor institutions' settings. We use three case studies with a comparative perspective of both national labor institutions and the history of collective action, particularly in the urban labor context. We collected secondary information from news media and academic bibliographies and primary information through interviews with collectives' representatives. Our results show how the logic of digital platforms challenges collective action, and how the history of labor institutions might contribute to the rise of new forms of organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on the analysis of primary documentation from the David Campora Armed Struggle Archive, located in the Centre for Interdisciplinary Uruguayan Studies at the University of the Republic in Montevideo, the aim of the article is to analyse the process suffered by the Tupamaros prisoners from the moment they were arrested and what their time in prison was like. What methods of repression and torture were used, whether human rights were violated and what measures the MLN-T militants put in place to counteract the repression. We also try to show the transcendence of the Uruguayan model of inspiration, reciprocal with other dictatorships in Latin America, in a period which corresponds to the greatest increase in political violence in Uruguay from 1968 onwards and ending with the end of the dictatorship in 1985. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hot spot policing has proven to be effective in reducing crime in cities in North America, Europe and Australasia, but to date, its application and evaluation in Latin American settings has been limited. PADO (Programa de Alta Dedicación Operativa) is a large-scale hot spot policing program implemented by the Uruguay Police in April 2016 in the city of Montevideo. Using an evaluation technique that compares the differential effect between areas where PADO was deployed and control areas, a 23 percent reduction in the rate at which robberies occurred was experienced in the PADO areas, with no significant displacement to neighboring areas, or other areas of the city during the study period. The study indicates that hot spot policing programs can be effective in reducing crime in Latin American urban environments and illustrates how targeted police interventions can be robustly evaluated when control areas are not established at the outset of an intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]