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The monuments on both banks of the Tigris River, known as the "Lower City", in the historical settlement of Hasankeyf, located in the reservoir area of the Ilisu Dam and HEPP Project, and the rocky ground of the "Inner Castle Region of Hasankeyf", known as the "Upper City", above the maximum water level of the dam (+527.86 m), will be directly affected by the water accumulating in the dam lake, while the historical monuments on them will be indirectly affected. Geotechnical investigations, supported by laboratory tests, were carried out to study the characteristics of the rock in the castle area and the rock block on which the Small Palace was built. It was found that the water accumulating in the reservoir would have a detrimental effect on these rocks in the dry state, causing fractures in the rock on the slopes due to the effects of wetting, drying and freezing and thawing. In order to protect the castle's rocks and the cultural heritage on them, natural materials were used to fill the valleys to the south, north and east up to the maximum water level of the dam, reducing the abrasive effect of the water on the limestone rocks and minimising infiltration into the interior regions. As the ground level of the Small Palace (12th-13th century) was lower than the protective embankment around the castle, a reverse dam system was constructed around it to preserve the monument in situ. However, when the water level reached +524.00 m, water seepage from the reservoir accumulated around the monument, causing further deterioration of the restored monument. Due to the potential damage to the architectural and structural integrity of the monument if exposed to water again, an interdisciplinary holistic study was carried out to implement architectural conservation, structural strengthening, and in-situ elevation, resulting in the monument being jacked-up (raised) by 6.00 metres at its current location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decorating Iran's historical monuments often involves painting on wood, an area relatively underexplored in research. Examining the color palette utilized by artists in these works can offer valuable insights into the era's commercial, cultural, and economic milieu, while also aiding in identifying deterioration processes and proposing conservation strategies. This study seeks to determine the pigments employed in the paintings on wooden panels of the Shahsavaran House, a structure dating back to the Qajar period in Isfahan city. Utilizing micro-Raman spectroscopy and micro-XRF spectroscopy, the pigment composition of white, green, blue, yellow, and red hues was analyzed. The findings revealed a preliminary layer of white lead applied to the wood surface, followed by the painting execution. Examination of the pigments unveiled the presence of white lead, red lead, chrome yellow, and ultramarine blue. Notably, the green pigment was identified as conichalcite, a pigment not commonly utilized, likely arising from the degradation of emerald green. Furthermore, the presence of massicot alongside white lead in white areas suggests the degradation of white lead in an outdoor environment. The identified pigments in this artwork include lead white, lead red, and ultramarine blue, which are traditional and commonly used pigments in Iranian art-historical works. However, through the identification of chrome yellow and the potential use of emerald green, it is estimated that the paintings can be dated from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper is to explore the role monuments and monumentality play in the creation of collective identities in early Greece by focusing on two case studies, Lefkandi and Eretria. Equal emphasis will be given to the study of both the burials and the buildings that were subsequently created in honour of the deceased, transforming both sites from individual monuments to collective ones. People's perceptions of the monuments changed over time affecting their monumentality hence influencing the emergence of collective identities centred around the Toumba cemetery and the West Gate cemetery at Lefkandi and Eretria respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms are one of the most critical factors involved in the degradation of buildings. Fungi that develop in historic spaces not only cause the degradation of monuments (immovable and movable) but can also negatively affect those who visit or use such spaces. This article is a case study of the 16th-century St. Catherine Church in Cięcina (Poland), whose walls became severely damp as a result of changes made to the church's surroundings (relocation of the riverbed of the Cięcinka River, raising the level of St. Catherine Street and building a wooden fence on a concrete foundation around the church). The effect of the severe dampness of the building was the intensive development of Serpula lacrymans fungus and mold. This article highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to hazard diagnosis in historic buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the problem of systematization of forensic knowledge. It is noted that in modem conditions it is solved by creating two relatively separate theories - the doctrine of the subject and the doctrine of the forensic system. The thesis about the key role in the construction of the forensics system of a clear definition of its subject and its structure is substantiated. The subject of criminology is a system-forming factor for the content of this science. This necessitates the unification of this problem within the framework of a single forensic science. The significance of the use of the historical research method for the formation of such a teaching is emphasized. From this point of view, the historical monument of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is analyzed - the scientific work of Hans Gross «Manual for judicial investigative judges as a system of criminology». It is emphasized that this book had many editions in different years and gained extreme popularity among investigators, prosecutors, and judges of different countries of the world. It should be noted that this scientific work actually laid the foundation of criminology, on which this science developed in the following years. This development took place in both practical and theoretical aspects. Taking this into account, it is argued that Hans Gross's views on the subject and system of forensics have not lost their significance in modem times. It is noted that their analysis allows modem researchers to orient themselves in a number of problematic issues of the development of criminology, to evaluate modem ideas about ways to solve them. In particular, two ideas of the outstanding scientist are noted: 1) criminology has as its subject the study of two types of activity - criminal activity and the activity of the investigator, which is reflected in the knowledge system of this science; 2) the system of criminology should consist of general and special parts based on the example of criminal law, the practical implementation of whose provisions in the judiciary is carried out precisely through criminology. It is claimed that these ideas are well-founded and productive and deserve their further development taking into account modem scientific processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses variations and changes in the identity-marking function of a writing of Turkic origin, the Székely script, from the thirteenth century to the present day. The script's peculiarity lies in the fact that during its known history, it had only an identity-marking function; no significant knowledge-communicating function can be found in any of its monuments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Used to mark devotion to the main propagators of Jainism, namely the Jina (arhat), the Liberated Souls (siddha), the Teachers (ācārya), the spiritual Guides (guru), the Preceptors (upādhyāya), and the monks (muṇi), the formula of homage to the five supreme entities (pañcanamaskāra) underwent a significant development in the medieval period where it became a mantra protecting against all evils and violence and symbolising Jainism in its entirety and its respect for life in all its forms amidst the various Indian religions. In the present paper, I intend to investigate how the formula was used in largely unknown romance poems composed in the Prakrit language by Jaina scholar monks in medieval North India between the 8th and 12th centuries. Particular attention will be paid to how the writer monks used the formula of homage in the narrative to avoid the use of violence. The analysis will also focus on the development of the formula in the hymns of praise of the romance poems and study its significance in the context of the spread of Jainism at the turn of the first millennium, a period that led to the advent of King Kumārapāla, who has remained famous in history not only for the imposing monuments he left behind, but also for his conversion to Jainism and his governance according to principles of non-violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interior of Orthodox churches is entirely decorated with paintings, icons, and frescoes, to help create a special environment for the prayers and visitors. The paintings have religious, esthetic, and historical value, being created in the Byzantine tradition and following recommendations on style and materials according to old church canons. Particular importance is attributed to the Iconostasis decorated with icons on several registers, as well as to polychrome wooden ornaments and imperial doors. This work presents the scientific investigation results of three royal icons, theoretically dating to the 19th century, from the Iconostasis of the Runcu church, an important 19th-century Romanian historical monument, aiming to answer questions regarding their age and constituent materials, especially what were the mineral pigments used in the color palettes for their painting and if there were any old repainting interventions, in order to assist their restoration and conservation. Methods of characterization employed were optical microscopy, SEM-EDX spectrometry, ATR/FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Results obtained allowed us to date, attribute, and evaluate the conservation state of the Royal icons; to our knowledge, this study is among the very few research studies carried out so far on the religious heritage conservation field in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the intersection of memory and feminist studies, this article examines the issue of suffrage and feminist monumental commemoration in the United States. Starting from the deficit of statues representing female historical figures in the public space, it analyzes the conception and reception of two important monuments honoring women's suffrage (Portrait Monument 1921 and the Women's Rights Pioneers Monument 2020). While those monuments have somewhat broken the "bronze ceiling", they testify to the mechanics of exclusion and inclusion at work both in the construction of history and memory. Then, the article takes on a broader perspective, questioning the extent to which traditional monuments, as products of a patriarchal culture and memory, can properly commemorate modern feminism. The essay identifies two trends, one consisting of transforming the bronze through various strategies, the other of "breaking the bronze" by replacing it with other materials and proposing new memory frameworks belonging to what James E. Young has labeled countermonuments. Still, the article ultimately questions the limits of the monument itself and points to the notion of interactive spaces as perhaps the most adequate sites of memory for the complex, multifaceted, contested, and contemporary movement that feminism(s) stand(s) for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstructing the controversy that arose around a proposed memorial to the Great September Gale—a Category 4 hurricane that battered Providence, Rhode Island in 1815—this essay explores the differing ways that public leaders and everyday citizens remembered the tropical storms that hit New England in the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with Early Modern burials in ancient monuments located nowhere near churches or execution sites. Examples are given from four prehistoric sites in different Swedish provinces, dating from the Early Neolithic through the Roman Period, with a total of 15 buried Early Modern individuals. Written sources along with details of the burial rite suggest that they are plague burials. Such were not welcome in churchyards because of concerns over the poorly understood contagion. Why people all over Sweden occasionally targeted ancient monuments specifically for this purpose is not clear. In one case, they saw the monument as the remains of a church. More generally, they knew that much older burials sanctified and lent some prior sanction to those sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a sculpture in the main street of Gundagai (NSW, Australia) that honours two Wiradjuri men, Yarri and Jacky Jacky, local heroes in the Great Flood of 1852. Unveiled in 2017, the bronze sculpture depicts the two men and a scribbly-bark canoe used to save settler townspeople from the floodwaters. The sculpture, unmissable in the town's centre, reminds even the most forgetful onlooker of colonialism. Unlike many Australian monuments, this statue does not memorialise and legitimise colonialism or celebrate nationalism and White male "heroes". Rather, it is a testament to the Wiradjuri men's bravery, skill and compassion. Standing before the monument, I was dumbstruck. Why? Despite settler-colonial violence, land theft, oppression and dismissals of Wiradjuri warnings, the men risked their lives. The statue slowed me down, interrupted my trajectory. The Yarri and Jacky Jacky memorial invites passers-by into a space of encounter, feeling and thoughtfulness. In response, I follow a plurality of stories and the tributaries of the imagination to weave a tale of a complex shared Aboriginal–settler past and present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attentiveness to the land we live and work on requires that we resituate our relationships to monuments of literary history, and to one another. Drawing upon the words–and the artwork–of Lenape Delaware scholar and activist Joanne Barker, this article focuses on two recent handbooks, The Oxford Handbook of Dante (2021) and The Oxford Handbook of Chaucer (2020). The tension of individual and community, exile and diaspora, solitariness and relationality, found in Dante looks very different when viewed in light of work created by Indigenous writers and artists, and to the view of relationality, responsibility, and situatedness expressed through it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sites of plantation slavery that are now interpreted as heritage frequently spatialize their narratives by emphasizing White elites in monumental spaces and associating the Black enslaved with smaller, less‐imposing and frequently worse‐preserved elements. In the contemporary present, as heritage spaces increasingly push to focus on the enslaved instead of the elite, the preservation of elite monumentality can be viewed as honouring enslavers. This article explores the position of heritage professionals on St Croix, US Virgin Islands, who advocate instead for a respatialization of slavery's heritage: a resignification of these 'elite' monuments as monuments to – and created by – the enslaved themselves. Their emphasis on the resilience and ingenuity of the enslaved challenges the spatial foregrounding of White supremacy in monumental heritage and allows the persistent materiality of plantations to be reclaimed in order to elevate Black history and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT It has sometimes been suggested that removing statues of problematic historical figures such as Cecil Rhodes from the public realm amounts to ‘erasing history’ and should therefore be avoided. In philosophy, this approach has generally been rejected. In this article, I try to develop a more plausible version of the erasing history argument. I suggest that sometimes societies aim to forget for defensive reasons (i.e. to cover up past wrongdoing). I also suggest that such past wrongdoing can also consist in the widespread acceptance of a problematic monument (and therewith complicity in the insult it represents). I conclude that in such cases, to avoid defensive forgetting, we should aim to recontextualize rather than remove the monument. I also discuss which forms such recontextualization may take. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During his royal progress in the summer of 1620, King James I stopped in Wiltshire. In his party were the architect Inigo Jones and a royal physician, William Harvey. The king sent Jones and Harvey to Stonehenge, which was nearby, to make drawings and measurements of the mysterious monument. In addition, Harvey was to perform excavations. This visit, described by Jones in his posthumous book The Most Notable Antiquity of Great Britain, vulgarly called Stone-Heng on Salisbury Plain, Restored (1655), raises many questions, particularly about Harvey's role in this expedition. The answers to these questions involve Harvey's underexamined role as a courtier, the place of antiquarianism in the establishment of royal legitimacy and national identity, and debates in early modern Europe surrounding fossil bones and ancient monuments. There is a good chance that Harvey was looking for the fossil bones of giant ancestors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines some of the compromises that emerge in the process of converting colonial-era material culture into 'heritage' claiming to foreground a critical postcolonial consciousness. Prompted by recent controversies about statuary celebrating figures who engaged in colonial exploitation and slavery, I look at how frictions inherited from the colonial period are projected onto colonialism's physical remains. This article, however, enquires into ways in which disputes over the proper function of postcolonial heritage projects may be framed not in a militant, but in a conciliatory register, that aims to accommodate diverse representational imperatives, instead of elevating one as supreme. In postcolonial settings such as the one discussed, these imperatives awkwardly include the tourism industry's promotion of 'colonial nostalgia' via the restoration of 'colonial ambiences'. Focusing on a Portuguese-era fort that served as a prison for Goa's 'freedom-fighters', I investigate the unexplained, and subsequently contentious, display of pictures authored by the nationally-renowned artist Mario Miranda in one section of the fort. The article then recounts the contours of a public challenge to this exhibition's legitimacy, and examines the introduction in an adjacent space at the fort of a Freedom Fighters' Gallery. Drawing on archival and ethnographic research, I analyse tensions within and between each of these exhibitions, connecting them to deeper fissures in colonial experience and postcolonial memory. I argue that these fissures are best understood in their relationship to recriminations both about colonial experience and about inequalities traceable to its 'aftermaths', which are now consolidated in uneven political geographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Sumpul River massacre that occurred in El Salvador in 1980, where at least 300 noncombatant civilians were killed by Salvadoran forces. Survivors and victims' families continue to commemorate the event, demanding justice, truth, and moral reparations from the Salvadoran state. Efforts to construct a memorial park at the massacre site are underway, serving as a space for remembrance and advocacy for justice. The article highlights the importance of historical memory in addressing past atrocities and building a more just and equitable future. [Extracted from the article]

The earthquakes on 6 February 2023 in southeastern Türkiye and northern Syria were a disaster on a massive scale. Tens of thousands of lives were lost, and the destruction is still being assessed and grappled with today, over a year later. As one of the archaeological projects in the disaster zone, we at the Tell Atchana Excavations, many of us survivors, have had to consider ways in which we can move forward while incorporating and honoring the past—both the past that we study and our own experiences. We have embraced the engagement with the past that characterizes archaeology as a discipline and have come together to support one another and our communities through a large-scale project of preserving the exposed mudbrick monuments at Tell Atchana. This photo essay journeys through the difficulties we faced and the opportunities we found in them and celebrates the healing potential of archaeology in the face of disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen various forms of honorific public art – statues, monuments, and the like – brought under renewed moral scrutiny. This scrutiny has resulted in some high-profile removals, some defacement and additional contextualization to augment existing objects, and some cases of the status quo prevailing. Scholarly treatment of the issues has similarly resulted in arguments that articulate competing values that support removal, modification or preservation. I bring the insights of these arguments to bear on specifically military commemorations, where I argue that they have ample application, but where they do not exhaust the moral complexity to be confronted. This is true first because military commemoration introduces a novel moral concern of militarism, and second because military commemoration frequently has a distinctively normative function of expressing gratitude. Both these points are most powerfully observed in collections of commemorations, rather than individual monuments, a distinction that deepens ongoing discussions about problematic commemorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the politics of the megalith building tradition based on an ethnoarchaeological survey conducted in Liyai Khullen, an unexplored village inhabited by the Poumai Naga tribe in the Indian state of Manipur. I documented and mapped 554 stone monuments in and around the village, revealing a concentration in the habitation area and near footpaths leading to terraced fields. Additionally, I explored the stages of "feasts of merit" and the megalith building tradition through ethnography. Examining the tradition of feasting and building megaliths from the theoretical framework of "paleo-political ecology" reveals that sponsors of such costly undertakings received material benefits. These benefits include a larger share of meat and premium-quality rice beer in the feasts of others, the exclusive right to adorn homes with horns, the privilege of wearing status shawls, acquiring prestigious titles, and gaining more influence within the village. Based on the results, I argue that sponsors derived not only higher status but also material benefits within the traditional socio-political structure. The findings presented herein have archaeological implications for discussing megalithic remains among the Nagas and in Northeast India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the methodology used to study the megalithic architecture of Menjez's monuments (Akkar, Lebanon), as part of the MEG-A Project - "First megalith builders in the northern Levant" (2022–2025). Twenty-four monuments have been investigated since 2018. The primary objective is to pioneer a comprehensive understanding of the unique Levantine megalithic building techniques and re-establish the "chaînes opératoires," by determining the builders' sequence of actions. This groundbreaking methodology originally developed for Western European megalithic monuments, notably in Brittany, France, has been innovatively applied and customized to suit the Levantine context, specifically focusing on the distinctive basaltic monuments of Menjez and its surrounding areas. By using photogrammetry as a tool, the researchers are able to de-construct the megalithic architecture by analyzing the different components of these monuments. Moreover, it is then possible to describe monoliths according to their place within the monument and their geological and geomorphological features. Our work has led us to consider the symbolic aspect expressed in the megalithic architecture of Menjez. Employing this groundbreaking methodology not only yields concrete answers regarding the typology of these monuments but also dramatically reshapes our perception of their construction. It establishes a precise relative chronology for the various architectural phases and, most significantly, reveals the hidden details of the raw material supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies & Art (08687692) is the property of Logos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The restoration of monuments is of great interest, leading to more architecturally significant designs. Many promising approaches to building design foster a symbiosis of the old and the new. The paper examines the compromises between the structural and physical properties of a historic building intended for renovation, which has already undergone several renovations. Due to the limited optimization possibilities at specific levels of the renovation project, diagnostics were used during the examination of proposals. Part of the diagnostics involves measuring thermal conditions, as well as temperatures on the internal and external surfaces of the building envelopes. The study demonstrates how the properties of the outer shell affect thermal insulation and suggests methods for architects, planners and preservationists to preserve the structural forms of the facade. The goal was to show that, despite the absence of a new thermal insulation layer on the outside of the building, the standard requirements are not violated. On the inner surface of the envelope walls, the temperature does not drop below the critical value for mould growth. Additionally, there are examples of modifications to the original details and their shape after the restoration of this building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled Re-writing His-Story: Exploring the censorship of History through school textbooks and public artefacts, explores how ideological and political differences of those in power can censor history, affecting how future generations engage with the past. As new regimes ascend, they promote a distinctive cultural narrative that could alter or omit longstanding historical narratives. Textbooks and historic monuments are cultural artefacts created at a specific time, in a space, and a particular context. In South Africa, for example (as in many other countries), historic monuments and public statues have been (re)moved, and selectively replaced by alternative heroes. Likewise, post-apartheid textbooks have been rewritten to include cultural diversity. Our principal concern is the restricted access to key symbols of the past as future generations lose crucial historical facts and a sense of identity as different histories are propagated. Located in the interpretive paradigm, the study utilises a desktop review incorporating critical discourse analysis to understand how meaning is conveyed about textbooks and public artefacts in print media and online platforms. Using a wide range of case studies as its empirical base, the findings indicate that textbook content is censored due to the influence of socio-political, cultural, and religious reasons. Similarly, monuments, statues, and other public artefacts perceived as outdated or representing controversial histories are often targeted for removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Clay is one of the main earth materials used in architectural works from the past, with Iran considered as having one of the oldest histories of using earth materials based on climatic criteria. Over time, the use of these materials fell into neglect despite the county's hot, arid climate and clay being a cheap, recyclable and highly accessible material. The importance of knowing these materials and analysing them during history is, therefore,particularly high. In addition, the sustainability and durability of some historic mud-brick buildings make it necessary to analyse and examine their materials in order to take advantage of the valuable experiences of the past and reveal their underlying techniques. Using clay and providing new solutions, therefore, is arguably pointless without examining and analysing the past. This is why we need to examine characteristic features of their construction in different historical periods to devise new solutions for their strengthening. With the aim of knowing the quantitative and geometric aspects of clay used in Iran's historical buildings, this research has investigated these materials in historical buildings from different periods in Kashan, a rich example of the country's historical textures. This study concernstheir appearance, chemical compounds, physical characteristics and techniques used in them, through library and field studies and various experiments and analyses of them. The results of the research can help us better know the materials and structurally analyse buildingsin order to identify and strengthen clay structures. Methods: The research method is quantitative and based on field studies and laboratory experiments. The tests are divided into three categories. The first, basic tests, include density, specific gravity, moisture content, granulation and hydrometry and Atterberg limits. The second category includes compressive and bending strength, and the third category is the chemical analysis by XRD method. These tests were performed based on ASTM as well as the National Standards of Iran (ISIRI). Four clay samples were tested from Kashan historical buildings ranging from the Neolithic to the Qajar periods. The samples werenamed with the letter C (standing for'clay') and numbered in the order of old to new. Results & Conclusion: According to the tests conducted, one of the physical characteristics that are effective in the strength and quality of the samples is the specific weight or density. In this test, sample C3 had the highest specific weight and sample C2 also had a high specific weight. Moisture content is the amount of moisture in the sample and the lower it is, the better it is for the sample. This is because water absorption in wetter seasons causes contraction and expansion and eventually cracks. According to the obtained results, sample C2 had the lowest and sample C3 had the highest percentage of moisture. According to the location of sample C3, originated from the Seljuk fence, with a green space and a fountain currently in its vicinity, more moisture has been absorbed by the sample. In the granulation and hydrometric test, all the samples had suitable and non-uniform soil and the amount of sand in C3 and C2 samples was more than other samples. In sample C1, the percentage of gravel was much higher than other samples and due to a lot of gravel in the clay, it can be said that the grading of this sample was more inappropriate than other samples. Also, in the Atterberg test, sample C1 had inorganic clay with medium pasting properties, and samples C2 and C3 had inorganic clay with low pasting properties. While the C4 sample had inorganic silt with low compressibility, it is better to use clay to prepare clay, because it has more adhesion and the soil grains are better placed next to each other. Therefore, the soil in C4 was not found particularly suitable for making clay. The results of compressive and bending strength tests on clay samples are relatively similar. Sample C3 had the highest compressive and bending strength, followed by sample C2. The lowest amount of mechanical resistance was for sample C1. The mechanical resistance of sample C4 was also low and the reason for this was the use of recycled materials and poorquality soil. Considering this issue, it can be said that soil has a direct effect on the physical and mechanical characteristics of the clay. In fact, in samples C3 and C2, the distribution of grain size was more suitable and the percentage of sand was higher, and this issue had created a uniform and dense texture between the grains and a stronger connection between them. Samples C1 and C4 also had non-extensive granulation, and this had prevented the creation of a uniform texture and less compressibility of the clay mass. In other words, the grain size and type of soil had a direct effect on the structure and strength of clay made from it. In addition, the specific weight and moisture contentwere also related to the mechanical structure of clay. According to the examination of clay samples, in general, it can be said that with the increase in specific weight and decrease in moisture content, the mechanical properties of clay, including compressive strength and bending strength, increase. In addition, based on the results of chemical tests, there are quartz, calcite and albite phases in all samples, and the higher the albite content in the samples, the higher the mechanical resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ubiquitous presence of José Martí in Cuban public spaces has prompted questions about his glorification, or at least the medium of this veneration. Ernesto Sánchez Valdés's documentary Héroe de culto (2015) critically reflects on the repetitive tributes to the 'Apostle' of Independence by focusing on the serialized production of plastic busts. Delving deeper into this critique of the heritage industry, artist Reynier Leyva Novo presents a disfigured polyfoam bust that engages with the mythologizing process, the historiographical debate and the distortion of Martí's legacy. By examining the material rhetoric of such monuments in public spaces, as well as in sculptural and conceptual art, this article explores the implications of commemoration strategies and the role of plastic in desacralizing them, ultimately inspiring contestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colonization of historical buildings and monuments by fungi, algae, and bacteria is a common phenomenon. This often leads to deterioration processes that cause either visual or structural harm. The Batalha Monastery in Portugal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, currently shows significant surface changes to the stone architectural elements within both the Founder's Chapel and the church, including a widespread pink discoloration on the walls and columns. The main goal of this study was to analyze the biological colonization and assess the influence of bacterial communities on the biodeterioration of Ançã limestone, providing valuable insights to help conservators and restorers select the best preservation strategies for the monastery. The prokaryote population was characterized using both high-throughput DNA sequencing and culture-dependent methods and several orange-pink pigment-producing bacteria were identified, for example, Bacillus, Gordonia, Serratia and Methylobacterium, as well as Halalkalicoccus, an abundant archaeal genus. The pink discoloration observed could be due to biofilms created by bacteria that produce pigments, namely carotenoids. Biocolonization tests were performed using stone mock-ups, which were prepared and inoculated with the bacteria isolated in this study. These tests were designed to replicate the natural conditions of the monastery and monitor the colonization process to understand the discoloration phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Algerian Historical Journal is the property of Algerian Historical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A memoryscape is a place where memories are anchored in space. One cannot travel back in time to when an event occurred, but one can travel in space to where an event occurred. On 23 May 1934, Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were ambushed and killed near Gibsland, Louisiana, by a posse of law enforcement officers. There is a monument at the ambush's location, and since 1993, there has been the Authentic Bonnie and Clyde Festival commemorating the ambush and culminating with its re-enactment. The re-enactment demonstrates putting the past into the present, and while watching it, one feels being taken back in time to when the ambush occurred and experiences living history. The ambush's re-enactment commemorates not only the end of Bonnie and Clyde's crime wave but also the beginning of the end of the Public Enemy Era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Civil War has been commemorated with a great variety of monuments, memorials, and markers. These monuments were erected for a variety of reasons, beginning with memorialization of the fallen and later to honor aging veterans, commemoration of significant anniversaries associated with the conflict, memorialization of sites of conflict, and celebration of the actions of military leaders. Sources reveal that during both the Jim Crow and Civil Rights eras, many monuments were erected as part of an organized propaganda campaign to terrorize African American communities and distort the past by promoting a "Lost Cause" narrative. Through subsequent decades, to this day, complex and emotional narratives have surrounded interpretive legacies of the Civil War. Instruments of commemoration, through both physical and digital intervention approaches, can be provocative and instructive, as the country deals with a slavery legacy and the commemorated objects and spaces surrounding Confederate inheritances. Today, all of these potential factors and outcomes, with internationally relevance, are surrounded by swirls of social and political contention and controversy, including the remembering/forgetting dichotomies of cultural heritage. In this article, drawing from the testimony of scholars and artists, I address the conceptual landscape of approaches to the presentation and evolving participatory narratives of Confederate monuments that range from absolute expungement and removal to more restrained ideas such as in situ re-contextualization, removal to museums, and preservation-in-place. I stress not so much the academic debate but how the American public is informed about and reacts to the various issues related to Confederate memorialization. My main point, where my premise stands out in the literature, is that, for the sake of posterity, and our ability to connect and engage with a tangible in situ artifact, not all Confederate statues should be taken down. Some of them, or remnants of them, should be preserved as sites of conscience and reflection, with their social and political meanings ongoing and yet to be determined in the future. The modern dilemma turns on the question: In today's new era of social justice, are these monuments primarily symbols of oppression, or can we see them, in select cases, alternatively as sites of conscience and reflection encompassing more inclusive conversations about commemoration? What we conserve and assign as the ultimate public value of these monuments rests with how we answer this question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Humanity Monument, a gigantic monument in Kars, a northeastern border city of Turkey, was intended to be visible from the Armenian side of the border and supposed to send messages of peace, apology, and reconciliation, implicitly alluding to the Armenian genocide of 1915. It depicted two halves of a human, or two humans, looking at each other in the eye. However, the then prime minister Erdoğan called it a "monster" in a public speech, leading to the monument's demolition. He then suggested that his comments were just aesthetic judgments free of political convictions, echoing the familiar paradigm of "aestheticizing politics": covering over or obscuring a political motive ("the ideological") through the aesthetic. Although a useful understanding, this reduces both aesthetics and politics to ideology and establishes a binary between the sober critic and the a(n)esthetized masses. Instead, drawing upon Rancière's notion of the aesthetic as what disturbs "the distribution of the sensible," that is, the partition of roles, territories, parts, and visibilities, this essay reads the story of the monument as a disturbance of the national distribution of the sensible, pointing to the ways it embodies and reveals the monstrosity of the modern state founded upon the event of genocide and further complicates the distinctions between critic and masses, self and other, and gaze and object that the aesthetic ordering of the nation-state relies on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this study, the analysis of 6 types of plaster suitable for the rehabilitation of historical monuments is proposed. The proposed types of plaster have superior thermal insulating properties compared to commonly used plaster. The study is purely theoretical and aims to compare the efficiency of each type of plaster when applied as a rehabilitation solution to a case study building. The case study building is an historical building located in Timisoara for which classical facade insulation system cannot be applied due to its historical status. Their analysis and comparison will be carried out from an economic perspective, thermal transfer and water vapour behaviour and impact on the energy consumption of the building. The purpose is to identify the solution that is the most cost-effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way monuments hold sway seem stable and predictable, yet their 'meanings' migrate and their traditionally accepted roles shift. In South Africa there are monuments that commemorate achievements once considered laudable, that have become symbols of oppressive systems. The challenge facing the current generation is to make sense of these monuments in a way that will dignify the lived situation of all stakeholders. One such contested monument is the statue of President M.T. Steyn that used to stand in front of the Main Building of the University of the Free State. The statue divided the campus community. It provoked some students to violent unrest, while others saw it as an important heritage marker. How could the seemingly irreconcilable conflict between these stakeholders be resolved while adhering to heritage laws and without alienating a significant portion of the student body? The complex process that followed relied on creative leaps to provoke public participation and stimulate new forms of appreciation amid shifting regions of concern. One important facet of this process was the construction of a reflective triangular prism installation which provoked new visual, experiential and spatial relationships with the monument, including the visual removal of the statue from the 'axis of power', the celebration of oblique views, and opportunities to face the statue in a distorted mirror. This article will critically reflect on the poetic process of strange-making that was followed in the relocation of the President M.T. Steyn statue in order to illustrate how traditional conflict resolution strategies can be reinterpreted in terms of German philosopher, Martin Heidegger's notion of inceptual thinking. The resulting approach opens new possibilities for creatively rescripting contested monuments; a way of thinking which engages the inceptual regionings impacting the way people live as beings of emplaced care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on affect theory and new materialism to argue that it is crucial to pay attention to how and why some people, especially from oppressed and marginalised communities, are so strongly opposed to colonial statues and monuments. Through a critical reading of colonial statues and monuments that highlights their affectivity and materiality, the analysis suggests that there is pedagogical value in both removing and recontextualising colonial statues. This analysis does not settle the debates in favour of one side or the other, but rather adds a neglected theoretical perspective to discussions about the educational value of removing or recontextualising colonial statues and monuments, namely, the concept of affective injustice. The paper draws on this concept to propose an affective pedagogy of ‘living inquiry’, a pedagogical approach that enables educators and students to engage in critical inquiry about the ethics, affectivity, materiality, and politics of colonial statues and monuments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In connection with the wave of dismantling monuments in America and the magnetism of the figure of Christopher Columbus for the questioning of colonial memory, this text offers a reflection based on key notions of the debate such as heritage, memory, iconoclasm, archive and repertoire. It also questions the influence of our contemporary digital reality on the phenomenon of historical contestation. Given that the materiality of the monument offers different layers of temporality, I argue the possibility of turning the pedestal into a stage for intervention as an optimal strategy for the activation of critical memory, far from reverence or violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CARVED STONE MONUMENTS CAN BE AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF INFORMATION about early ecclesiastical networks, but only if the complexity of these networks is appreciated. These were intricate, overlapping and fluid entities, characterised not only by outright ownership but by different degrees of tenure and obligation, and an array of other less onerous but still meaningful relationships. Using Clonmacnoise-style cross-slabs as a case study, we show that even very simple and ostensibly uniform monuments can illuminate this complexity through systematic mapping, close scrutiny of subtle variations, and by interweaving multiple lines of evidence, both material and textual. Using the Digital Atlas of Early Irish Carved Stone (DAEICS), we present the first comprehensive analysis of the two cross-forms most closely associated with the site. The distribution of Type A slabs is interpreted as a material expression of Clonmacnoise's pre-eminence in Connacht during the 'long 8th century'. Within Clonmacnoise's hinterland, Type B slabs (c ad 800–1100) are often on documented outlying estates, while some of the others may indicate additional landholdings. A minority are further afield, sometimes providing evidence that Clonmacnoise-trained carvers travelled 60 kilometres or more. Usually there is just one example per outlying site, and unlike their Clonmacnoise counterparts, they often lack an inscription. We suggest that, rather than standard grave-markers, they were monuments that allowed all those buried there to benefit at a remove from the special qualities of the cemetery at Clonmacnoise. Both these distant Type B slabs, and related monuments employing the same cross-form, tend to be found at sites that sought to associate themselves with Clonmacnoise but are notably absent from sites that claimed to be of equal or greater importance. Compared to the latter, and indeed within the wider Insular context, Clonmacnoise emerges as an outstanding example of how stone-carving could be used to shape relationships with subsidiaries and affiliates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an apprentice engraver, William Blake wrote his gothic poem 'Fair Elenor' (Poetical Sketches, 1783) whilst drawing the tombs and monuments of Westminster Abbey for Sepulchral Monuments in Great Britain (1786) and Vetusta Monumenta (1789). A few years later, he would write The Book of Thel (1789) in which he continued to explore his own anxieties about his artistic legacy through the existential crises – centred on the process of ageing – of his female protagonists. Resembling the tombs he drew as an apprentice, Blake creates a funereal monument for Thel. However, through Thel's reflections on the transience of corporeal existence, Blake reveals his own concerns about his corpus. Thel asks, 'who shall find my place[?]' (E4, 2.12). Though Blake himself would be buried in an unmarked grave, his memento mori provides a lasting monument for her 'grave plot' (E6, 6.9) and his own creative process. As such, though the physical body ages and fades, the Blakean body of the Imagination endures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between land, power, and cultural identity in the Uists, focusing on the mid-twentieth century when a proposed rocket range threatened the Gaelic culture. The Rev. John Morrison, a local priest, led a media campaign to protect the community's heritage, also commissioning a sculpture of 'Our Lady of the Isles' and supporting wayside shrines as symbols of resistance. These monuments embody the community's resilience and connection to their land, preserving their unique cultural identity amid external pressures. Morrison's efforts reflect an interplay between land ownership, government intervention, and the shaping of cultural landscapes, with the monuments serving as enduring markers of the community's past and aspirations for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assuming that events, like monuments and landscapes, are one of the dimensions used to stimulate a symbolic investment in the image of the territory and the consequent creation of a particular tourist destination, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate the relevance of event posters and their complementary role in promoting these same destinations, which is what travel posters are mainly geared towards. Analysing the time axis allows us to take a diachronic approach, highlighting the evolution of themes and representation processes on these two types of posters, from the prototourism phase at the end of the 19th century to the establishment of the Estado Novo regime. The analysis of the spatial aspect emerges as a variable capable of helping to understand the choices made for the representation of tourist sites, with options of repeated promotion contrasting with others of systematic silencing. In turn, analysing the articulated combination of textual and iconic elements ends up providing some of the main guidelines for the narrative conveyed by tourist posters during the First Republic, with repercussions that were magnified in the Second Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on two monuments in Croatia that commemorate the Second World War and the Holocaust. The first is the Stone Flower monument (Kameni cvet/cvijet) located at the Jasenovac Memorial Site, designed by Bogdan Bogdanović and unveiled in 1966. The second is the Tangible Absence monument (Prisutna odsutnost/Memorial to Victims of the Holocaust and the Ustasha Regime), unveiled 77 years after the war's end. It is located in the centre of Zagreb and was created by sculptor Dalibor Stošić and architect Krešimir Rogina. Both of these monuments are representative of how the official memory regarding the events of the Second World War is changing in Croatia. They reflect the internal social and political changes occurring within the territory of former Yugoslavia (now in this case Croatia). The main objectives of this text are to provide a comprehensive description of the monument creation process, highlight the meanings conveyed by these monuments, and to address the question of how new official forms of commemoration in Croatia respond to the global processes of reimagining Holocaust memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of organized monument conservation in India dates back to the colonial rule. The colonial conservation programme sought to exclude local communities from conservation. Monument conservation became a centralized and technocratic enterprise. Post-independence, the trend of exclusion of local communities continued, deeply reflected in the laws governing ancient monuments. This has, on the one hand, contributed to the weakening of cultural ties between the communities and the monuments. On the other hand, issues such as staff shortage and inadequate monitoring by government agencies have plagued the physical governance of monuments. Globally though, there has been a substantial rethinking around the "value" of cultural heritage and the role that local communities may play both in the enhancement of their value and in their conservation. In light of the aforesaid, the authors in this article have argued for the need to rethink the ancient monuments of India as cultural commons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the cultural and urban significance of Tugu Yogyakarta, a famous monument in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Located at the city's main crossroads, Tugu Yogyakarta is essential to Yogyakarta's Philosophical Axis, symbolizing the city's identity and pride. This analysis examines the academic discourse and social media presence of Tugu Yogyakarta, highlighting the monument's historical, cultural, and urban importance. The study emphasizes the role of social media platforms such as Instagram and TikTok in promoting the monument to a broader audience through visual and interactive content, with virtual reality (VR) technology discussed to provide virtual tours, increasing public engagement and awareness without time and distance limitations. The findings expose that academic literature, predominantly produced by Indonesian researchers, focuses on cultural heritage, urban design, and educational roles, while the topic is just starting to gain attention internationally. The social media analysis shows strong public engagement, with hashtags like #tugujogja widely used, reflecting the monument's cultural significance. This study combines a literature review with social media data analysis, making it a unique approach to comprehensively assess the monument's popularity and public awareness of its historical and cultural value. The social media data was analyzed using Gephi and Excel to calculate hashtag frequency and visualize network interactions. The findings show the critical contribution of Tugu Yogyakarta to the sustainability of cultural heritage preservation. The study highlights the synergistic relationship between academic research and the social media presence in promoting Tugu Yogyakarta, with digital platforms significantly boosting its visibility and public engagement. In conclusion, this study provides a multifaceted analysis of Tugu Yogyakarta, integrating cultural aspects, urban elements, and city marketing strategies. Successful promotion of the monument through academic works and social media can enhance heritage conservation and strengthen the public's engagement with Yogyakarta's historical landmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japan is prone to natural disasters because of its diverse topographical, geological, and climatic conditions. It is vital to gain a deeper understanding of disaster-prevention measures to mitigate these effects. One aspect of this understanding is the construction of natural disaster monuments to educate future generations about lessons learned from past disasters. This study focuses on the location and distribution of these monuments and examines their potential as surrogate indicators of disaster hazards. To achieve this, we employ a two-pronged approach. The first approach is to analyze the relationship between the location of disaster monuments and disaster hazards. It involves plotting the locations of monuments from a database and investigating the relationship between the disaster covered by each monument and the current hazard using a hazard map portal site. The second approach is to assess the potential for disaster hazard mapping based on the disaster monuments. It involves creating Voronoi maps based on the location of disaster monuments and applying them to the entire national land area. It produced a disaster hazard map for Japan, including areas with no disaster monuments. The results provide aggregate information on the relationship between the location of disaster monuments and disaster hazards and the effectiveness of the Voronoi diagram-based disaster hazard maps. In many cases, the current hazard at the location of disaster monuments still exists, and 70% of the areas around tsunami-related monuments are still exposed to tsunami hazards. Additionally, this study suggests that Voronoi maps are promising for disasters and can accurately represent specific disaster hazard areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Headlines about memorials tend to skew toward the negative, emphasizing the removal of controversial monuments. Yet there is a substantial generative aspect to conversations about representation in public landscapes. In my case, paying more attention to public landscapes at my home institution led to new insights about the history of the Sisters of the Holy Cross at the University of Notre Dame, founded by the Congregation of Holy Cross near South Bend, Indiana, in 1842. Framed around a discussion of Catholic sisters' invisibility in Notre Dame's campus architecture, this article centers on a 'questing' trip Holy Cross superior Mother Angela Gillespie took to Ireland in 1873 in search of new members. It examines what precipitated Gillespie's journey, what the subsequent arrival of some 40 postulants portended for Catholic America, and what themes and approaches it might suggest for the larger historical study of Catholic sisters at a pivotal historiographical moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of intangible cultural heritage in the offerings of Georgian tour operators. Additionally, the research investigates the challenges faced by providers of intangible cultural heritage services. The study is based on qualitative research conducted with inbound tour operators and intangible cultural service providers in Tbilisi and Batumi. The results reveal the equal importance of both tangible and intangible heritage in Georgian inbound tour operators' offerings. The study identi fies only partial utilization of Georgian monuments listed in UNESCO's World Intangible Cultural Heritage in tour operators' programs. It emphasizes the positive role of commercial activities related to intangible heritage in raising awareness about intangible cultural monuments. Overall, the study suggests that there is a need for greater promotion of intangible cultural heritage, education and awareness-raising among the public, efforts to increase the recognition of intangible cultural heritage, and establishing closer connections between tour operators and intangible cultural heritage service providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research of Uaxactun monuments (Peten, Guatemala) in 2000s made it possible to reconstruct the dynastic history of this Classic Maya political center (300-900). The study of inscriptions is complicated by the poor preservation of stone monuments, therefore, digital methods currently help in the analysis of monuments (photogrammetry, 3D modeling). This allowed us to determine also the royal title of the local dynasty and the main stages of its evolution. The analysis of the inscriptions identified about 20 examples of Uaxactun Emblem Glyph (a marker of the independent Maya polity) and related toponyms. It can be concluded that in the Early Classic after 300 AD Uaxactun lords used the traditional Emblem Glyph “king of Kʹanwitz”, which toponym Kʹanwitz (“Flat hill”) possibly was associated with the Group A of the site - the early ceremonial center located on a top of the high hill. Then, after 378, the usual Emblem Glyph disappears from inscriptions, what was caused by the Uaxactun subordination to the Teotihuacan power. Then until the early 6th cent. the dynasty began to be associated with another toponym Kʹan…kok (complete reading is unclear), which meant the neighboring architectural complex - Group B. After the Uaxactun hiatus period in the 6th-7th cent. the dynasty was revived again around 700 and its kings used the new title “king of Kʹan…kok”, adding the royal title ʹajaw to the Early Classic toponym. Finally at the last stage of the city’s history after 800, during the collapse of the Classic Maya political system, the kings of Uaxactun added the title kʹuhul (“sacred”) to their Emblem Glyph, equating themselves with the most authoritative dynasties of the Classic epoch.