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This commentary paper offers a discussion on the methodological, epistemological, and theoretical issues concerning the status of the syllable and mora, as well as the problems raised by their (mis)characterization. It first addresses some methodological biases that occur in the description and analysis of the phonological units of languages, the problem of the reliability of speaker intuitions, with an example taken from French verlan, as well as the influence of writing on phonological representations. Second, building on the Budai Rukai example and on one other case of misanalyzed syllable structure, that of Tokyo Japanese, it questions the status of the syllable as an indispensable, universal unit. In order to avoid some of the problems that stem from the mischaracterization of the syllable, it is proposed that the notion of prosodeme, instead of that of syllable, should be used as a pretheoretical notion when attempting to identify the basic prosodic unit of a language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focused on three autochthonous varieties of apple trees belonging to the old Tuscany germplasm (central Italy), Chitignano, Mora and Ruggine, and aimed to (a) evaluate the presence of the four main latent viruses of apple trees (apple chlorotic leaf spot virus [ACLSV], apple mosaic virus [ApMV], apple stem grooving virus [ASGV] and apple stem pitting virus [ASPV]) and (b) elucidate the biochemical and physiological responses of apple leaves and fruits challenged by ACLSV (the only virus detected). Indeed, despite no visible symptoms being reported, more than half of the assayed trees tested positive for ACLSV, although it occurred only in Mora and Ruggine. ACLSV impaired the photosynthetic performance of apple trees, especially in Ruggine leaves, but variety‐specific responses in terms of reorganization of photosynthetic pigment and primary metabolites were reported. Mora showed a higher ability to trigger the de‐epoxidation state of xanthophylls and to accumulate α‐tocopherol, while d‐glucose and sucrose increased only in infected Ruggine leaves, probably as a signalling response and/or an osmotic adjustment of this variety under ACLSV infection. Unexpectedly, ACLSV infection slightly increased pome size, but it dramatically reduced their quality (i.e., soluble solids content), again especially in Ruggine, the only variety where reductions of d‐fructose, d‐glucose and malic acid contents were reported. Overall, the evidence here reported could offer valuable insights to effectively cope with the detrimental viral diseases affecting this species and to protect the production of one of the most consumed and appreciated fruits in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El régimen de la ‘mora del acreedor’ y del ‘pago por consignación’ se estudia en el Código Civil del Perú y en el Código Civil y Comercial argentino, es posible así comparar los requisitos para la configuración, procedencia y efectos de cada una de estas figuras en la legislación vigente. Este método permite conocer la evolución del vínculo entre los institutos para visualizar las posibles soluciones que perfeccionen su armónico ensamble en el contexto de los 40 años aniversario del Código Civil del Perú.

Abstract This study aims to analyze how a training model strengthens the competence of religious counselors in spreading the value of religious moderation. This research uses a qualitative approach of case study type by collecting data through in-depth interviews, observations, and literature studies. The research participants consisted of Religious Counselors working in various regions in Indonesia who participated in the education and training program for religious moderation activists conducted by the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs training center. The results showed that Religious Counselors need to increase their understanding of the principles of religious moderation, practical communication skills, and conflict-handling strategies. In addition, the training model can strengthen the competencies of religious counselors in disseminating the value of religious moderation and conducting their duties as religious counselors. This training model uses an andragogy learning approach with group discussions, case studies, simulations, and team-based training methods. The training materials such as interfaith dialogue, the concept of religious moderation, religious diversity, religious tolerance, and conflict management can strengthen the understanding of Religious Counselors about pluralism and religious moderation, communication skills, and building interfaith cooperation. After attending this training, the counselors became more confident in carrying out their duties and more prepared to deal with religion-driven social conflicts in the community. Furthermore, they can develop digital media learning on religious moderation through social media. Abstrak Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana model pelatihan untuk memperkuat kompetensi Penyuluh Agama dalam menyebarkan nilai moderasi agama. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif tipe studi kasus dengan mengumpulkan data melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan studi literatur. Partisipan penelitian terdiri dari Penyuluh Agama yang bekerja di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia yang mengikuti program pendidikan dan pelatihan untuk aktivis moderasi agama yang diselenggarakan oleh pusat pelatihan Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Penyuluh Agama perlu meningkatkan pemahaman mereka tentang prinsip-prinsip moderasi agama, keterampilan komunikasi efektif, dan strategi penanganan konflik. Selain itu, model pelatihan dapat memperkuat kompetensi Penyuluh Agama dalam menyebarkan nilai moderasi agama dalam menjalankan tugas mereka sebagai Penyuluh Agama. Model pelatihan ini menggunakan pendekatan pembelajaran andragogi dengan metode diskusi kelompok, studi kasus, simulasi, dan pelatihan berbasis tim. Materi pelatihan seperti dialog lintas agama, konsep moderasi agama, keragaman agama, toleransi beragama, dan manajemen konflik mampu memperkuat pemahaman Penyuluh Agama tentang pluralisme dan moderasi agama, keterampilan komunikasi, dan membangun kerjasama lintas agama. Setelah mengikuti pelatihan ini, Penyuluh menjadi lebih percaya diri dalam menjalankan tugas mereka, lebih siap dalam menghadapi konflik sosial keagamaan di masyarakat. Selain itu, mereka dapat mengembangkan pembelajaran media digital dengan tema moderasi agama melalui media sosial. How to Cite: Kusumaningrum, H., Rubiyanah., Fadhilla, I. (2023). Empowering Religious Counselors as Agents of Religious Moderation in the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 10(2), 219-236. doi:10.15408/tjems.v10i2.37771.

Purpose: The objective of the study is to analyze whether credit unions manage their accounting results, in order to smooth them through provision for bad debts (income smoothing), from a default perspective. Methodology: The sample reaches 938 unique cooperatives between the period from December 2010 to December 2018, with data from the Central Bank of Brazil, tested using the multiple regression statistical technique, in quarterly panels. Results: The variation in the stock of credit operations and the adjusted net income were not statistically significant in the model, however it was not possible to accept the hypothesis that credit unions use the allowance for loan losses (PPC) as a mechanism for managing results. The interest rate implicit in the result of income from credit operations was significant, and therefore related to the PPC variation, while the condition of free admission did not show statistical significance. The variation in default was significant in the model, with a negative coefficient, implying consistency with the earnings management hypothesis, since in a scenario of higher default (risk) the relationship is negative and, therefore, PPC levels are lower, avoiding potential negative results. Contributions of the Study: The results indicate the absence of earnings management by PPC in the sample and period, contributing to the discussion of the relationships between earnings management variables. This enables credit unions to reflect on their internal corporate governance structure. In addition, the evidence contributes to the progress of the literature on earnings manipulation in credit unions, for which there are few studies available and play an important role in the Brazilian market, ensuring funding flows to economic sectors not served by traditional banking institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aims to analyze whether credit unions manage their accounting results in order to smooth them through the provision for doubtful accounts (income smoothing), from a default perspective. Methodology: The sample reaches 938 unique cooperatives considering the period from December 2010 to December 2018, with data from the Central Bank of Brazil, tested using the multiple regression statistical technique, in quarterly panels. Results: The variation in the stock of credit operations and the adjusted net income were not statistically significant in the model, however it was not possible to accept the hypothesis that credit unions use the allowance for loan losses (PCLD) as a mechanism for managing results. The interest rate implicit in the result of income from credit operations was significant, and therefore related to the PCLD variation, while the condition of free admission did not show statistical significance. The variation in default was significant in the model, with a negative coefficient, implying consistency with the earnings management hypothesis, since in a scenario of higher default (risk) the relationship is negative and, therefore, PCLD levels are lower, avoiding potential negative results. Contributions of the Study: The results indicate the absence of earnings management by PCLD in the sample and period, contributing to the discussion of the relationships between earnings management variables. This enables credit unions to reflect on their internal corporate governance structure. In addition, the evidence contributes to the progress of the literature on earnings manipulation in credit unions, for which there are few studies available and play an important role in the Brazilian market, ensuring funding flows to economic sectors not served by traditional banking institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of the study is to analyze whether credit unions manage their accounting results, in order to smooth them through provision for bad debts (income smoothing), from a default perspective. Methodology: The sample reaches 938 unique cooperatives between the period from December 2010 to December 2018, with data from the Central Bank of Brazil, tested using the multiple regression statistical technique, in quarterly panels. Results: The variation in the stock of credit operations and the adjusted net income were not statistically significant in the model, however it was not possible to accept the hypothesis that credit unions use the allowance for loan losses (PCLD) as a mechanism for managing results. The interest rate implicit in the result of income from credit operations was significant, and therefore related to the PCLD variation, while the condition of free admission did not show statistical significance. The variation in default was significant in the model, with a negative coefficient, implying consistency with the earnings management hypothesis, since in a scenario of higher default (risk) the relationship is negative and, therefore, PCLD levels are lower, avoiding potential negative results. Contributions of the Study: The results indicate the absence of earnings management by PCLD in the sample and period, contributing to the discussion of the relationships between earnings management variables. This enables credit unions to reflect on their internal corporate governance structure. In addition, the evidence contributes to the progress of the literature on earnings manipulation in credit unions, for which there are few studies available and play an important role in the Brazilian market, ensuring funding flows to economic sectors not served by traditional banking institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Themis: Revista de Derecho is the property of Themis Asociacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Propiedad Inmaterial is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Centro de Estudios de la Propriedad Intelectual and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es analizar si las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito gestionan sus resultados contables, con el fin de suavizarlos a través de provisiones para cuentas incobrables (income smoothing), desde una perspectiva de incumplimiento. Metodología: La muestra alcanza 938 cooperativas únicas entre el período de diciembre de 2010 a diciembre de 2018, con datos del Banco Central de Brasil, probados mediante la técnica estadística de regresión múltiple, en paneles trimestrales. Resultados: La variación en el stock de operaciones de crédito y la utilidad neta ajustada no fueron estadísticamente significativas en el modelo, sin embargo no fue posible aceptar la hipótesis de que las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito utilizan la estimación preventiva para riesgos crediticios (PPC) como mecanismo de gestión de resultados. La tasa de interés implícita en el resultado de los ingresos por operaciones de crédito fue significativa y, por tanto, relacionada con la variación del PPC, mientras que la condición de entrada libre no mostró significación estadística. La variación de la morosidad resultó significativa en el modelo, con un coeficiente negativo, lo que implica coherencia con la hipótesis de gestión de resultados, ya que en un escenario de mayor morosidad (riesgo) la relación es negativa y, por tanto, los niveles de PPC son menores, evitando posibles resultados negativos. Contribuciones del Estudio: Los resultados indican ausencia de gestión de ganancias por parte de PPC en la muestra y el período, lo que contribuye a la discusión de las relaciones entre las variables de gestión de ganancias. Esto permite a las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito reflexionar sobre su estructura interna de gobierno corporativo. Además, la evidencia contribuye al avance de la literatura sobre la manipulación de ganancias en cooperativas de ahorro y crédito, para la cual hay pocos estudios disponibles y juegan un papel importante en el mercado brasileño, asegurando flujos de financiamiento a sectores económicos no atendidos por instituciones bancarias tradicionales.

Raif Ismail Pasha, one of the Ottoman statesmen who lived in the 18th century, was born in Baghdad in 1725-1726 as the son of Ibrahim Pasha from Malatya. After working as his father's chamberlain for a while, he got in hodjas of the imperial council with the rank of small foundation. Afterwards, he served in various state positions such as Gallipoli and Istanbul gunpowder's warden, cavalry and gunsmith clerkship, mint warden, reis effendi, the governorships of Egypt, Crete and Morea, and the guard of Heraklion, Navplion and Belgrade. He was murdered in May 1785 by removing his viziership due to his involvement in the attempts to put Prince Selim on the throne instead of Abdulhamid I. In this direction, this study deals with the life of Raif Ismail Pasha. The reason for this research is to make a contribution, as the life of Raif Ismail Pasha, who was promoted from master to pasha and then killed, could not find a place in modern literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La fruta de la morera es no solo conocida por su exquisito sabor, sino también por sus cualidades nutricionales y elevado contenido de compuestos bioactivos. La elaboración de vino de mora es uno de sus múltiples usos. Con el objetivo de controlar el proceso de fermentación espontánea empleado en la elaboración de vinos artesanales, se procedió al aislamiento de levaduras silvestre en el jugo de mora. Se identificó por biología molecular Saccharomyces cerevisiae como especie predominante. El aislado M01-IX se caracterizó por su tolerancia al etanol y por cinética de consumo de carbohidratos. Los resultados muestran que M01-IX es capaz de consumir el 99% del azúcar presente en las condiciones ensayadas y podría ser empleado para producir bebidas fermentadas con un contenido de al menos 5% de alcohol.

Abstract This paper examines weight patterns in tri-syllabic words within a Moraic-theoretic account. A word weight pattern is weight of syllables and is defined based on distinction between heavy and light syllables (Carr, 2008:172); Here, the notion of mora (symbolized μ) as a basic timing unit provides a distinction between 'light' and 'heavy' syllables. Hayes (1989:356) mentions that heavy syllables have more moras compared to light ones. Also, there are some weight alternations in the syllabic patterns of Persian tri-syllabic words; that is, in an alternative weight pattern, syllables are distributed so that weight is alternately high and low. In order to study and compare weight patterns of simple, derivative and compound words, about 32 thousand tri-syllabic words were collected from Dehkhoda (2003) and Moshiri (2009) dictionaries. Then, they were sorted in an Excel worksheet with all phonological information, including weight of syllables (light, heavy, super-heavy, and ultra-heavy). Also, alternative and non-alternative weight patterns were specified. Results indicate that there happen 49 weight patterns in tri-syllabic words and syllables of one mora (mono-moraic), two moras (bi-moraic), three moras (tri-moraic), and even four moras (tetra-moraic) are probable. However, the sequence of mono-moraic and bi-moraic syllables is the most frequent and tri-moraic and tetra-moraic syllables, especially adjacent ones, are less frequent. This indicates that tri-syllabic words tend towards short syllables. Moreover, the non-alternative quasi-monotonic weight patterns are the most frequent ones. Likewise, simple words ideally tend to sequences of mono-moraic and bi-moraic syllables and tetra-moraic ones are loanwords; the derivatives are heavier than the simple and lighter than the compounds. Keywords: Syllable Weight, Mora, Derivative, Simple, Compound, Tri-Syllabic. Introduction Weight pattern of a word is the weight of its syllables and is defined based on distinction between heavy and light syllables (Carr, 2008:172). Mora is a basic timing unit that link prosodic and segmental information, represented by the root node. Mora is equal to or shorter than a syllable and the weight of the syllable does not depend on the number of segments in the syllable but the number of moras in it. Heavy and super heavy syllables are of more moras compared to light syllable with one mora; for example, a short syllable such as ‘ba’ consists of one mora (mono-moraic), while a long syllable such as ‘baa’ consists of two (bi-moraic). Such metrics are also referred to as syllable weight (Hayes,1989: 356). In Moraic Theory, only rhyme constituents contribute to the weight of the syllable and are tied to moras (µ), while onsets are tied directly to the syllable node (σ) with no role in weight (Hyman, 1985: 145-6). According to Kambuziya (2006:135) “in moraic theory, short vowels bear one mora and long vowels bear two moras are not considered phonologically light at all.” In this connection, Ghorbanpour (2019) and Salimi (2018) studied the weight pattern of bi-syllabic and tetra-syllabic words. Granted with this and many other studies, we shall study and compare the weight patterns in different kinds of tri-syllabic words including the simple, derivative and compound in Persian within a Moraic-theoretic account. Thus, firstly, we shall overview the main tenets of the theory, syllable weight, and the alternation of weight in syllabic patterns. Then, we shall specify the distribution of tri-syllabic words’ weight pattern and the alternative and non-alternative patterns. The main problem of the study is to examine the distribution of weight patterns in simple and non-simple words derived from a large corpus of 32 thousand tri-syllabic words. The present study is also aimed at investigating whether there are any meaningful relations between the number of syllables, word formation, and the moraic weight patterns. Materials and Methods The research data includes a set of 32 thousand tri-syllabic words in Persian collected from Dehkhoda (2003) and Moshiri (2009) dictionaries. The words were sorted in an Excel worksheet with all their etymological and phonological information, including the weight of syllables (light, heavy, super-heavy, and ultra-heavy) and the number of moras. Then, alternative and non-alternative weight patterns were determined. Discussion and Conclusion The present study eximaned the distribution of weight patterns of tri-syllabic words, including simple, derivative and compound words. Findings suggest that there happen 49 weight patterns in tri-syllabic words and syllables of one mora (mono-moraic), two moras (bi-moraic), and three moras (tri-moraic). Interestingly, the results show that even four moras (tetra-moraic) are probable in Persian. However, a sequence of mono-moraic and bi-moraic syllables - the pattern 1,2,2 - is the most frequent. This is while syllables of tri-moraic and tetra-moraic, especially the adjacent ones, are less frequent. This is an indicative of tri-syllabic words’ tendency toward short syllables. Also, simple words often tend to sequences of mono-moraic and bi-moraic syllables and those with tetra-moraic ones are generally loanwords. Moreover, the derivatives are heavier than the simple and lighter than the compounds. Thus, the number of heavy syllables probably increases through the transition from simple words to complex ones. For a more accurate categorization, the non-alternative patterns were divided into monotonic, quasi-monotonic, ascending, descending, and disordered. Results indicate that non-alternative quasi-monotonic patterns are the most frequent weight patterns in all kinds of tri-syllabic words.

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Though past research on the sound structure of speech errors has contributed greatly to our understanding of phonological encoding, most of this research comes from a small set of majority languages with similar linguistic structures. To increase the linguistic diversity of relevant evidence, a large collection of speech errors was investigated in Cantonese, an under-studied language with unique phonological structures. In particular, the Cantonese data were examined for nine psycholinguistic effects commonly used as a lens on word-form encoding. Detailed quantitative analysis found that Cantonese has eight of these effects, providing broader cross-linguistic support for models based on these patterns. Yet Cantonese also exhibited differences with well-known Indo-European languages by having a higher rate of errors involving whole syllables and sub-constituents inside the syllable rime. These differences can be accounted for by recognizing the primacy of the syllable and mora in encoding Cantonese words, following proposals that have been made for Mandarin Chinese and Japanese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this article is to present an account of symmetrical effect of Korean lateralization. We claim that the phenomenon can be adequately dealt with given our assumption that lateral approximant carries a mora and tends to form a geminate structure to preserve the mora. Syllable Contact Law as a universal OT constraint is rejected in favor of a geminate-inducing constraint. The constraint to the effect that a sequence of sonorant coronals is prohibited will be eliminated, too. We do not need to postulate two separate markedness constraints that militate against nl or ln sequence in Korean. By so doing, our basic intuition is captured that the tendency to avoid sequences of nl or ln results from one and the same constraint. When adjacent to labial or dorsal consonants, lateral approximant do not go through lateralization or gemination since it is to violate the high-ranking faithfulness of non-coronals. Some aspects of l-nasalization and word-initial l-avoidance will also be discussed. It is interesting to note that both of them seem to lend further support to our assumption about the geminate status of lateral approximant in Korean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Danish stød (a laryngealisation) is usually said to signal the second mora in odd-numbered syllables, counting from the right (Basbøll 1985; 1988; 2005). While descriptively adequate (with appropriate qualifications), such a statement leaves several questions unaddressed: Is that distribution an idiosyncratic quirk of Danish? What is special about the second mora? Why should ordinal numbering of syllables matter? This paper argues that the distributional pattern is neither restricted to Danish nor to stød. The same format of representation that can explain the distribution of length in Estonian and English lends itself to the analysis of the seemingly unrelated phenomenon of stød. Where the languages differ is in the exact nature of the relations contracted within those representations. This not only positions Danish within the larger context of phonological theory, but also explains why the distribution takes the form it does.

A sixty-three day study that involved twenty (20) West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep aged 8 - 9 months with average live-weight of 7.44 ± 0.18 kgW0.75 was carried out to evaluate nutrients intake, nitrogen metabolism, weight gain and blood profile of sheep fed Pennisetum purpureum was substituted with white mulberry leaves. The sheep were divided into 5 groups of four sheep per group and allotted to individual pens in a Completely Randomized Design. Five diets fed to the sheep were formulated thus: diets A (100 % P. purpureum), B (75 % P. purpureum + 25 % mulberry leaves), C (50 % P. purpureum + 50 % mulberry leaves), D (25 % P. purpureum + 75 % mulberry) and E (100 % mulberry leaves). Dry matter ranged 89.03 - 90.16 % and the highest (21.05 %) crude protein was obtained in diet E. Nutrients intake, daily weight gain and feed to gain ratio were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the treatments. The highest DM (250.38 gW0.75/day) and CP (52.70 gW0.75/day) intake were observed in sheep fed diet E. The diets were adequately digested, highest nitrogen balance (5.75 gW0.75) was obtained in sheep fed diet E. Consequently, the best daily weight gain (16.10 gW0.75g/day) and least feed conversion ratio (15.55). Haematological and serum biochemical indices were within normal range for WAD sheep. Thus, sole feeding of white mulberry leave could offer a reliable source of protein for improved nutrients digestibility and nitrogen utilization by WAD sheep without detrimental effects on their wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The syllable models representing the prosodic layer as a series of moras provide a model mirroring the role of the weight in determination of the stress, counting the phonologic positions, and making a distinction between light (monomoraic) and heavy (bimoraic) syllables. Practically, the distinctive value of the stress will include the quantitative calculated reports for each word with the letter A of the Dictionary (“Fjalor i shqipes sësotme” (2002)), especially for the position of the stress and its changes determined by the distinction of lexical and grammatical categories. The fundamental contribution of the generative metrical stress theory is its formal treatment because of the relation between the syllables. Some syllables are metrically strong, reflected in the stress-attracting, while the others are metrically weak and thus reject the stress. Thus, Albanian is sensitive to metrical quantity or syllables quantity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has long been divided on the issues of Chinese tone bearing unit and lexical stress. To help address these issues, the present study proposes a tonal timing framework based on two types of timing units, specified μ and unspecified X. It uses Mandarin third tone sandhi and Shanghai Wu tone split and spread processes to illustrate that the proposed framework can provide a unified account of different tone sandhi processes from the temporal dimension. It also discusses the implications of the framework for the TBU size, default tone type, tonal prominence, tonal foot, word-level prominence, and tone-syllable association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dakwah (predication) is a popular field of research and study in the tertiary institutions under Indonesia's Ministry of Religion. To understand this popularity, it is necessary to recognize how individual Islamic sciences—such as dakwah—have been reconstituted within those institutions, for diverse disciplines have evolved along different trajectories. Dakwah has acquired its contemporary disciplinary character through dakwah academics' efforts to shape it in the models provided by the social sciences and media/communication studies. This is revealed in their appropriations from these disciplines, which commenced after Indonesian independence, when academics identified the national community as a mediated domain to be addressed by new dakwah methods. The authors trace these developments by reviewing the academic outputs of dakwah scholars, noting also that the 'bureaucratic integration' of dakwah created a bifurcation in the field: outside the ministry's institutions, critical dakwah projects have opposed the state-supported version of dakwah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Few studies have explored the relevance of metrical structures in segmental processes. This paper shows that Dagbani (Gur, Ghana), has a prosodic word dominating a trochaic foot which licenses segmental processes and phonotactics. The foot is the domain for marked vowels and unmarked consonants. The prosodic word regulates the sequencing of syllables of different degrees of sonority and weight within a word. The Optimality Theoretic analyses make use of classical metrical theory and prosodic principles used in defining the prosodic word in stress languages to highlight the typological relevance of these principles and the prosodic universality of these metrical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines weight patterns in tri-syllabic words within a Moraic-theoretic account. A word weight pattern is weight of syllables and is defined based on distinction between heavy and light syllables (Carr, 2008:172); Here, the notion of mora (symbolized μ) as a basic timing unit provides a distinction between 'light' and 'heavy' syllables. Hayes (1989:356) mentions that heavy syllables have more moras compared to light ones. Also, there are some weight alternations in the syllabic patterns of Persian tri-syllabic words; that is, in an alternative weight pattern, syllables are distributed so that weight is alternately high and low. In order to study and compare weight patterns of simple, derivative and compound words, about 32 thousand tri-syllabic words were collected from Dehkhoda (2003) and Moshiri (2009) dictionaries. Then, they were sorted in an Excel worksheet with all phonological information, including weight of syllables (light, heavy, super-heavy, and ultra-heavy). Also, alternative and non-alternative weight patterns were specified. Results indicate that there happen 49 weight patterns in tri-syllabic words and syllables of one mora (mono-moraic), two moras (bi-moraic), three moras (tri-moraic), and even four moras (tetramoraic) are probable. However, the sequence of mono-moraic and bi-moraic syllables is the most frequent and trimoraic and tetra-moraic syllables, especially adjacent ones, are less frequent. This indicates that tri-syllabic words tend towards short syllables. Moreover, the non-alternative quasi-monotonic weight patterns are the most frequent ones. Likewise, simple words ideally tend to sequences of mono-moraic and bi-moraic syllables and tetra-moraic ones are loanwords; the derivatives are heavier than the simple and lighter than the compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Strategic & Social Research is the property of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Social Science Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The pre-NC vowel in many Bantu languages is generally understood to be long. In Bemba, where there is also a vowel length contrast, this raises the question whether the pre-NC vowel is phonetically as long as lexical long vowels and how phonologised this length might be. In contrast to lexically long vowels, pre-NC vowel length is attributed to vowel lengthening resulting from the restructuring of a nasal to create a prenasalised stop. This is thus relevant to whether such stops are treated as unit segments or not. The present paper focuses on the pre-NC vowel and presents an evaluation of whether the pre-NC vowel is monomoraic or bimoraic by considering both phonetic and phonological evidence. Segmental and most tonal evidence leans towards a monomoraic treatment of the pre-NC vowel. One set of tonal data, however, shows variation in moraicity, presenting a mixed picture that we conclude emanates from the intermediate phonetic duration of the pre-NC vowel.

Language acquisition is supported by phonological awareness, which intentionally makes children aware of phonological units. By understanding the internal processes of children during language acquisition, this study aims to elucidate factors that can correct erroneous phonological generation. Therefore, we developed a cognitive model using innate and experiential factors of the memory retrieval in the cognitive architecture–ACT-R. Furthermore, we performed simulations using Shiritori, a Japanese word game, as an interaction task. The simulation included the observation of effects of the experiential factor of repeating a task and innate factors of different settings. It showed that repeating a single task causes incorrect convergence, and this convergence can be prevented by comprehensive activation of overall phonological knowledge during the interval of Shiritori tasks. Moreover, the simulation in specific innate settings exhibited commonalities with cases of developmental disorder by showing errors like consonant deletion. In the future, we will examine the correlation of the aforementioned findings with actual language development to realize the use of cognitive architecture in real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanski morni nazal /N/ podspecificirani je nazalni segment s posebnim statusom u japanskome glasovnom sustavu. Za učenike japanskoga čiji je materinski jezik hrvatski /N/ može predstavljati izazov jer podrazumijeva fonološke procese koji ne postoje u hrvatskome. Taj segment stječe različita obilježja ovisno o kontekstu. Cilj je ovoga rada empirijski utvrditi kako učenici japanskoga, čiji je materinski jezik hrvatski, artikuliraju morni nazal /N/, koji od promatranih 8 njegovih ostvaraja predstavljaju poteškoću te koje vrste odstupanja postoje. Predstavljeni su rezultati provedenoga ispitivanja, u kojemu je sudjelovalo 24 studenata Sveučilišta Jurja Dobrile u Puli, od kojih 15 na početnoj i 9 na srednjoj razini. Podatci pokazuju različitu učestalost odstupanja pri izgovoru /N/ ispred stanke, ispred poluvokala /w/ i /j/ i drugdje, dok se najznatnija učestalost odstupanja uočava pri izgovoru /N/ u međuvokalskom položaju. Odstupanje u međuvokalskom položaju tiče se distinktivnoga obilježja te se smatra da ima fonološki značaj, a učestalost je visoka na obje razine učenja. Odstupanja /N/ ispred poluvokala i frikativa te u ostalim kontekstima nisu pokazala fonološki značaj, već samo fonetski.

IEEE 802.11ax supports orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) for uplink (UL) transmissions where stations (STAs) access randomly chosen resource units (RUs) in a distributed manner. Nevertheless, as the number of STAs increases, frequent collisions can occur, which lead to throughput degradation in UL transmissions. To address this problem, we propose a multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) enabled UL OFDMA random access (MORA) protocol. MORA combines the ideas of OFDMA and MU-MIMO, and thus more than one STA can share the same RU, which can significantly reduce the collision probability in congested situations. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate that MORA improves the throughput of the standard OFDMA-only protocol significantly.

En este artículo nos proponemos dar cuenta de las dimensiones afectivas, emocionales y corporales que tienen lugar en situaciones de endeudamiento financiero moroso. Para ello, analizamos las consultas efectuadas por deudores particulares en un blog de asesoramiento legal y nos detenemos en los encuentros mantenidos entre clientes (deudores) y empleados (acreedores) de una oficina de cobranza extrajudicial ubicada en Merlo, provincia de Buenos Aires. La hipótesis que nos guía es que las deudas morosas movilizan prácticas, percepciones y procesos basados en la expresión y gestión de emociones y valores morales.

In this paper phonological processes in pausal position of Qura'n are investigated in parallel optimality theory. Short vowels are deleted, disregarding their morphological and syntactical roles, such as indefinite morpheme /n/, nominal /u/ and genitive /i/ cases. The low vowel /a/ representing accusative case resists to deletion due to high sonority and is lengthened and extended to the emptied adjacent mora. However, accusative case vowel is deleted in feminine nominatives, which is justified by the constraint that bans every type of suffixes after feminine one and is high ranked. In addition to deletion of indefinite and case morphemes, feminine suffix /t/ is debucalized and altered to [h] in female nominatives. According to this research, ranking of constraints prevents the appearance of light syllables in pausal position and deletion and lengthening processes happen to substitute heavy or superheavy syllables for light ones. ranking of constraints prevents the appearance of light syllables in pausal position and deletion and lengthening processes happen to substitute heavy or superheavy syllables for light ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente trabajo investigativo tiene como propósito determinar la incidencia de las políticas de crédito y cobranza en la cartera del Súper Las Segovias S.A. durante el primer semestre del año 2020; la responsabilidad de la administración de la cartera recae en el departamento de crédito y cobranza, estructurándose de acuerdo a las necesidades del supermercado, es responsabilidad de esta área definir las políticas de crédito y cobranza y todo proceso que se debe aplicar para otorgar los créditos. El tipo de Investigación es aplicada, con enfoque cualitativo, debido a que se realiza por medio de métodos de recolección de datos sin medición numérica. Para obtener información fue necesario la aplicación de tres instrumentos tales como: entrevistas a la gerente general y el responsable del área de crédito y cobranza, guías de observación en la empresa y revisión documental. Algunos de los principales resultados encontrados en el proceso investigativo es que las políticas se aplican sin la guía de un manual específico, además de que estas afectan la morosidad al no analizar de manera correcta a los sujetos de crédito y no determinar los límites y responsabilidades del deudor en el contrato de forma clara; se requiere la aplicación de un manual de políticas de crédito y cobranza, en el que se propone procesos de gestión y procedimientos prácticos, su aplicación permite un mejor control en la calificación del cliente, reducir sus índices de morosidad y lograr el correcto proceso del otorgamiento de crédito y la gestión de recuperación de cartera.

Copyright of Filologija is the property of Croatian Academy of Sciences & Arts (HAZU) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas is the property of Facultad de Ciencias Basicas de la Universidad de Pamplona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article describes the activities and results of the project "Regional Alliance for the strengthening of the Agroindustrial sector in Risaralda", in its foresight component. Delphi method was applied to consult several experts or stakeholders from the Mora sector, based on a questionnaire, which was answered anonymously in two rounds. The goal of the study is to offer to the chain value actors a tool for making decision in topics related to science, technology, and innovation. As an important result, 26 themes in 6 thematic axes where prioritized: farming, transformation, logistics, marketing, post-harvesting, and sustainability. For the second Delphi round, nine issues were prioritized: Blackberry crop management, blackberry crop practices, record management, costs, post-harvesting, flavorings, funding sources. The participation of international experts from Mexico, Brazil, and Spain was noteworthy. This study became direct inputs to the actors of R+D+I for the adoption and generation of products and innovation process in the blackberry value chain, as well as possible training and research activities in the universities with agroindutrial focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reconsiders the nature and representation of the moraic nasal in Japanese dialects, which is largely assumed to be a consonantal mora (Ito 1987, Vance 2008, Labrune 2008) or a variable segment (Yoshida S. 1996, 2003; Yoshida Y. 1999). I examine phonological processes and phonetic descriptions of the Tōkyō, Ōsaka and Kagoshima varieties of Japanese and show that previous representations do not capture all of the facts. I propose that N is best represented variously as a nasal consonant, a syllabic nasal or a nasal vowel depending on the dialect. I frame this account within the theory of Strict CV (Lowenstamm 1996) and I present new representations for N, taking into account segmental and prosodic behaviour of this segment. The overarching contribution is an analysis where the tonal status of N in Japanese dialects is directly derived from the status of nuclear positions that N is associated to or adjacent to, without reference to feature sensitive rules.

When infants and toddlers are confronted with sequences of sounds, they are required to segment the sounds into meaningful units to achieve sufficient understanding. Rhythm has been regarded as a crucial cue for segmentation of speech sounds. Although previous intermodal methods indicated that infants and toddlers could detect differences in speech sounds based on stress-timed and syllable-timed units, these methods could not clearly indicate how infants and toddlers perform sound segmentation. Thus, the present study examined whether Japanese infants and toddlers could segment word speech sounds comprising basic morae (i.e., rhythm units similar to syllables), on the basis of concurrent basic mora units within syllable units, using the new intermodal matching procedure. The results indicated that, regardless of their ages and linguistic abilities, Japanese infants and toddlers aged 6–25 months tended to segment Japanese words comprising basic morae sounds on the basis of concurrent basic mora units within syllable units. This implies that infants' and toddlers' use of syllable units for segmentation of speech sounds at an early age could be evident among many infants and toddlers learning various languages. Although this finding should be interpreted carefully, the present study demonstrated the utility of the new intermodal matching procedure for examining segmentation of speech sounds and word sounds by infants and toddlers, on the basis of specific rhythm units.

Introducción: En los bosques serranos de Córdoba, Argentina, los zorros (Lycalopex gymnocercus) incluyen en su dieta frutos de especies exóticas como la mora (Morus nigra), una especie invasora originaria de Asia. Objetivo: Conocer si las semillas de mora sufren daños en el tracto digestivo de los zorros, y si esto afecta su viabilidad, poder de germinación, inicio y tasa de germinación. Métodos: Recolectamos semillas de zarzamora en el campo y de heces frescas de zorros cautivos, seleccionando al azar 300 semillas por tratamiento que mantuvimos en germinador a 25 ° C. El criterio de germinación fue la salida de la radícula. Resultados: Todas las semillas extraídas de las heces estaban sanas. El inicio de la germinación ocurrió el mismo día en ambos tratamientos, aunque las tasas de germinación fueron mayores para las semillas extraídas directamente de los frutos. Conclusiones: A pesar de daños menores a las semillas, el zorro es un dispersor de semillas de mora.

When infants and toddlers are confronted with sequences of sounds, they are required to segment the sounds into meaningful units to achieve sufficient understanding. Rhythm has been regarded as a crucial cue for segmentation of speech sounds. Although previous intermodal methods indicated that infants and toddlers could detect differences in speech sounds based on stress-timed and syllable-timed units, these methods could not clearly indicate how infants and toddlers perform sound segmentation. Thus, the present study examined whether Japanese infants and toddlers could segment word speech sounds comprising basic morae (i.e., rhythm units similar to syllables), on the basis of concurrent basic mora units within syllable units, using the new intermodal matching procedure. The results indicated that, regardless of their ages and linguistic abilities, Japanese infants and toddlers aged 6–25 months tended to segment Japanese words comprising basic morae sounds on the basis of concurrent basic mora units within syllable units. This implies that infants' and toddlers' use of syllable units for segmentation of speech sounds at an early age could be evident among many infants and toddlers learning various languages. Although this finding should be interpreted carefully, the present study demonstrated the utility of the new intermodal matching procedure for examining segmentation of speech sounds and word sounds by infants and toddlers, on the basis of specific rhythm units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Compendium of Veterinary Sciences / Compendio de Ciencias Veterinarias is the property of Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asuncion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En este artículo se exponen los resultados de una investigación sobre la gobernanza de los sistemas agroalimentarios locales. Se estudian dos sistemas productivos: la zarzamora (Rubus fruticosus) en el municipio de Los Reyes, Michoacán, México; y la mora (Rubus glaucus Benth) en el municipio de Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. La metodología aplicada tiene un enfoque cualitativo y está basada en recorridos de campo, entrevistas informales y semiestructuradas, así como en dinámicas grupales. Este enfoque fue complementado con fuentes bibliográficas y estadísticas. Ambos casos de estudio son críticos o de contraste porque se analizan modelos de gobernanza que muestran las contradicciones de la economía agroexportadora, como en el caso de Los Reyes, y de la campesina, en el caso de Pasto, en torno a un producto agrícola con alta demanda. La hipótesis de investigación es que la gobernanza de ambos sistemas se realiza de manera jerárquica, con el papel protagónico del mercado de exportación, en un caso, o de la gestión pública, en el otro. Sin embargo, en los intersticios de estos tipos de coordinación se mueven los actores que permiten observar la construcción incipiente de formas de gobernanza descentralizada y de sistemas agroalimentarios locales, con base en la apropiación de las tecnologías de cultivo, la transmisión del conocimiento y el arraigo territorial del producto. Se concluye que la investigación de estos modelos de gobernanza es de importancia para las políticas públicas de desarrollo territorial.

This paper has been written to fall within the orbit of the moraic framework of the syllable, particularly the syllable weight, of Basrah Arabic. Universal as its nature is, mora, when studied and then applied, has, metaphorically speaking, the power of casting its phonological 'spell' over the problems of the morphophonology of Basrah tri-segmental verbs, adjectives, and nouns which have popped up in the context of investigating the behavior of Basrah syllabicity, and thus the mora 'spell' gets these problematic issues easily solvable and surmountable. The problems overcome by applying the moraic model are of two facets: some of them are phonologically-based problems and others are morphologically-based ones. Either case, mora is manipulated to throw its shadow on them equally and adequately. With this in mind, the application of moraic aspects to some Basrah verbs presupposes a drastic shift in segmental durations, namely, vowel ones when occurred word-medially. Among different results reached by this paper is that Basrah Arabic syllabic templates of certain verbs, adjectives, and nouns need to be pinpointed from the mora-tier angle other than from the CVtier and X-tier angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the pronunciation of the Quranic words in the location of pause, or vaqf. Data descriptive generalization shows that the indefinite morpheme and short high vowels /u/ and /i/, respectively for nominative and genitive cases, delete in the pause location. This results in forming a heavy or ultra-heavy syllable in the pause location via adhesion of mora of omitted syllable onset to the final syllable. For pronunciation of the indefinite masculine words in accusative case, deletion of the indefinite morpheme is compensated by lengthening the low vowel /a/ through spreading the floating mora to the low vowel slot. The reason behind resistance of the low vowel to delete could be its high degree of sonority. For pronunciation of the feminine words, indefinite and case morphemes delete, and then /t/ converts into [h] through omission of the supra-laryngeal features and staying laryngeal node. The main aim of this paper is to formalize the phonological pattern of the Quranic words in the location of Vaqf. Research methodology is of descriptive and explanatory type. Accordingly the Quranic phonological rules prohibits to license presence of the light syllable in the pause location, while to license heavy and ultra-heavy syllables via deletion and compensatory lengthening processes in the pause location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]