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The association between hyperlipidaemia and acute pancreatitis is unknown in dogs. This study aimed to investigate the association between hyperlipidaemia and other markers of cholestasis in dogs with suspect acute pancreatitis. Case records of dogs with suspect acute pancreatitis were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs that had pre-existing disorders or drug therapies associated with hyperlipidaemia, hypocholesterolaemia, or incomplete biochemical data were excluded. In total, 74 dogs met the inclusion criteria. There were 33 (44.6%) dogs with hypercholesterolaemia (HC) and 41 (55.4%) without (NC). Increased triglyceride concentrations were significantly ( p = 0.005) more common in HC dogs ( n = 13, 39.4%) compared with NC dogs ( n = 4, 9.8%), but no value exceeded 5 mmol/L. The ALP activity was significantly higher in the HC group compared to NC group (932 (461-7271) and 380 (135-1312) IU/L, respectively, p = 0.001). There was a moderate positive correlation between cholesterol concentration and ALP activity (r = 0.498, p < 0.001) and a weak positive correlation between cholesterol concentration and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity (r = 0.296, p = 0.011). Cholesterol concentration was correlated with ALP and GGT activities suggesting an association between cholestasis and hypercholesterolaemia in dogs with acute pancreatitis.

Sepsis and septic shock are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in both humans and dogs, and early diagnosis is crucial for improving outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate bioactive adrenomedullin (bio-ADM) concentrations in dogs with septic shock (n = 25), dogs with sepsis without evidence of shock (n = 25), and healthy control dogs (n = 25). Plasma bio-ADM concentrations were measured using a human sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reported as median (interquartile range). Plasma bio-ADM concentrations were significantly higher in both septic groups compared to the healthy controls (all <22.4 pg/mL), but not significantly different between the septic shock (75.0 [28.7-115.0] pg/mL) and sepsis (30.7 [22.4-79.7] pg/mL) groups. Dogs with higher illness severity scores had significantly higher bio-ADM concentrations (93.1 [32.2-122.0] pg/mL) than those with lower scores (29.8 [22.4-71.2] pg/mL). However, bio-ADM concentrations did not differ between survivors (33.0 [22.7-76.7] pg/mL) and non-survivors (74.7 [26.1-123.2] pg/mL). Measurement of bio-ADM is a potential marker for canine sepsis, but not for the identification of septic shock, and may provide information on disease severity. Further studies, including those on non-infectious inflammatory conditions, are necessary to better understand the diagnostic utility of bio-ADM measurement and its potential role as a marker of treatment response in dogs with sepsis.

Background: Several tests are available to diagnose naturally-occurring Cushing's syndrome in dogs but there is a paucity of information on how primary care veterinarians (PCVs) use or interpret them., Objectives: Determine how PCVs from selected European countries diagnose Cushing's syndrome in dogs., Methods: Cross-sectional survey study assessing testing protocols used by PCVs for screening and differentiation of Cushing's syndrome., Results: Two thousand one hundred and seventy-eight responses from 9 European countries were included. When Cushing's syndrome was suspected, 98.7% of respondents perform endocrine testing, whereas 1.2% rely on a treatment trial. Among the former, 59.9% reported performing screening tests in the absence of supportive clinical signs but with consistent clinicopathological abnormalities. Of 2150 respondents who performed endocrine testing, 66.6% report always using the same initial screening tests regardless of their pretest suspicion of disease. The tests most reported are the ACTH stimulation test (34.8%), low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST; 30.4%) or a combination of different tests (25.2%). In the absence of financial constraint, 1419 (66.0%) respondents always attempted differentiation, using abdominal ultrasonography (81.0%) and LDDST (46.1%). Overall, 69.8% of respondents reported offering referral to a specialist in ≤20% of cases suspected or diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome over the previous 5 years., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Testing protocols vary among PCVs. Almost 60% of respondents potentially screen dogs without consistent clinical signs, raising concerns for overdiagnosis. A proportion never attempt differentiation, which likely affects prognosis. Cases are rarely referred to a specialist, reflecting that Cushing's syndrome is mainly managed in primary care practices. These results suggest that there is room for further education of PCVs., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)

Background: Naturally occurring hypoadrenocorticism is an uncommon endocrine disorder in dogs but has significant morbidity and mortality. Some dogs present with apparent glucocorticoid deficiency alone as evidenced by eunatraemia and eukalaemia. Few studies have compared dogs with hypoadrenocorticism with or without electrolyte disturbances and there are no large case series of affected dogs from Ireland., Methods: Retrospective observational study., Results: Ninety-two cases diagnosed with hypoadrenocorticism subdivided into those with supportive electrolyte disturbances (Group 1; n = 72) and those without (Group 2; n = 20). Dogs in Group 1 were significantly (p = 0.001) younger (4.0 (3.0-6.0) years) than dogs in Group 2 (6.0 (4.75-8.25) years). Dogs in Group 1 presented significantly more commonly with vomiting (Group 1: 52/71 (73.2%), Group 2: 6/20 (30.0%); p < 0.001), total hyperproteinaemia (Group 1: 21/71 (29.6%), Group 2: 1/20 (5.0%); p = 0.023), increased urea (Group 1: 52/72 (72.2%), Group 2: 5/20 (25.0%); p < 0.001), increased creatinine (Group 1: 31/72 (43.1%), Group 2: 3/20 (15.0%); p = 0.021) and hyperphosphataemia (Group 1: 40/71 (56.3%), Group 2: 2/20 (10.0%); p < 0.001), and significantly less commonly with reticulocytosis (Group 1: 4/38 (10.5%), Group 2: 5/13 (38.5%), p = 0.023). An undetectable basal aldosterone concentration had a positive predictive value of 94.3% for diagnosing undetectable post-ACTH aldosterone concentration. Of the thirteen dogs in Group 2 that had aldosterone concentrations measured and secondary disease excluded, 7 (53.8%) had or subsequently developed evidence of aldosterone deficiency, although not always with electrolyte abnormalities., Conclusions: Dogs with hypoadrenocorticism from Ireland are similar to other reported cases. An undetectable basal aldosterone concentration is highly predictive of mineralocorticoid deficiency. Dogs with apparent glucocorticoid deficiency alone can progress to more typical disease and should be monitored appropriately., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Equine obesity combined with insulin dysregulation (ID) is a major risk factor associated with laminitis. Some pony breeds appear to be at increased risk. However, little is known regarding the prevalence of obesity or hyperinsulinaemia as evidence of ID in Irish ponies., Objective: To investigate the prevalence of obesity and associated endocrine/metabolic disease conditions in Connemara ponies and to determine if hyperinsulinaemia in these ponies could be predicted by morphometric or metabolic markers., Study Design: Cross-sectional study., Methods: The study population included registered Connemara ponies recruited through public and veterinary social media posts. Ponies underwent a physical examination and information on their management and clinical history was obtained via owner questionnaire. The body condition score (BCS) was measured using the Henneke system; cresty neck score (CNS) and regionalised adiposity were also assessed. Hyperinsulinaemia was confirmed by measuring serum basal insulin concentration (BIC) or insulin concentration after an oral sugar test (OST). Blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations were measured. Characteristics of hyperinsulinaemic and insulin-sensitive ponies were compared by logistic regression., Results: Two hundred ponies were included; 59 ponies (29.5%) had a BCS ≥7, 58 (29.0%) had a CNS ≥2.5 and 135 (67.5%) had regionalised adiposity; 137 (68.5%) ponies had at least one of these abnormalities. Owner-reported history or clinical evidence of chronic laminitis was found in 92 ponies (46.0%). Hyperinsulinaemia was confirmed in 32 ponies (16.0%), including 23 of 91 (25.3%) detected by OST and 9 of 109 (8.3%) by BIC. Hypertriglyceridaemia was observed in 12 of 198 ponies (6.1%) ponies and hyperglycaemia in 11 of 197 ponies (5.6%) ponies. The odds of hyperinsulinaemia increased by a factor of 6.53 (95% confidence interval: 2.95, 15.21) when BCS was ≥7., Main Limitations: The OST was not performed in all ponies., Conclusions: Increased adiposity, laminitis and metabolic derangements are prevalent in this native Irish pony breed., (© 2023 The Authors. Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.)

Background: Virulent systemic feline calicivirus (VS-FCV) infection is an emerging disease. It is distinct from classic oronasal calicivirus infection as it manifests with unique systemic signs including severe cutaneous ulcerations, limb oedema, and high mortality, even in adequately vaccinated cats. Devastating epizootic outbreaks with hospital-acquired infections have been described in the United States, the United Kingdom, continental Europe and Australia with up to 54 cats affected in one outbreak and a mortality rate of up to 86%. This highly contagious and potentially fatal disease has not yet been reported in Ireland., Case Presentation: An 11-month-old male neutered vaccinated domestic shorthair cat was presented with a 10-day history of lethargy, decreased appetite and progressively worsening pitting oedema in all four limbs. The signs were first noted after another kitten from a high-density cat shelter was introduced in to the household. Additional physical examination findings included marked pyrexia, and lingual and cutaneous ulcers. Virulent systemic feline calicivirus was diagnosed based on compatible history and clinical signs, exclusion of other causes, and calicivirus isolation by RT-PCR both in blood and oropharyngeal samples. Negative calicivirus RT-PCR in blood following resolution of the clinical signs further supported the diagnosis., Conclusion: This case represents the first known case of VS-FCV infection in Ireland. Given the severity of the clinical signs, and the high risk for epizootic outbreaks, Irish veterinarians should be aware of the disease to ensure prompt diagnosis and implementation of adequate preventive measures, in order to limit the threat that this disease represents for the wider cat population and particularly given the risk of hospital-acquired VS-FCV infection. Virulent systemic calicivirus should be suspected in cats with pyrexia of unknown origin, oedema or ulceration affecting the limbs or the face, and exposure to rescue cats from high-density households., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) biopsies would provide a critical mass of cases to allow investigation of canine liver disease, however their use is often limited by challenges typically associated with transcriptomic analysis. This study evaluates the capability of NanoString® to measure the expression of a broad panel of genes in FFPE liver samples. RNA was isolated from matched histopathologically normal liver samples using FFPE (n = 6) and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen (n = 6) and measured using a custom NanoString® panel. Out of the 40 targets on the panel, 27 and 23 targets were above threshold for non-diseased snap frozen and FFPE tissue respectively. The binding density and total counts were significantly reduced in the FFPE samples relative to the snap frozen samples (p = 0.005, p = 0.01, respectively), confirming a reduction in sensitivity. The concordance between the snap frozen and FFPE samples was high, with correlations (R) ranging between 0.88 and 0.99 between the paired samples. An additional 14 immune-related targets, undetectable the non-diseased FFPE liver, were above threshold when the technique was applied to a series of diseased samples, further supporting their inclusion on this panel. This use of NanoString® based analysis opens up huge opportunity for retrospective evaluation of gene signatures in larger caseloads through harnessing the capacity of archived FFPE samples This information used alongside clinical and histological data will not only afford a way to explore disease etiopathogenesis, it may also offer insight into sub-types of liver disease in dogs, which cannot be discerned using more traditional diagnostic methods., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Measurement of free T4 by analogue immunoassay (fT4a) is popular but its ability to differentiate hypothyroidism from non-thyroidal illness (NTI) is unclear. The aims were to assess fT4a concentrations in dogs with NTI and to explore diagnostic agreement with total T4 and free T4 measured by equilibrium dialysis (fT4d)., Methods: fT4a was measured in dogs classified with mild, moderate and severe NTI. Total T4 and fT4d were measured in a subgroup of these dogs., Results: 146 dogs were included of which 84, 35 and 27 had mild, moderate and severe NTI, respectively. Median (range) fT4a concentrations (pmol/L) were significantly lower (P = 0.023 and P < 0.001) in dogs with severe (3.86 (3.86-23.60)) compared with moderate (11.10 (3.86-34.70)) and mild (15.25 (3.86-48.60)) NTI. Overall, 49 (33.6% [95% CI, 26.4-41.6]) dogs had low fT4a concentration. All thyroid hormones were measured in 74 dogs. Agreement was substantial between total T4 and fT4a (κ=0.79 [95% CI, 0.65-0.92]) and fT4a and fT4d (κ =0.63 [95% CI, 0.47-0.79]) but moderate between total T4 and fT4d (κ=0.49 [95% CI, 0.32-0.66]). Of 42 dogs with low total T4 concentration, five (11.9% [95% CI, 5.19-24.99]) and 18 (42.9% [95% CI, 29.12-57.80]) had fT4a and fT4d within reference interval, respectively., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: fT4a and fT4d cannot be used interchangeably. Measurement of fT4a provides limited further diagnostic information over measurement of total T4 in dogs with NTI. This study raises concerns regarding the ability of fT4a to differentiate NTI from hypothyroidism in dogs with low total T4 concentrations., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Hypoadrenocorticism is characterized by a reduction in mineralocorticoid and/or glucocorticoid production by the adrenal glands. Several subtypes have been described with different clinical and clinicopathological consequences. Most affected dogs have vague and non-specific signs that precede an eventual life-threatening crisis. This review aims to appraise classification, the available data on epidemiology and the clinical and laboratory features of naturally occurring canine hypoadrenocorticism., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The year 2021 marked the centenary of the isolation of a therapeutic form of insulin and its successful use in dogs. This was a landmark moment that subsequently and rapidly led to the commercial manufacture of insulin for use in humans. The impact of insulin was almost miraculous as those destined to die from their diabetes mellitus returned to life. Over the past 100 years, insulin formulations have been modified to attempt to provide a predictable and prolonged duration of action while avoiding the development of hypoglycaemia. This has led to an ever-growing variety of insulin types in human medicine, many of which have subsequently been used in dogs. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of available insulin types and their application to the chronic management of canine diabetes mellitus., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Activity of 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6'-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) lipase is considered to be more pancreas specific than traditional lipase assays. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of DGGR lipase activity for suspected acute pancreatitis in dogs and to assess its prognostic usefulness., Methods: Retrospective study of case records for suspected acute pancreatitis based on clinician-stated diagnosis, point-of-care and quantitative canine pancreas-specific lipase (cPL) results and consistent ultrasonographic features. Diagnostic performance of DGGR lipase was assessed by receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, agreement by Cohen's kappa (κ) and prognostic value by multiple regression analysis., Results: Median DGGR lipase activity was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in dogs with suspected acute pancreatitis [93.7 (range, 11.0-2853.0) U/L (n = 158)] compared to those with no evidence of pancreatitis [range, 20.9 (6.7-89.0) U/L (n = 356)]. A DGGR lipase activity >42.15 U/L had the best combined diagnostic sensitivity (81.0%) and specificity (92.1%). Previously established cut-offs (>130 and >80 U/L) had sensitivities of 40.5 and 43.0%, and specificities of 100 and 99.7%, respectively. There was near perfect (κ = 0.821) and substantial (κ = 0.751) agreement between DGGR lipase activity >42.15 U/L and quantitative cPL concentrations ≥200 and ≥400 μg/L, respectively. DGGR lipase activity but not quantitative cPL concentration was statistically (P = 0.043, odds ratio = 0.999) predictive of discharge but clinical utility is questionable., Clinical Significance: Using DGGR lipase at the lower cut-off could provide an additional test for supporting a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in dogs particularly if cPL results are not available. Larger studies are required to more fully assess its value in prognostication., (© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Small Animal Practice published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Small Animal Veterinary Association.)

Total thyroxine (T4) concentrations are lower in healthy greyhounds compared to most other non-sighthound breeds. In humans, variations in the structure or concentration of the major thyroid hormone binding proteins are responsible for most reported differences between total T4 concentrations in healthy individuals from different ethnic groups or other subpopulations. The aim of this study was to determine if such variations are also responsible for the lower total T4 concentrations in greyhounds. The predicted protein sequences of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin and albumin were determined in liver tissue from a euthyroid greyhound with decreased T4 concentration and a Jack Russell terrier using reverse-transcriptase PCR. Sequences were compared to each other and online reference sequences. Serum proteins from 21 greyhounds and 21 non-sighthound dogs were separated by denaturing electrophoresis and immunoblots probed with polyclonal antibodies to human TBG and transthyretin. Reactive bands were quantified by densitrometry, expressed relative to the mean of reference samples included in each gel. Serum albumin concentrations were measured using a commercially-available assay. Several SNPs were identified but none was thought likely to explain the lower total T4 concentrations in greyhounds. There was no significant difference between the quantity of any of the binding proteins in serum from greyhounds and non-sighthound dogs. However, total T4 and transthyretin concentrations were highly correlated in the greyhound group (r = 0.73, P = 0.0002). Variation in the sequence of thyroid hormone binding proteins is not responsible for low greyhound total T4 concentrations. Further evaluation of the role of transthyretin is warranted., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Reports on the effects of hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) on bone turnover in dogs are largely confined to radiographic studies. The aim of this study was to more accurately assess bone turnover in dogs with HAC by measuring circulating total and ionized calcium and phosphate concentrations, both intact and whole parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations and markers of both osteoblastic (osteocalcin) and osteoclastic [carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen (ICTP) and urine aminoterminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (NTX) activity]. Dogs with HAC and a control group were prospectively enrolled for comparison. Results from 49 dogs with HAC were compared with 39 dogs from a hospital control population. Plasma intact and whole PTH concentrations were determined using a human immunoradiometric assay. Serum osteocalcin and NTX concentrations were measured using human enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. Serum ICTP concentration was measured using a human radioimmunoassay. Total calcium concentrations in dogs with HAC (2.67 ± 0.25 mmol/L) were not significantly different than in the control group (2.67 ± 0.14 mmol/L). By contrast, phosphate concentrations were significantly ( P = 0.0143) higher in dogs with HAC (1.46 ± 0.30 mmol/L) compared to the control group (1.28 ± 0.33 mmol/L). The median intact PTH concentration in HAC dogs was 9.25 (range, 1.34-95.45) pmol/L, which was significantly ( P < 0.0001) higher than in the control group [median, 3.88 (range, 2.01-10.31) pmol/L]. Whole PTH concentrations were also significantly ( P < 0.0001) higher in the HAC group [median, 4.61 (range, 0.56-125.16) pmol/L] compared to the control group [median, 1.83 (range, 0.88-6.81) pmol/L]. Serum osteocalcin and urine NTX concentrations were not significantly different between the two groups of dogs. The median ICTP concentration in dogs with HAC was 2.98 (range, 1.15-6.62) ng/mL which was significantly ( P < 0.0001) lower than in the control dogs [median, 7.30 (range, 3.68-21.25) ng/mL]. Both whole and intact PTH concentrations are increased in dogs with HAC compared to a hospital control population. This does not however appear to be associated with a decrease in bone formation (as assessed by osteocalcin) or an increase in bone resorption (as assessed by ICTP and urine NTX)., (Copyright © 2020 Mooney, Shiel, Sekiya, Dunning and Gunn.)

Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus associated with fatal disease in progressively infected cats. While testing/removal and vaccination led to a decreased prevalence of FeLV, recently, this decrease has reportedly stagnated in some countries. This study aimed to prospectively determine the prevalence of FeLV viraemia in cats taken to veterinary facilities in 32 European countries. FeLV viral RNA was semiquantitatively detected in saliva, using RT-qPCR as a measure of viraemia. Risk and protective factors were assessed using an online questionnaire to report geographic, demographic, husbandry, FeLV vaccination, and clinical data. The overall prevalence of FeLV viraemia in cats visiting a veterinary facility, of which 10.4% were shelter and rescue cats, was 2.3% (141/6005; 95% CI: 2.0%-2.8%) with the highest prevalences in Portugal, Hungary, and Italy/Malta (5.7%-8.8%). Using multivariate analysis, seven risk factors (Southern Europe, male intact, 1-6 years of age, indoor and outdoor or outdoor-only living, living in a group of ≥5 cats, illness), and three protective factors (Northern Europe, Western Europe, pedigree cats) were identified. Using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis, the origin of cats in Europe, pedigree, and access to outdoors were important predictors of FeLV status. FeLV-infected sick cats shed more viral RNA than FeLV-infected healthy cats, and they suffered more frequently from anaemia, anorexia, and gingivitis/stomatitis than uninfected sick cats. Most cats had never been FeLV-vaccinated; vaccination rates were indirectly associated with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. In conclusion, we identified countries where FeLV was undetectable, demonstrating that the infection can be eradicated and highlighting those regions where awareness and prevention should be increased.

Hyperadrenocorticism is a relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs that has been extensively described. However, its diagnosis remains challenging because there is no true reference standard test, and a myriad factors can affect the diagnostic performance of the commonly used adrenal function tests. Ultimately, the diagnosis is based on a combination of signalment, history and clinical findings, and a variety of diagnostic test results. The second part of this review aims to appraise available data on diagnostic performance of adrenal function tests in naturally occurring canine hyperadrenocorticism., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Hyperadrenocorticism is a relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs. It occurs as a result of a functional pituitary or adrenal tumour, although other causes have been rarely reported. Canine hyperadrenocorticism has been extensively described but diagnosing this disease remains challenging. Few studies have investigated the clinical and clinicopathological features helpful in differentiating dogs with hyperadrenocorticism from dogs in which the disease is suspected but eventually excluded. Ultimately the diagnosis is based on a combination of multiple pieces of information emanating from the signalment, history, clinical findings, and a variety of diagnostic tests. The first part of this review aims to critically appraise the available data on epidemiology, clinical and laboratory features of naturally occurring canine hyperadrenocorticism., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In humans, increased red blood cell distribution width (RDW) values are associated with higher morbidity and mortality in a variety of pathological processes. The main objective of this study was to evaluate RDW in dogs with a diverse range of pathologies. Clinical data from 276 dogs were retrospectively evaluated. Significantly higher RDW values were found in dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia ( P < 0.0001), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia ( P < 0.0004), hyperadrenocorticism ( P < 0.0001), hypothyroidism ( P = 0.0220), hepatic vascular anomaly ( P < 0.0001), pneumonia ( P < 0.0001), chronic kidney disease ( P = 0.0005), multi-centric lymphoma ( P = 0.0002), and myxomatous mitral valve degeneration ( P = 0.0032). However, there was extensive overlap with the values from healthy dogs, limiting the diagnostic value of RDW in this setting. Although RDW may have a role as a potential prognostic indicator, further studies would be necessary to address this.

Objectives: To compare an intact immunoradiometric parathyroid hormone assay with (1) a non-isotopic technique; and, (2) a whole parathyroid hormone immunoradiometric assay., Materials and Methods: Intact parathyroid hormone concentrations were measured using immunoradiometric (Scantibodies) and chemiluminescent (Immulite 2000) assays. Whole parathyroid hormone concentration was measured using an immunoradiometric assay (Scantibodies)., Results: A total of 48 and 47 samples, respectively, were used to compare immunoradiometric and chemiluminescent intact parathyroid concentrations and intact and whole parathyroid hormone concentrations by immunoradiometric assays. Using chemiluminescence, 39 (81.3%) samples had intact parathyroid hormone concentrations at or below the reported limit of detection of the assay (0.3 pmol/L). Intact [6.3 (2.0 to 95.5) pmol/L] and whole [3.3 (0.8 to 125.2) pmol/L] immunoradiometric parathyroid hormone concentrations exhibited excellent correlation., Clinical Significance: Not all parathyroid hormone assays perform similarly. The chemiluminescent assay in this study cannot be recommended for use in dogs. The immunoradiometric intact parathyroid hormone assay proved to be a more reliable method. Given the correlation between intact and whole parathyroid hormone concentrations, it remains unclear which one is superior for routine clinical decision-making., (© 2019 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.)

Background: Thyroid neoplasia is a common endocrine neoplasm in dogs. The boxer is one of the reported breeds predisposed to malignant thyroid neoplasia. However, the association between thyroid neoplasia, malignancy and breed should be considered with caution., Cases Presentation: This article describes the presentation, clinical pathological findings, computed tomographic (CT) imaging findings and histopathological features of benign cystic thyroid tumour (cystadenoma) diagnosed in three boxers. These three dogs were presented for investigation of unilateral (n = 2) or bilateral (n = 1) cervical masses with no associated clinical signs of thyroid dysfunction. In each case, post-contrast CT scan identified a large, lateralised, non-invasive, well-defined homogeneous cystic structure with a hyperattenuating contrast-enhancing capsule of suspected thyroid origin displacing the surrounding cervical tissues. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of the cysts yielded fluid with a high thyroxine concentration in each case. Histopathology was consistent with thyroid cystadenoma in all cases. One dog was concurrently diagnosed with oral melanoma and euthanased. Two dogs underwent surgical excision with one lost to follow-up after 36 months and the other euthanased after 16 months following diagnosis of mast cell tumour., Conclusions: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first detailed report of non-functional benign thyroid cystadenoma in dogs and provides relevant information about case management for this type of tumour. The presence of a large cystic structure associated with benign non-functional thyroid neoplasia may be a condition to which boxer dogs are predisposed.

An 8-year-old castrated male border terrier dog was diagnosed with acromegaly resulting from a growth hormone secreting pituitary tumor. Sixteen daily fractions of radiation therapy were delivered followed, approximately 1 year later, by administration of pasireotide. The aforementioned treatment was considered effective and should be further evaluated in similar cases., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest declaration: Dr. Herbert A. Schmid is employed by Novartis Pharma AG, Basel which manufactures and markets pasireotide for the treatment of hyperadrenocorticism and hypersomatotropism in humans.

Background: Dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) may be more mildly affected at the time of diagnosis today, which could influence the prevalence of associated clinical and clinicopathological abnormalities and diagnostic test performance. Different low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST) result patterns have not been evaluated individually., Objectives: To assess the current features of HAC and evaluate if the diagnostic test performance of individual LDDST result patterns differ., Animals: One hundred and twenty-three dogs undergoing investigation for HAC., Methods: Retrospective evaluation of dogs in which a LDDST was performed and HAC confirmed or excluded by alternative means. Cases with basal cortisol concentrations (t 0 ) < 1 μg/dL were excluded. Each LDDST result was classified as (a) complete suppression (t 3 and t 8  < 1 μg/dL), (b) lack of suppression (t 3 and t 8  > 1 μg/dL and both > 50% t 0 ), (c) partial suppression (t 3 and t 8  > 1 μg/dL but either < 50% t 0 ), (d) escape (t 8  > 1 μg/dL and t 3  < 1 μg/dL) or (e) inverse (t 3  > 1 μg/dL and t 8  < 1 μg/dL) pattern., Results: Fifty-nine (48%) dogs were diagnosed with HAC and 64 (52%) with non-adrenal illness. Hyperadrenocorticism cases had similar clinicopathological abnormalities compared to previous reports. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of the LDDST for diagnosing HAC were 96.6 (91.9-100)%, 67.2 (55.7-78.7)%, 73.1 (63.2-82.9)%, and 95.6 (89.5-100)%, respectively. Lack of suppression pattern had the highest PPV (93.9 [85.8-100]%) followed by the partial suppression pattern (67.9 [50.6-85.2]%) and escape or inverse pattern (36.8 [15.1-58.5]%)., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: A lack of suppression LDDST pattern has the highest PPV for diagnosing HAC followed by a partial suppression pattern. By contrast, the escape or inverse pattern provided limited support of HAC., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most prevalent heart disorder in cats and principal cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Yet, the impact of preclinical disease is unresolved., Hypothesis/objectives: Observational study to characterize cardiovascular morbidity and survival in cats with preclinical nonobstructive (HCM) and obstructive (HOCM) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and in apparently healthy cats (AH)., Animals: One thousand seven hundred and thirty client-owned cats (430 preclinical HCM; 578 preclinical HOCM; 722 AH)., Methods: Retrospective multicenter, longitudinal, cohort study. Cats from 21 countries were followed through medical record review and owner or referring veterinarian interviews. Data were analyzed to compare long-term outcomes, incidence, and risk for congestive heart failure (CHF), arterial thromboembolism (ATE), and cardiovascular death., Results: During the study period, CHF, ATE, or both occurred in 30.5% and cardiovascular death in 27.9% of 1008 HCM/HOCM cats. Risk assessed at 1, 5, and 10 years after study entry was 7.0%/3.5%, 19.9%/9.7%, and 23.9%/11.3% for CHF/ATE, and 6.7%, 22.8%, and 28.3% for cardiovascular death, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between HOCM compared with HCM for cardiovascular morbidity or mortality, time from diagnosis to development of morbidity, or cardiovascular survival. Cats that developed cardiovascular morbidity had short survival (mean ± standard deviation, 1.3 ± 1.7 years). Overall, prolonged longevity was recorded in a minority of preclinical HCM/HOCM cats with 10% reaching 9-15 years., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Preclinical HCM/HOCM is a global health problem of cats that carries substantial risk for CHF, ATE, and cardiovascular death. This finding underscores the need to identify therapies and monitoring strategies that decrease morbidity and mortality., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)

Background: Hyperthyroidism is common in older cats. Prevalence varies geographically, but is anecdotally considered low in Ireland. The aim of this study was to document prevalence of hyperthyroidism in older cats in the greater Dublin area of Ireland and to assess environmental and clinical associations for development and identification of the disease., Methods: Primary-care veterinary practices were requested to select cats aged 10 years or older where blood sampling was being performed for health screening or clinical investigations. Surplus serum/plasma samples were submitted to University College Dublin Diagnostic Endocrine Laboratory for total thyroxine (T 4 ) measurement. Cats were classified as hyperthyroid, equivocal or euthyroid based on a total T 4 concentration (reference interval, 15-60 nmol/L), of >60 nmol/L, 30-60 nmol/L or <30 nmol/L, respectively. Simultaneous free T 4 or repeat (after 4-6 weeks) total T 4 measurement was recommended in all equivocal cases. Animals receiving treatment for hyperthyroidism were excluded. A questionnaire completed by the client and veterinarian detailing historical and physical information was also required. Associations between categorical variables were analysed by Chi-square or Fisher's exact test and odds ratio (OR) calculated. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: Samples were submitted from 507 cats including 107 (21.1%) hyperthyroid, 54 (10.6%) equivocal and 346 (68.2%) euthyroid. The presence of goitre ( P  < 0.0001), tachypnoea ( P  = 0.0378), tachycardia ( P  = 0.002), polyphagia ( P  = 0.0003) and weight loss ( P  < 0.0001) were significantly associated with hyperthyroidism. Cats with goitre were more likely to be diagnosed as hyperthyroid [OR 2.85, (95% CI 1.75-4.62] compared to those without. However, goitre was only palpated in 40 of 102 (39.2%) hyperthyroid cats. Increasing age was the only significant ( P  < 0.002) risk factor for development of hyperthyroidism. A relationship between hyperthyroidism and sex, breed, lifestyle, parasite control, vaccination status or feeding habits was not identified., Conclusions: Hyperthyroidism is not uncommon in Irish cats. Age was the only significant risk factor for its development. The high proportion of hyperthyroid cats without palpable goitre (> 60%) may reflect failure to detect goitre and account for the perceived low prevalence of this condition in Ireland., Competing Interests: The study was approved by the University College Dublin (UCD) Academic Research and Ethics Committee (AREC-P-11-20-Mooney).Not applicableThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Objectives Hyperthyroidism is a disorder of older cats that may have a geographical variation in prevalence. Prevalence studies have not yet been performed in South Africa, a geographical area where hyperthyroidism in cats has recently been observed and where, reportedly, the incidence appears to be increasing. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism in South Africa and to identify any potential risk factors. Further information on the worldwide prevalence and possible causative factors would increase our understanding of the aetiology of this disease and help identify any preventive measures. Methods Serum total thyroxine (tT4) and canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH) were measured in 302 cats aged 9 years and older that were presented at various veterinary clinics throughout South Africa. In cats with equivocal tT4 and undetectable cTSH values, serum free thyroxine (fT4) was also measured. At the time of blood sampling a questionnaire was completed regarding vaccination history, internal and external parasite control, diet and environment. Results Prevalence of hyperthyroidism (tT4 >50 nmol/l or tT4 between 30 and 50 nmol/l with TSH <0.03 ng/ml and fT4 >50 pmol/l) was 7% (95% confidence interval 4.4-10.4), with no significant difference between healthy (5%) and sick (8%) cats. Cats ⩾12 years of age (odds ratio [OR] 4.3, P = 0.02) and cats eating canned food (OR 2.1, P = 0.1) were more likely to be diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. No significant relationship between vaccinations, parasite control or indoor environment and hyperthyroidism was observed. Hyperthyroid cats were more likely to present with weight loss (OR 3.2, P = 0.01) and with a heart rate ⩾200 beats per min (OR 5, P = 0.01) than cats without the disease. Conclusions and relevance Hyperthyroidism does not appear to be uncommon in the South African cat population. Risk factors for hyperthyroidism, specifically older age and eating canned food, were present in this as in other reported populations.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe the efficacy, outcome and adverse effects of intravenous hydrocortisone and fluid therapy for the management of acute hypoadrenocorticism in dogs., Methods: A retrospective review of dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism receiving intravenous hydrocortisone and fluid therapy was performed., Results: Thirty newly-diagnosed dogs were included. There was an excellent clinical response, with all dogs surviving to discharge within a median of 2 days. In 23 cases with complete data, the mean rate of change of sodium over 24 hours was 0·48 (±0·28) mmol/L/hour, while the mean rate of change of potassium was -0·12 (±0·06) mmol/L/hour. Circulating potassium concentration normalised in 68·4% and 100% of cases of by 12 and 24 hours, respectively. Additional treatment for hyperkalaemia was not found necessary. Plasma sodium concentration increased by >12 mmol/L/24 hours on 7 of 23 (30·4%) occasions. One dog exhibited associated temporary neurological signs., Clinical Significance: Intravenous hydrocortisone infusion and fluid therapy for the management of acute hypoadrenocorticism is associated with a rapid resolution of hyperkalaemia and is well tolerated with few adverse effects. Regular electrolyte monitoring is required to ensure that rapid increases in sodium concentration are avoided., (© 2016 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.)

An X-linked muscular dystrophy, with deficiency of full-length dystrophin and expression of a low molecular weight dystrophin-related protein, has been described in Japanese Spitz dogs. The aim of this study was to identify the causative mutation and develop a specific test to identify affected cases and carrier animals. Gene expression studies in skeletal muscle of an affected animal indicated aberrant expression of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (dystrophin) gene and an anomaly in intron 19 of the gene. Genome-walking experiments revealed an inversion that interrupts two genes on the X chromosome, the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene and the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator gene. All clinically affected dogs and obligate carriers that were tested had the mutant chromosome, and it is concluded that the inversion is the causative mutation for X-linked muscular dystrophy in the Japanese Spitz breed. A PCR assay that amplifies mutant and wild-type alleles was developed and proved capable of identifying affected and carrier individuals. Unexpectedly, a 7-year-old male animal, which had not previously come to clinical attention, was shown to possess the mutant allele and to have a relatively mild form of the disease. This observation indicates phenotypic heterogeneity in Japanese Spitz muscular dystrophy, a feature described previously in humans and Golden Retrievers. With the availability of a simple, fast and accurate test for Japanese Spitz muscular dystrophy, detection of carrier animals and selected breeding should help eliminate the mutation from the breed., (© 2015 Stichting International Foundation for Animal Genetics.)

Non-suppurative meningoencephalitis is a breed-restricted canine neuroinflammatory disorder affecting young greyhounds in Ireland. A genetic risk factor is suspected because of the development of disease in multiple siblings and an inability to identify a causative infectious agent. The aim of this study was to examine potential associations between dog leucocyte antigen (DLA) class II haplotype and the presence of the disease. DLA three locus haplotypes were determined in 31 dogs with non-suppurative meningoencephalitis and in 115 healthy control dogs using sequence-based typing (SBT) methods. All dogs were unrelated at the parental level. Two haplotypes (DRB1*01802/DQA1*00101/DQB1*00802 and DRB1*01501/DQA1*00601/DQB1*02201) were significantly (P = 0.0099 and 0.037) associated with the presence of meningoencephalitis, with odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 5.531 (1.168-26.19) and 3.736 (1.446-9.652), respectively. These results confirm that there is an association between DLA class II haplotype and greyhound meningoencephalitis, suggesting an immunogenetic risk factor for the development of the disease. Greyhound meningoencephalitis may be a suitable model for human neuroinflammatory diseases with an immunogenetic component., (© 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

A three year old male entire Staffordshire bull terrier was referred to University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, with a two week history of fever, inflammation of the right hock, lameness on the right hindlimb, peripheral lymphadenopathy and gastrointestinal signs (vomiting and diarrhoea). For the preceding three months the dog had been treated for atopic dermatitis with oral ciclosporin (5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 hours). Cytological analysis of the affected lymph nodes demonstrated fungal-like organisms predominantly contained within macrophages. Subsequent fungal culture and microscopic identification confirmed the presence of a Byssochlamys sp. This fungus is a saprophytic organism which has been associated with mycotoxin production. It has not previously been identified as a cause of systemic infection in animals or humans. Ciclosporin was discontinued, and a second generation triazole, voriconazole prescribed at a dose of 6 mg/kg for the first two doses, and continued at 3 mg/kg every 12 hours for six months. There was an excellent response. Follow-up examination five weeks after treatment was completed confirmed remission of the disease. The dog remains alive and well three years later. The present case represents an unusual fungal infection in a dog secondary to immunosuppressive therapy with ciclosporin. Such a possibility should be considered in animals presenting with signs consistent with systemic infection when receiving immunosuppressive medication.

Objectives: To evaluate if lithium heparin (LiH) and potassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) can be used interchangeably to obtain packed cell volume (PCV) and total protein by refractometry (TPr), and to compare those values with laboratorywderived haematocrit (Hct) and total protein (TP) concentration, respectively, in canine blood samples., Methods: Blood samples taken in LiH and EDTA were manually assessed for PCV and TPr. Results were correlated to Hct and TP., Results: 238 EDTA and corresponding serum/LiH samples were obtained. There was excellent correlation but statistically significant difference between LiH and EDTA PCV (n=43). LiH and EDTA TPr (n=43) were excellently correlated without significant difference. PCV and Hct (n=176) were excellently correlated without significant difference. LiH (n=105) and serum (n=133) TP was respectively fairly or well correlated with TPr but with significant differences. An increase in cholesterol of 1 mmol/L was associated with a mean independent increase in TPr of approximately 1 g/L., Clinical Significance: LiH and EDTA can be used interchangeably for TPr. Although TPr and serum/plasma TP were correlated, there were statistically significant differences that could impact on clinical decision making. TPr is increased by cholesterol but this alone could not account for the magnitude of the difference observed., (© 2014 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.)

Pharmacological management of feline hyperthyroidism offers a practical treatment option for many hyperthyroid cats. Two drugs have been licensed for cats in the last decade: methimazole and its pro-drug carbimazole. On the basis of current evidence and available tablet sizes, starting doses of 2·5 mg methimazole twice a day and 10 to 15 mg once a day for the sustained release formulation of carbimazole are recommended. These doses should then be titrated to effect in order to obtain circulating total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations in the lower half of the reference interval. Treated cases should be monitored for side-effects, especially during the first months of treatment. Some side-effects may require discontinuation of treatment. At each monitoring visit, clinical condition and quality of life should also be evaluated, with special attention to possible development of azotaemia, hypertension and iatrogenic hypothyroidism. When euthyroidism has been achieved, monitoring visits are recommended after 1 month, 3 months and biannually thereafter. Cats with pre-existing azotaemia have shorter survival times. However, development of mild azotaemia during the initial course of treatment, unless associated with hypothyroidism, does not appear to decrease survival time. The long-term effects of chronic medical management require further study., (© 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.)

Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is described for the first time in three apparently unrelated West Highland white terriers (WHWT) from Ireland and the UK. All three dogs were diagnosed with markedly regenerative but persistent anaemia and had been treated for presumed immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) before hereditary erythrocyte PK-deficiency was confirmed by breed-specific DNA mutation analysis. This hereditary erythroenzymopathy causes haemolytic anaemia and affects several canine breeds with varying degrees of severity. Although eventually causing osteosclerosis, haemosiderosis and death, PK-deficient dogs can adapt to their anaemia for many years.PK-deficiency should be considered in anaemic WHWTs worldwide particularly in dogs with haemolytic anaemia where evidence for an immune-mediated, infectious or toxic underlying cause is lacking.

Objective: To assess the value of thyroid scintigraphy to determine thyroid status in dogs with hypothyroidism and various non-thyroidal illnesses., Methods: Thyroid hormone concentrations were measured and quantitative thyroid scintigraphy performed in 21 dogs with clinical and/or clinicopathological features consistent with hypothyroidism., Results: In 14 dogs with technetium thyroidal uptake values consistent with euthyroidism, further investigations supported non-thyroidal illness. In five dogs with technetium thyroidal uptake values within the hypothyroid range, primary hypothyroidism was confirmed as the only disease in four. The remaining dog had pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Two dogs had technetium thyroidal uptake values in the non-diagnostic range. One dog had iodothyronine concentrations indicative of euthyroidism. In the other, a dog receiving glucocorticoid therapy, all iodothyronine concentrations were decreased. Markedly asymmetric technetium thyroidal uptake was present in two dogs. All iodothyronine concentrations were within reference interval but canine thyroid stimulating hormone concentration was elevated in one. Non-thyroidal illness was identified in both cases., Clinical Significance: In dogs, technetium thyroidal uptake is a useful test to determine thyroid function. However, values may be non-diagnostic, asymmetric uptake can occur and excess glucocorticoids may variably suppress technetium thyroidal uptake and/or thyroid hormone concentrations. Further studies are necessary to evaluate quantitative thyroid scintigraphy as a gold standard method for determining canine thyroid function., (© 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.)

Background: Angiostrongylus vasorum infection is associated with high morbidity and mortality in dogs. Although recognised in Ireland, there are no large series of cases reported. The aim of this retrospective study was to identify pertinent clinical and geographical features in Irish dogs., Results: The case records of dogs presenting to the University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital (1999-2010) were reviewed. A contemporaneous review of external faecal parasitology and post mortem submissions was also performed. A positive diagnosis of angiostrogylosis was identified in 49 dogs including 24 clinical, 10 post mortem and 15 external faecal sample cases. The majority (n = 44 (90%)) resided on the East Coast.In the clinical cases, the median age was 20 months, 29% of cases were older than 2 years. Clinical features included cardiorespiratory (63%), coagulopathic (71%) and other (63%) signs. Cough (n = 10), dyspnoea (n = 5) and tachypnoea (n = 3) were the most common cardiorespiratory abnormalities. Of animals with evidence of coagulopathy, excessive haemorrhage from a wound (n = 5), airway haemorrhage (n = 9), epistaxis (n = 3), haematoma (n = 4), suspected haemarthrosis (n = 3), neurological signs (n = 2) and haematuria (n = 1) were found. Ten dogs were anaemic, of which two were severe (haematocrit ≤ 0.20 L/L). Ten animals had thrombocytopenia, with four severely affected (≤50 × 109/L). PT and APTT values were prolonged in 4 (24%) of 17 and a BMBT was prolonged in 5 (63%) of 8 cases. Vague signs of exercise intolerance (n = 6), lethargy (n = 6) and weakness (n = 2) were identified, with two (8%) animals having only these signs. In one animal the diagnosis appeared to be incidental. Thoracic radiographs (n = 19) identified abnormalities in 100% of cases. Four (17%) animals died before or within 24 hours of treatment and post mortem examinations confirmed angiostrongylosis. Fenbendazole was administered in 19 cases, 18 (95%) recovered. Two animals were euthanised, one which failed to respond to therapy and another in which an ante mortem diagnosis had not been made., Conclusions: Angiostrongylosis is not uncommon in Ireland, is not confined to young dogs or the East Coast and can present with a wide variety of signs, particularly coagulopathic, respiratory or neurological signs.

Objective: To determine the effect of Hct on blood glucose readings of dogs obtained by use of 2 point-of-care (POC) blood glucometers and a laboratory analyzer., Animals: 184 dogs, including 139 Greyhounds., Procedures: Venous blood samples collected from 184 dogs with a range of Hcts (measured in EDTA-anticoagulated blood) were immediately analyzed with a handheld glucometer specifically developed for veterinary use and a glucometer developed for use in humans. The remainder of each blood sample was placed in fluoride oxalate tubes, and plasma glucose concentration was measured with a laboratory analyzer. Agreement between results for the POC glucometers and laboratory analyzer and effect of Hct on glucometer accuracy was assessed via regression analysis., Results: Significant differences were detected between results of the glucometers and the reference laboratory analyzer. The Hct affected the correlation between results for the glucometers and the laboratory analyzer. Deviations of the glucometers from the reference interval varied with Hct. The glucometer for veterinary use more closely correlated with the glucose concentration when Hct was within or above its reference interval. The glucometer for use in humans more closely approximated laboratory reference glucose concentrations in anemic dogs., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Hct had a relevant impact on the correlation between whole blood and plasma glucose concentrations in dogs. Significant variations between results obtained with the 2 glucometers could be critical when interpreting blood glucose measurements or selecting a POC glucometer for an intensive care setting and precise glycemic control in critically ill dogs.

The prevalence of A, B and AB blood types and of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection was determined in cats in Ireland, in order to determine risk factors for blood taken for transfusion purposes. EDTA blood samples were available from 137 non-pedigree cats and 39 pedigree cats (91 females and 85 males, aged four months to 15.0 years) in the Dublin area of Ireland. Of the 176 EDTA blood samples obtained, 112 (from 92 healthy cats and 20 sick cats) were tested for the presence of both FIV antibodies and FeLV antigens. Blood typing was performed using an immunochromatographic cartridge (CHROM; Alvedia). Testing for FIV and FeLV was performed by ELISA (SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo Test; Idexx Laboratories). Of the 39 pedigree cats, the majority (38 [97.4 per cent]) was type A, and only one (2.6 per cent) was type B. Of the 137 non-pedigree cats, the majority (116 [84.7 per cent]) was type A, 20 (14.6 per cent) were type B, and one (0.7 per cent) was type AB. Of the 92 healthy cats tested, the prevalence of FIV and FeLV positivity was 4.35 and 1.09 per cent, respectively. None of the 20 sick cats tested was FIV-positive; two (10 per cent) of the 20 sick cats were FeLV-positive.

The clinical and clinicopathological features of non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in 30 greyhounds were reviewed. The dogs were from 21 separate litters, comprised both sexes (16 males and 14 females) and ranged in age from five to 18 months. In 14 (66.7 per cent) litters, more than one case was suspected or confirmed, and the number of siblings affected within individual litters ranged from one to seven. Clinical signs were progressive and varied from five days to 12 months in duration; 12 dogs had signs of two weeks' duration or less. The rate of progression of signs was variable. Common features included dullness or lethargy (22), altered behaviour (21), proprioceptive and postural reaction deficits (18), circling (17), ataxia (17), decreased appetite (15) and weight loss (13). No consistent haematological or biochemical abnormalities were identified and serology failed to implicate Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora caninum. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mild or moderate mononuclear pleocytosis in 12 (70.6 per cent) of 17 dogs. No definitive antemortem diagnosis could be made in any affected dog.

Vector-borne bacterial and rickettsial agents and Toxoplasma gondii, are common organisms in cats. Some are potentially zoonotic or may be transmitted via blood transfusion. The current study investigated the prevalence of these agents in cats from Dublin, Ireland, for which no published data exists. Whole blood (n=116) and sera (n=83) samples were obtained from 121 cats. DNA was extracted from blood and assayed using polymerase chain reaction techniques for Anaplasma species, Bartonella species, Ehrlichia species, Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum', 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis' and Rickettsia species. IgG and T gondii IgG and IgM serum antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. DNA consistent with B henselae (3.4%), B clarridgeiae (0.8%), both Bartonella species (0.8%), C M haemominutum (12.9%), or M haemofelis (2.5%) was amplified from 24/116 blood samples (20.6%). Antibodies to T gondii and Bartonella species were detected in 28 (33.7%) and 22 (26.5%) of 83 sera, respectively., (Copyright 2010 ISFM and AAFP. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Oesophageal foreign bodies are common in dogs. Endoscopic removal is a viable treatment option but few studies have assessed the clinical and radiographic features that would be useful in decision-making and prognosis.Dogs (n = 44) with oesophageal foreign bodies presented to the University Veterinary Hospital were assessed. Terriers and West Highland White Terriers were significantly overrepresented (p < 0.0001) and in those breeds the foreign body was significantly (p < 0.0001) more likely to be located caudal to the heart base. The majority (88.6%) of foreign bodies were bones or bone fragments.Group 1 (n = 30) included animals where endoscopic removal was successful and Group 2 (n = 14) animals where it was unsuccessful or not attempted because of evidence of oesophageal rupture. There was no statistically significant difference in age, sex, body weight, type, location and size of foreign body, recovery rate, short-term complications and long-term outcome between the two groups. Duration of signs prior to presentation and time to spontaneous oral feeding were significantly longer (p < 0.01 in each case) in Group 2 (five days and 120 hours, respectively) compared to Group 1 (2 days and 24 hours, respectively). Mortality was 11.1%. Long-term follow-up of 29 dogs suggested oesophageal stricture formation manageable by feeding alone in seven (24.1%) cases.Terriers appear predisposed to oesophageal foreign bodies. Success of endoscopic removal is adversely affected by duration of signs prior to presentation. Surgical removal negatively influences time to recovery. Stricture formation appears to be a relatively common complication and alternate measures for its prevention should be sought.