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The expectancy-value (EV) framework is among the most prominent psychological approaches to predicting behavioral intentions. However, how expectancies and values are cognitively integrated (e.g., multiplicatively, additively or averaging) to produce intentions has yet to be tested. This research combined EV and Information Integration Theory methodologies to identify how EV integration determined dietary intentions among 80 participants (Mean[subscript age] = 19.4 years, 61 females). Participants were presented with scenarios depicting three potential outcomes of junk-food consumption (weight gain, increased disease risk, and time savings). Expectancies (no information/low/medium/high) were varied within-subjects, and between-subject values were trichotomized for each outcome. Participants indicated their dietary intentions in this 3×4 mixed design for all three outcomes. Expectancies and values were integrated additively to produce dietary intentions in the context of weight gain and disease-risk, but the integration rule for time savings could not be determined. Theoretical implications and practical applications of these results are also discussed.

Although anxiety has both dispositional and situational determinants, little is known about how individuals' anxiety-related sensitivities and their expectations about stressful events combine to determine anxiety. This research used Information Integration Theory and Functional Measurement to assess how participants' anxiety sensitivity and event expectancy are cognitively integrated to determine their anxiety about physical pain. Two studies were conducted--one with university students and one with anxiety clinic patients--in which participants were presented with multiple scenarios of a physically painful event, each representing a different degree of event probability, from which subjective expectancies were derived. Independent variables included anxiety sensitivity (low, moderate, high) and event expectancy (low, medium, high, no probability information). Participants were asked to indicate their anxiety (dependent measure) in each expectancy condition in this 3 X 4 mixed, quasi-experimental design. The results of both studies strongly suggest that anxiety sensitivity and event expectancy are integrated additively to produce somatic anxiety. Additional results and their implications for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders are also discussed. (Contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 2 footnotes.)

Partial discharges (PDs) generate wideband radio-frequency interference which can be used for noninvasive monitoring of discharges. This paper presents a novel method based on this principle for PD monitoring of substations. The significant advantage of this method lies in the ability to detect PD sources in energized equipment anywhere within a substation compound during normal operating conditions. The results obtained from the prototypes installed in the U.K. and U.S. substations are reported. Results include correlation with apparent charge and daily recordings obtained before, during, and after the failure of a 132-kV current transformer and 69-kV voltage transformer. Index Terms--Apparent charge, condition monitoring, impulsive noise, location, partial discharge, radiometric monitoring.

This paper analyses partial discharges obtained by remote radiometric measurements from a power transformer with a known internal defect. Since fingerprints of remote radiometric measurements are not available, the formation of clusters with similar features obtained from captured partial discharge data is crucial. Hierarchical cluster analysis technique is used as a method for grouping different signals. Investigation based on Euclidian and Mahalanobis distance measures and Ward and Average linkage algorithms were performed on partial discharge data pre-processed by principal component analysis. As a result of the analysis, a clear separation of partial discharges emanating from the transformer and discharges emanating from its surrounding is achieved; this in turn should enhance the methodologies for condition monitoring of power transformers. Index Terms--Cluster analysis, condition monitoring, partial discharges, principal component analysis, transformers.

Partial discharges (PD) generate wideband radio frequency interference and, consequently, can be detected using radio receiving equipment. Due to the advances in ultra-high-speed sampling equipment, it is possible to accurately measure the propagation of the PD wavefront as it passes through a 4 element antenna array. From these measurements, the three-dimensional position of the PD source can be calculated using an iterative algorithm. The locating equipment is suitable for use within the vicinity of energized high-voltage plant and can locate sources up to 15 m from the array. Results are presented showing the location ability of the equipment under laboratory and field conditions. A significant advantage is the ability to detect PD sources in energized plant without the need for outages or electrical connections. Index Terms--Condition monitoring, digital monitoring, impulsive noise, partial discharge, radiometric monitoring.

Monitoring the switching times of circuit breakers is important in the condition assessment of the operating mechanism. Although methods exist for this, they are not applicable to existing plant without retrofitting. Recent research shows that arcing produces impulsive radio-frequency radiation. Using direct digital sampling of the antenna signals, impulses from operating circuit breakers (CBs) may be recorded. From timing analysis of the received impulses, the interpole switching time of the CB can he measured. Results of this method are shown for a field trial on a 132-kV SFe CB attached to a capacitor bank. The relationship between the opening and closing impulses is discussed. This method of timing measurement can be applied to an energized CB. Measurement of the interpole switching times is completely noninvasive, whereas the overall switching time requires a clamp CT fitted on the CB wiring. Index Terms--Condition monitoring, digital monitoring, high-voltage circuit breakers, impulsive noise, radiometric monitoring, switching times.

The influence of the personal computer processing mode on the generation of line current harmonics has been investigated using a university library building containing over 370 PCs. The harmonics were monitored from the building switchboard using purpose-designed hardware. The PCs were set to execute four types of processing mode: idle, numerical processing, floppy, and hard disk accesses. The results recorded were indicative of harmonics caused by the PC box only; secondary effects of harmonic production caused by distorted supply voltages were avoided. The results show that hard disk accesses cause the highest level of harmonic production affecting the 3rd and 5th components. Harmonic attenuation was very apparent when comparing the results between a single PC and 124 PCs connected to the same supply phase. However, attenuation and diversity effects due to changes in loading level on the PC power supply were not as predicted, showing an increase in harmonic generation with line current rms level. Index Terms--Data processing, harmonic attenuation, harmonic diversity, line currents, personal computers, power quality, switched mode power supplies.

This study examined the impact of constructive thinking on the anxiety, positive states of mind, and substance use of 221 women during pregnancy and the influence of optimism and perceived stress on these relationships. Participants were interviewed both early and late in pregnancy. Constructive thinking predicted both psychological and behavioral adjustment later in pregnancy, independent of age and social desirability. Subsequent path analyses indicated that constructive thinking mediated the impact of optimism on anxiety, positive states of mind, and substance use during pregnancy. In rum, the effect of constructive thinking on women's adjustment during pregnancy was itself mediated by their perceived stress. Implications for constructive thinking and optimism as independent constructs relevant to adjustment and their potential importance for future research and clinical applications are discussed.

This study extends stress and affiliation research by examining the effects of preoperative roommate assignments on the affiliation patterns, preoperative anxiety, and postoperative recovery of 84 male coronary-bypass patients. Patients were assigned preoperatively to a room alone or to a semiprivate room with a roommate who was either cardiac or noncardiac and either preoperative or postoperative. Patients assigned to a roommate who was postoperative rather than preoperative were less anxious, were more ambulatory postoperatively, and had shorter postoperative stays. Independently, patients were more ambulatory postoperatively and were discharged sooner if assigned to a roommate who was cardiac rather than noncardiac. No-roommate patients generally had the slowest recoveries. Affiliations reflecting cognitive clarity concerns, emotional comparison, and emotional support were examined. Theoretical implications for research involving social comparison and affiliation under threat are considered.

Past addictive behaviors influence pregnant women's smoking habits more strongly than their alcohol consumption, while psychological factors influence alcohol use among nonsmokers. Past drinking behavior is unrelated to alcohol use during pregnancy among non-smokers. Self-efficacy regarding the ability to refrain from addictive behaviors during pregnancy, and beliefs about the consequences of these addictions, predict alcohol use among both smokers and non-smokers during pregnancy. However, these variables fail to influence cigarette use during the later stages of pregnancy.

Research applying information integration theory to jury decision making has long assumed that people average informational scale values when making legal judgments. Although often consistent with research results, this hypothesis has never been tested in a legal context against a more general additive rule. The present paper describes two studies conducted as a critical test between these two models. Incriminating evidence and eyewitness confidence were varied in a full-factorial, within-subjects design involving a total of 131 subjects acting as mock jurors. Subject responses included eyewitness accuracy and defendant-guilt probability estimates, as well as final verdict decisions. Results strongly support an averaging model of legal decision making. Additional results concerning the influence of initial attitudes and the interrelationships between the variables considered are reported and their implications are discussed.

In anticipation of the introduction of the pre-exposure prophylaxis drugs as an additional HIV prevention tool, we mapped the different positions of Mozambicans' willingness to use it. Overall, 507 adults indicated willingness to use under different conditions varying as a function of perceived susceptibility to and severity of infection, side effects, administration protocol, and cost. Three qualitatively different positions were found: Unwillingness irrespective of conditions (4%), depend on circumstances (76%), and unconditional willingness (8%). A large majority of participants were willing to use pre-exposure prophylaxis drugs, provided that the administration is not too constraining, and the adverse side effects can be minimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out to ascertain the benefits of group therapy for children diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Results revealed that group therapy provides an opportunity for improved understanding and development of social skills, which helps in social development.

A direction-finding technique for wide-band impulsive electromagnetic interference is presented. An experimental investigation was performed using a spark generator as the impulsive noise source. The signals were captured using a two-antenna array directly sampled at 1 Gs/s. A digital signal processing based correlation technique allowed assessment of the time delay between the antennas. Results in a nonideal radio propagation environment show the bearing can be estimated to an accuracy of 20 [degrees]. Index Terms--Direction-finding, electromagnetic interference, impulsive noise, time delay estimation.