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Background This study investigated, through cluster analysis, the associations between behavioural characteristics, mental wellbeing, demographic characteristics, and health among university students in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) University Network – Health Promotion Network (AUN-HPN) member universities. Methods Data were retrieved from a cross-sectional self-administered online survey among undergraduate students in seven ASEAN countries. A two-step cluster analysis was employed, with cluster labels based on the predominant characteristics identified within the clusters. The ‘healthy’ cluster was assigned as the reference group for comparisons using multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results The analytic sample size comprised 15,366 university students. Five clusters of student-types were identified: (i) ‘Healthy’ (n = 1957; 12.7%); (ii) ‘High sugary beverage consumption’ (n = 8482; 55.2%); (iii) ‘Poor mental wellbeing’ (n = 2009; 13.1%); (iv) ‘Smoker’ (n = 1364; 8.9%); and (v) ‘Alcohol drinker’ (n = 1554; 10.1%). Being female (OR 1.28, 95%CI 1.14, 1.45) and being physically inactive (OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.04, 1.39) increased the odds of belonging to the ‘High sugary beverage consumption’ cluster. Being female (OR 1.21, 95%CI 1.04, 1.41), non-membership in a sports club (OR 1.83, 95%CI 1.43, 2.34) were associated with ‘Poor mental wellbeing’. Obesity (OR 2.03, 95%CI 1.47, 2.80), inactively commuting to campus (OR 1.34, 95%CI 1.09, 1.66), and living in high-rise accommodation (OR 2.94, 95%CI 1.07, 8.07) were associated with membership in the ‘Smoker’ cluster. Students living in The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam had a higher likelihood of being alcohol drinkers, compared with those who lived in Brunei. Conclusions ASEAN university students exhibited health-risk behaviours that typically clustered around a specific health behaviour and mental wellbeing. The results provided support for focusing interventions on one dominant health-risk behaviour, with associated health-risk behaviours within clusters being potential mediators for consideration.

BACKGROUND Conversational agents (CAs) are increasingly used in healthcare to deliver behavior change interventions. Their evaluation often includes categorizing the behavior change techniques (BCTs), using a classification system of which the BCT Taxonomy V1 is one of the most common. Previous studies have presented descriptive summaries of behavior change interventions delivered by CAs, but no in-depth study reporting the use of BCTs in these interventions has been published to date. OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe behavior change interventions delivered by CAs and identify the behavior change techniques (BCTs) and theories guiding their design. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane’s CENTRAL, and the first ten pages of Google and Google Scholar in April 2021. We included primary, experimental studies evaluating a behavior change intervention delivered by a CA. BCTs coding followed the BCT Taxonomy v1. Two independent reviewers selected the studies and extracted the data. Descriptive analysis and frequent itemset mining to identify BCT clusters were performed. RESULTS We included 47 studies reporting on mental health (n=19, 40%), chronic disorders (n=14, 30%), and lifestyle change (n=14, 30%) interventions. There were 20 embodied CAs (43%) and 27 CAs (57%) represented a female character. Most CAs were rule-based (n=34, 72%). Experimental interventions included 63 BCTs, (mean: 9 BCTs, range 2-21), while comparisons included 32 BCTs (mean: 2 BCTs, range 2-17). Most interventions included BCTs 4.1 instructions on how to perform a behavior (n=34, 72%), 3.3 social support (emotional) (n=27, 57%) and 1.2 problem solving (n=24, 51%). A total of 12 studies (26%) were informed by a behavior change theory, mainly the Transtheoretical Model and the Social Cognitive Theory. Studies using the same behavior change theory included different BCTs. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for the more explicit use of behavior change theories and improved reporting of BCTs in CA interventions to enhance the analysis of intervention effectiveness and improve the reproducibility of research. CLINICALTRIAL

BACKGROUND Conversational agents (CAs), also known as chatbots are computer programs that simulate human conversations using predetermined rule-based responses or employing artificial intelligent algorithms. They are increasingly used in healthcare, particularly via smartphones. There is, at present no conceptual framework guiding the development of smartphone rule-based CAs in healthcare. To fill this gap we propose structured and tailored guidance for their design, development, evaluation, and implementation. OBJECTIVE To develop a conceptual framework for the design, evaluation, and implementation of smartphone-delivered, rule-based, goal-oriented, and text-based CAs for healthcare. METHODS We followed Jabareen’s approach to develop this conceptual framework. We performed two literature reviews focusing on healthcare CAs and conceptual frameworks for the development of mHealth interventions. We identified, named, categorized, integrated, and synthesized the information retrieved from the literature reviews to develop the conceptual framework. We then applied this framework by developing a CA and testing it in a feasibility study. RESULTS The DISCOVER conceptual framework includes eight iterative steps, grouped into three stages: (1) Design, comprising defining the goal, creating an identity, assembling the team, and selecting the delivery interface, (2) Development, including developing the content and building the conversation flow, and (3) Evaluation and implementation of the CA. They were complemented by two cross-cutting considerations, user-centered design, and privacy & security, that were relevant at all stages. The conceptual framework was successfully applied in the development of a CA to support lifestyle changes and prevent type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Drawing on published evidence, the DISCOVER conceptual framework provides a step-by-step guide to developing rule-based, smartphone-delivered CAs. Further evaluation of this framework in diverse healthcare areas, settings, and for a variety of users is needed to demonstrate its validity. Future research should aim to explore the use of CAs to deliver healthcare interventions, including behavior change and potential privacy and safety concerns. CLINICALTRIAL NA

The measures against the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, such as lockdown, pose a major challenge to those who manage work and caregiving demands. Drawing on social cognitive theory, which emphasizes the critical role of self-referent thought and human agency in overcoming obstacles and striving toward goals, the present longitudinal study (prepandemic, during lockdown, and postlockdown) investigated work-family balance self-efficacy (WFBSE) and work-family balance (WFB) among working informal caregivers of older adults (i.e., those who manage paid work and informal eldercare) during the COVID-19 pandemic (

This study investigated whether loneliness would predict physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQoL) over 9 months and examined whether medical adherence would mediate their associations in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). The overall design is a three-wave longitudinal study. A sample of 255 outpatients with CHD was recruited from a community-based cardiac rehabilitation programme. Participants, with a mean age of 63 years, completed measures assessing loneliness, depression and physical and mental HRQoL at baseline. Medical adherence was assessed at 3 months, and physical and mental HRQoL were reassessed at 9 months. A total of 88% of participants reported moderate or high loneliness. Baseline loneliness predicted physical and mental HRQoL at 9 months after adjusting for baseline physical and mental HRQoL, respectively. The effects remained significant when depression was also adjusted. Medical adherence at 3 months partially mediated the associations of baseline loneliness with 9-month physical and mental HRQoL. Findings underline the necessity of assessing loneliness for CHD patients to promote long-term medical adherence and further improve physical and mental HRQoL.

Background: The development of diabetes mellitus has been closely linked to multiple risk factors, of which modifiable factors are of particular interest for disease prevention. Yet few studies have assessed the system of pathways though which risk factors lead to diabetes, and how the different groups of risk factors may interact,both as independent or mediating factors. Methods: We aimed to develop a broad pathway model for diabetes risk with modifiable lifestyle risk factors as the start point, hypothesising that Lifestyle Risk (physical inactivity, smoking, poor diet and insufficient sleep) would impact Diabetes Risk (HbA1c) through the mediating factor of Physiological Load (BMI, resting pulse rate, CRP, systolic and diastolic blood pressure). The lifestyle and physiological factors were grouped via principal components analysis and a summary index respectively. Non modifiable risk factors, such as sociodemographics were specified as covariates. We used structural equation modeling to test this model, first using Wave 5 data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), as this was the only wave that collected all indicators of interest. To fit in longitudinal data from an earlier wave (IFLS4), we further tested a smaller model with the two Lifestyle Risk indicators available. Results: Both models showed indirect effects of Lifestyle Risk on Diabetes Risk via Physiological Load, with the cross-sectional model also showing a direct effect. The effect sizes were within the range of other studies that assessed the variables separately. Conclusion: Taken together, the results support the model of an indirect effect of Lifestyle Risk on Diabetes through Physiological Load. Specifying Lifestyle Risk as an observable, composite variable incorporates the cumulative effect of risk behaviour and differentiates this study from previous studies assessing it as a latent construct. We were able to assess causality with retrospective cohort data. Finally, the parsimonious model groups and summarises the multifarious risk factors and illustrates parsimonious and modifiable pathways that could be applied in chronic disease prevention efforts.

There has been reemerging interest within psychology in the construct of character, yet assessing it can be difficult due to social desirability of character traits. Forced-choice formats offer one way to address response bias, but traditional scoring methods (i.e., ipsative) associated with this format makes comparing scores between people problematic. Nevertheless, recent advances in modeling item responding (Thurstonian IRT) enable scoring that recovers absolute standing on latent traits and allows for score comparisons between people. Based on recent work in character measurement (CIVIC), we developed a multidimensional forced-choice measure of character (CIVIC-MFC) and scored it using Thurstonian IRT. Initial validation using a sample of 798 participants demonstrated good support for factorial, convergent, and concurrent validity for scores on the CIVIC-MFC, although they did not demonstrate more faking resistance than scores on a Likert-type format version. Potential explanations are discussed.

Objectives:A process model of white-collar crime postulates that the etiology of this form of crime is incomplete without consideration of individual differences in neurobiology. Based on prior research, this study tests the primary hypothesis that “gray-collar crime” (GCC; offending on the margin of more serious white-collar crimes) would be associated with increased frontal lobe volume. Secondary analyses explored which frontal subregions, if any, would be associated with gray-collar offending.Method:Gray-collar offending and blue-collar criminal offending were assessed in 129 community males. Total frontal lobe, anterior cingulate, superior frontal, middle frontal, inferior frontal, and orbitofrontal volumes were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging.Results:Increased frontal volume was associated with increased gray-collar offending. Frontal volume remained significant after controlling for ethnicity, age, intelligence, whole brain volume, and blue-collar crime covariates, explaining 4.6 percent of the variance in GCC. Within the frontal lobe, findings were localized to superior frontal and anterior cingulate cortex, both before and after controlling for covariates.Conclusions:Findings provide preliminary evidence of increased frontal volume as a neural correlate of gray-collar offending and support a process model which hypothesizes that frontal lobe volume may provide some individuals with an advantage in perpetrating criminal offenses in occupational and avocational settings.

Measurement equivalence is often neglected when conducting research. This is especially the case when scales are used in different contexts that share the same language but have different cultural backgrounds. In this chapter, we examined the measurement equivalence of Entrepreneurship, Professionalism, and Leadership (EPL) career aspiration scale (Chan et al., 2012), which measures EPL intent, motivation, and efficacy, across two English speaking countries with different cultures (Singapore and the United States). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess equivalence. Overall, measurement equivalence analysis showed that most of the EPL sub-scales demonstrated configural and metric invariance but not scalar invariance. Despite commonality in language, we found that negatively-worded items were problematic and at times loaded poorly on the hypothesized latent factors. Our results highlight the importance of establishing measurement equivalence when importing scales across cultures and even between cultures that share a common language. The practical implications of these results for scale creation as well as future directions are discussed.

In this paper, we report the adaptation and validation of Chan et al. (2012) “Entrepreneurship, Professionalism and Leadership” (EPL) motivation scales for use in the working adult population. Three studies were conducted. In the first study, 214 working adults from healthcare, research, innovation and enterprise sectors were surveyed for the development of an initial item set. Data from another 464 adult working samples from similar sectors were collected with the revised version of the measurement. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the scales had acceptable psychometric properties. Scale means compared across the various survey groupings (e.g., healthcare high-potentials vs. research scientists vs. entrepreneurs vs. administrative staff) seemed to be in expected directions. Moreover, Chan et al.’s finding that the more “multidimensional” an individual’s E, P and L motivations, the stronger their boundaryless mindset and protean career attitudes, was replicated. In the third study, 231 working samples from New Zealand were recruited to check the factor replicability cross-culturally. The potential of the EPL framework for talent development in an innovation economy is discussed.

Organizations increasingly expect people to move between roles which involve varying combinations of professional (vocational), leadership, and entrepreneurial responsibilities. While there has been considerable research into the relationship between values and leadership style, we know little about how values contribute to entrepreneurial, professional and leadership motivations. This study of 272 undergraduate students from a Singapore public university suggests that both universal and cultural values can distinguish between these motivations. Leadership and entrepreneurial motivation share a basis in personal achievement and stimulation values, while entrepreneurial motivation is distinguished by low emphasis on values of conformity and security. Entrepreneurial motivation also appeared grounded in collectivist values, while leadership motivation seems to be underpinned by a desire to benefit others. Professional motivation shares little in common with the other two types; it is characterized by hedonism and uncertainty avoidance, raising questions about the extent to which students pursuing vocational or professional careers may be willing to explore entrepreneurial and leadership options.

Chan et al. (2011, 2012) proposed the Entrepreneurial, Professionalism, and Leadership (EPL) framework to characterize one’s lifelong career evolutions within the EPL dimensions. However, the current EPL framework does not specify how one’s EPL aspirations may develop, nor does it examine the relevant factors that may facilitate or hinder the development of EPL aspirations. This paper adopts the Social Cognitive Career Theory—to delineate how one’s career decisions—, as defined by the Entrepreneurial, Professionalism, and Leadership (EPL) career framework, can be facilitated and highlight factors that may affect the career choices. In particular, we examined the influence of individual, social cognitive, and environmental factors on the development of 396 university students’ entrepreneurial intentions and the process of career choice-making through structural equation modelling technique. Consistent with earlier findings, the results of this study found support for hypotheses concerning core SCCT variables (self-efficacy, outcome expectations, goals, and interests) while suggesting a need to include additional constructs (such as individual differences and contextual factors). Implications and suggestions for future research on the SCCT choice model and its application within the multidimensional EPL framework are discussed.

This chapter seeks to contribute to the emerging literature on developmental readiness (Avolio and Hannah, 2008). First, we propose to broaden the developmental readiness (DR) concept beyond leadership domain to include other viable career tracks (e.g., expert or entrepreneur). To that extent, we use Chan’s et al. (2012) EPL model to represent DR constructs in a multidimensional career space defined by entrepreneurship, professional, and leadership vectors. We also describe and initiate the effort to develop and validate a suite of DR measures that can be readily used in research and practice.

Chan et al. (2012) have proposed an innovative Entrepreneurship, Professionalism and Leadership (EPL) framework for understanding career growth and development in the 21st century. To date, there are no studies examining how EPL aspiration changes over time. This paper attempts to characterize the variation of EPL motivation across time from 1,748 university students using the Latent Difference Score (LDS) approach. Changes in EPL dimensions were found to be inter-related, and differences in the EPL development between Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) and non-STEM students were detected.

This chapter begins by documenting the origins of Chan et al.’s (2012a) early Entrepreneurship, Professionalism and Leadership (EPL) research, which began with an annual university-wide survey of students’ entrepreneurial motivation. Following that research, we embarked on a 3-year project to transform the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Career Aspiration Survey into an IT-based career development and feedback System, whose goal was to provide students with career development and feedback based on EPL framework. Original career development content was developed that aimed to help NTU’s students to better understand the increasingly “boundaryless” and Protean nature of careers in the 21st century as part of supplementing conventional vocational guidance and job matching services already provided by the University. We conclude by sharing a vision of how universities can better support the life-long career education and development of its students for greater employability in a more complex and changing world of work.

Today, tertiary educational institutions are especially concerned with the work-readiness and employability of their graduates beyond mere education for education’s sake. More than academic results, university graduates are expected to possess transferable skills, life-long learning and self-managing career skills and mindsets beyond their technical, vocational or professional knowledge and skills to navigate highly dynamic job/labor markets. Chan et al. (2012) first introduced the Entrepreneurial, Professional and Leadership or EPL framework using the “dimensions of boundaryless career space” as a heuristic to help individuals visualize how they can advance their careers simultaneously in E, P and L dimensions. This chapter suggests how the EPL framework can relate to the popular “T-shaped” metaphor in the popular human resources literature, where “T-shaped” is used to describe the need for both breadth (transferable) and depth (specialized/technical) skills needed for various reasons from collaboration to employability. We present empirical evidence to show how E, P and L efficacies contribute to the prediction of self-perceived employability in a sample of 5,874 university students, as a way to justify how individuals can think of developing their E, P and L skills to ensure employability in the future. We discuss how universities can provide future graduates with more holistic T-shaped EPL development for greater employability and career adaptability.

Previous research has indicated robust relationships between implicit motives and various indices of career preference and performance, with the implicit need for power ( nPow) and the implicit need for achievement ( nAch) found to associate with leadership and entrepreneurship, respectively. However, relatively little work has examined the relationships between implicit motivation and career intention. In the present study, 149 university students completed questionnaires assessing their intention to embark on entrepreneurial, professional, or leadership careers, while implicit motivation was measured using the picture story exercise. nPow was found to positively predict entrepreneurial intent and to negatively predict professional intent, while higher nPow was positively associated with both entrepreneurial and leadership career choice. nAch did not associate significantly with any of the intent or choice measures. These results tentatively suggest a previously undocumented relationship between nPow and entrepreneurial ambition, and possible differences in the motivational profiles of aspiring and actual entrepreneurs.

subjective masculine norms as well as their levels of endorsement of these norms. A directed content analysis of participants’ qualitative responses identified providing for family, being a gentleman, emotional toughness, avoidance of inferiority to women, and avoidance of femininity as the 5 most prevalent and salient subjective masculine norms. Moderation analyses indicated that endorsement of subjective masculine norms was positively related to gender identity satisfaction and to life satisfaction for men, but not for women. A moderated mediation analysis indicated that gender identity satisfaction mediated the relationship between endorsement of subjective masculine norms and life satisfaction for men, but not for women. These findings are discussed within the context of how culture intersects with masculinities as well as the broader contributions of subjective masculine norms to the psychology of men and masculinities.

The present study investigated mechanisms of change for two group treatments for social anxiety disorder (SAD): cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) and mindfulness and acceptance-based group therapy (MAGT). Participants were treatment completers (n = 37 for MAGT, n = 32 for CBGT) from a randomized clinical trial. Cognitive reappraisal was the hypothesized mechanism of change for CBGT. Mindfulness and acceptance were hypothesized mechanisms of change for MAGT. Latent difference score (LDS) analysis results demonstrate that cognitive reappraisal coupling (in which cognitive reappraisal is negatively associated with the subsequent rate of change in social anxiety) had a greater impact on social anxiety for CBGT than MAGT. The LDS bidirectional mindfulness model (mindfulness predicts subsequent change in social anxiety; social anxiety predicts subsequent change in mindfulness) was supported for both treatments. Results for acceptance were less clear. Cognitive reappraisal may be a more important mechanism of change for CBGT than MAGT, whereas mindfulness may be an important mechanism of change for both treatments.

Using a new framework that includes entrepreneurship, professionalism and professionalism as different dimensions of subjective career space, we investigated whether different kinds of people are motivated towards entrepreneurial as compared to organizational leadership or specialized professional work-roles. Correlations from two samples of 396 and 272 undergraduates indicate personality traits have more similar relationships with both entrepreneurial and leadership than with professional work-role motivations. Specifically, while the Big Five personality traits, low risk aversion and proactive personality correlate with entrepreneurial and leadership motivations, high risk aversion correlate with the motivation for more vocationally-based, professional work. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicate that whether proactive personality and risk aversion add to the prediction of entrepreneurial, professional and leadership motivations beyond the Big Five depends on the Big Five measure used and sampling differences. Overall, this study fills a gap in the comparative appreciation of the role of traits in leadership and entrepreneurial emergence, which has resulted from the historic separation of both research fields, and has implications for the entrepreneurial and/or leadership development of professionals in organizations. Accepted version

Negative schemas have been widely recognized as being linked to psychopathology and mental health, and they are central to the Schema Therapy (ST) model. This study is the first to report on the psychometric properties of the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ). In a combined community sample (Manila, Philippines, n = 559; Bangalore, India, n = 350; Singapore, n = 628), we identified a 56-item, 14-factor solution for the YPSQ. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis supported the 14-factor model using data from two other independent samples: an Eastern sample from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (n = 229) and a Western sample from the United States (n = 214). Construct validity was demonstrated with the Young Schema Questionnaire 3 Short Form (YSQ-S3) that measures negative schemas, and divergent validity was demonstrated for 11 of the YPSQ subscales with their respective negative schema counterparts. Convergent validity of the 14 subscales of YPSQ was demonstrated with measures of personality dispositions, emotional distress, well-being, trait gratitude, and humor styles. Positive schemas also showed incremental validity over and above negative schemas for these same measures, thus demonstrating that both positive and negative schemas are separate constructs that relate in unique ways to mental health. Implications for using both the YPSQ and the YSQ-S3 scales in tandem in ST as well as cultural nuances from the use of Asian samples were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record)

Background Anxiety disorders are common in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and frequently comorbid with other mental disorders. Objective The main aim of the present study was to examine the incidence, recurrence and comorbidity rates of anxiety disorders across four developmental periods, namely, during childhood (5 – 12.9 years), adolescence (13 – 17.9 years), emerging adulthood (18 – 23.9 years), and adulthood (24 – 30 years). Method Eight hundred and sixteen participants from a large community sample were interviewed twice during adolescence, at age 24, and at age 30. They completed self-report measures of psychosocial functioning and semi-structured diagnostic interviews during adolescence and adulthood. Results The result showed first incidence of anxiety disorders to be significantly higher in childhood and adulthood than in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Female gender was associated with first incidence, but not with recurrence. Significant comorbidity was found between anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD) across the four developmental periods. The comorbidity between anxiety and substance use disorders (SUD) was significant in childhood, emerging adulthood and adulthood, but not in adolescence. The presence of anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence significantly increased the probability of having an anxiety disorder during emerging adulthood. Limitations The participants are ethically and geographically homogenous. Conclusion Incidence and recurrence rates of anxiety disorders differed across four diverse developmental periods. The magnitude of comorbidity between anxiety disorders and MDD was comparable across periods.

Previous research has demonstrated a robust relationship between religion and well-being, and it has been proposed that positive emotions are important mediators of this effect. Yet the mechanism via which religion promotes positive emotions has not been widely studied. We sought to examine whether teleological explanations of daily events and resulting positive emotions serially mediated the effects of religion on well-being.These hypotheses were tested over three studies involving full-time and part-time university students in Singapore. In Study 1, participants completed measures of religiousness and well-being, and explained and described three recent personally significant events and their resulting emotions. Studies 2 and 3 adopted an ecological momentary assessment approach to measure teleological explanations, resulting emotions, and well-being in almost real time.In Study 1, teleological explanations and positive emotions serially mediated the effects of religiousness on well-being. In Study 2, momentary teleological explanations of daily events mediated the positive relationship between religiousness and momentary positive emotions. In Study 3, serial mediation of the relationship between religiousness and momentary well-being by momentary teleological explanations and positive emotions was observed.These results provide evidence of the importance of teleological explanations of daily events in religious enhancement of well-being.

Although cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for depression, a substantial number of individuals experience relapse following treatment. It is possible that these individuals remain vulnerable due to personality characteristics such as self-critical perfectionism. This study examined the longitudinal association of depressive symptoms, stressful events, and self-critical perfectionism using post-treatment data from the Component Analysis of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Depression study. The temporal relationship between depressive symptoms and stressful events (assessed at treatment termination and at 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow-ups) was evaluated using the Latent Difference Score (LDS) structural modelling framework. Four theoretical models (no association, stress generation, stress reactivity, transactional) were compared. Results supported the stress reactivity model, in which stressful events led to subsequent depression symptom change. Multigroup LDS analysis demonstrated that longitudinal stress reactivity occurred only for individuals experiencing high levels of self-critical perfectionism. The results suggest that maintenance of treatment gains following CBT is related to an individual’s personality style and stress reactivity.

Ecosystems may undergo nonlinear responses to stresses or perturbations. Hence there can be more than one stable state or regime. It is not known whether alternate regimes also occur in coupled social-ecologica-l systems, in which there is the potential for intricate feedbacks between natural and social processes. To find out, we investigated the management of rice paddies by Balinese farmers, where ecological processes impose constraints on the timing and spatial scale of collective action. We investigated responses to environmental and social conditions by eight traditional community irrigation systems (subaks) along a river in Bali to test the intuition that older and more demographically stable subaks function differently than those with less stable populations. Results confirm the existence of two attractors, with sharply contrasting patterns of social and ecological interactions. The transition pathway between the two basins of attraction is dominated by differences in the efficacy of sanctions and the ability of subaks to mobilize agricultural labor. Published version

BACKGROUND: College drinking is a global health concern. However, most studies originate from countries with high alcohol consumption. In the United States, college students overpour a standard alcoholic drink, yet it is unclear if this remains true in countries with low alcohol consumption. Additionally, in college, peer influence is the greatest predictor of drinking behavior, yet it is unknown if social norms affect how students pour drinks. This study examined how male college students, in a country with low alcohol consumption, define standard drinks, and if the presence of an unfamiliar peer affects how students pour during a simulated alcohol-pouring task. METHODS: Male undergraduate students (n = 105) underwent baseline assessments of impulsivity, self-monitoring, religiosity, and drinking characteristics. Participants poured fluid into empty cups of different sizes to equal a standard serving of beer or shot of liquor. There were 2 groups based on gender of experimenter. Within each group, participants were randomly assigned to Alone or Dyad condition. In the Alone condition, students were instructed to pour only for themselves. In the Dyad condition, students were instructed to pour for themselves and the experimenter. The volumes poured by the students were compared with standards used in Singapore and the United States. RESULTS: Collapsed across container size, students overpoured shots by 50% and beer by 100% when compared to the standard drink definition in Singapore. When using a more liberal definition, students overpoured beer by 25%, but did not overpour shots. In the presence of an unfamiliar peer, overpouring decreased by 10% for beer. CONCLUSIONS: The current data show that college students, in a country with low alcohol consumption, overestimate standard alcoholic drinks similar to their Western counterparts and use social norms to determine how much to pour for a drink when confronted with an unfamiliar peer. Efforts toward creating internationally recognized standard drink definitions should be considered. Language: en

This paper reports an empirical study conducted to examine the relationship between employees’ Entrepreneurial, Professional, and Leadership (EPL) career motivations and their intrapreneurial motivation. Using data collected from 425 working adults in the research/innovation and healthcare settings, we develop a self-report measure of employee intrapreneurial motivation. We also adapt an existing self-report measure of E, P, and L career motivations (previously developed and used with university students) for use with working adult organizational employees. Confirmatory factor analysis indicate that E, P, and L motivations and intrapreneurial motivation can be measured independently and reliably, while regression analyses show that the employees’ E, P, and L motivations all contribute to explaining variance in their intrapreneurial motivation. Individuals with high E, P, and L motivational profiles are also found to have the highest intrapreneurial motivation scores, while those low on E, P, and L motivations have the least intrapreneurial motivation. Our findings suggest that the potential for intrapreneurship is not unique to only entrepreneurial employees. Instead, one can find intrapreneurs among employees with strong leadership and professional motivations as well. We discuss the findings in the context of generating more research to address the challenges of talent management in the 21st century knowledge economies where there is greater career mobility and boundarylessness in the workforce. Published version

Despite theoretical postulations that individuals' conformity to masculine norms is differentially related to mental health-related outcomes depending on a variety of contexts, there has not been any systematic synthesis of the empirical research on this topic. Therefore, the authors of this study conducted meta-analyses of the relationships between conformity to masculine norms (as measured by the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory-94 and other versions of this scale) and mental health-related outcomes using 78 samples and 19,453 participants. Conformity to masculine norms was modestly and unfavorably associated with mental health as well as moderately and unfavorably related to psychological help seeking. The authors also identified several moderation effects. Conformity to masculine norms was more strongly correlated with negative social functioning than with psychological indicators of negative mental health. Conformity to the specific masculine norms of self-reliance, power over women, and playboy were unfavorably, robustly, and consistently related to mental health-related outcomes, whereas conformity to the masculine norm of primacy of work was not significantly related to any mental health-related outcome. These findings highlight the need for researchers to disaggregate the generic construct of conformity to masculine norms and to focus instead on specific dimensions of masculine norms and their differential associations with other outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record