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Background The Cryptococcus genus comprises more than 80 species, of which C. neoformansand C. gattii are the leading cause of cryptococcosis. The distribution of C. gattii and C. neoformans complex has been extensively studied and widely reported globally. Other species such as C. albidus, C. laurentii, and C. flavescens have been reported as pathogenic yeast. Since there are no reports of environmental isolation in the Boyacá region (Colombia), this study aimed to isolate and characterize the species of Cryptococcus from pigeon feces, eucalyptus, and olive trees distributed in the municipalities of Tunja and Ricaute Alto. Results The environmental data was recovered, and the isolations obtained were identified by microscopy, biochemical test, MALDI-TOF, RFLP of the URA5 gene, and sequencing of the ITS and LSU gene. For the 93 pigeon dropping samples collected in Tunja, 23 corresponded to C. neoformans, 3 to C. saitoi, 2 C. albidus and 1 to C. laurentii. Of the 1188 samples collected from olive trees, 17 (1.43%) positive samples were identified as C. gattii (4), C. neoformans var. grubii (2), C. laurentii (3), C. albidus (2), C. saitoi (5) and C. flavescens (1). Likewise, specimens of C. neoformans var. grubii presented molecular type VNI and molecular type VNII; for C. gattii the molecular types found were VGIII and VGIV. Conclusions Therefore, it can be concluded that the species of Cryptococcus genus, are present in the environment of Boyacá, and show a predilection for climate conditions that are typical of this region.

Trabajo presentado en: R-Evolucionando el transporte, XIV Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte (CIT 2021), realizado en modalidad online los días 6, 7 y 8 de julio de 2021, organizado por la Universidad de Burgos, The growth of the world population indicates that about 70% of the inhabitants will live in cities by 2050. This implies the need for infrastructure, resources, basic services, and transportation available to serve this population and guarantee their quality of life. To meet these requirements, some cities have adopted technology to obtain data and information that allow for the analysis of these new dynamics from the perspective of smart cities. Other cities have also involved criteria focused on the well-being of the communityenvironmental system from the perspective of sustainable cities. There are other cities that transcend the sustainable and intelligent status to become responsive cities where the interpretation and analysis of data is provided by and for citizens. This allows them to become key in the planning and development of their city and the construction of these cities in the future. Mobility in the development of cities is important and in a responsive city it is no different. It allows for the dynamic action of the population to satisfy their needs. Mobility worldwide is based on the private car and infrastructure grows as a function of this. The associated environmental, economic, and social impacts have wide ranging consequences. Likewise, the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed an additional motivation to opt for public transport, cycling, or walking instead of the private car. This requires rethinking cities and adapting their physical, technological, and social infrastructure to facilitate this transition. The evaluation of mobility in cities is based on indicators that allow the monitoring of important aspects from specific practices in each territory. However, the framework of responsive cities is not clearly or comprehensively identified resulting in the need for an investigative process aimed at forming a citizen-centered mobility evaluation model, integrating the holistic precepts of smart and sustainable cities., The authors express gratitude to Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia for supporting the development of Diana Angarita Lozano’s Doctoral studies, that gives way to the current investigation.

Introduction: Colombia has increased research due to the necessity of knowing the country´s biodiversity and ecosystems, as well as to establish priorities for their protection throughout the national territory. The knowledge of the Boyacá ecosystems and the high Andes are not an exception. Objective: this work provides information on diversity and structure of the Bijagual Massif, a high mountain area defined as a biological corridor, with paramo (2 900 - 3 460 masl) and high Andean forest (2 682 -3 268 masl) ecosystems. Methods: Sampling consisted of 27 random transects in the high Andean forest (100 x 2.5 m) and 13 in the paramo (10 x 5 m). We recorded abundance data, growth form, height, coverage, DAP and basal area. We calculated diversity analyses (H’, D and Jaccard), of vertical and horizontal structure. Results: Estimated species richness of 429 species in 86 families. Similarity does not exceed 46 % between sampling units, data that supports the heterogeneity of the Bijagual Massif. We recorded 10 777 individuals in the forest. The most abundant and richest growth forms were herbs (2 595/104) and trees (2 189/67), while lower in abundance and richness were vines (466/29). In the paramo 3 337 individuals, with a dominance of herbs (in frailejonal, shrubs and pajonal), rosettes (in frailejonal and pajonal) and shrubs. Species with ecological representativeness are: Clusia multiflora, C. elliptica, C. alata, Weinmannia rollottii, Brunellia comocladifolia and Viburnum triphyllum. Conclusion: These results confirm the uniqueness of these high mountain ecosystems and the need to maintain the heterogeneity before the occurence of soil transformation processes. The last, is supported by the high species turnover among sampling units, the dominance per physiognomic type, and the ecological significance of arboreal and shrub species in the forest and those that reoccur in the paramo. Here we define Bijagual, as a biological corridor with great biodiversity. Abstract. Structure of the high Andean forest and paramo in the Bijagual Massif, Boyacá, Colombia. Introduction: Colombia has increased research due to the necessity of knowing the country´s biodiversity and ecosystems, as well as to establish priorities for their protection throughout the national territory. The knowledge of the Boyacá ecosystems and the high Andes are not an exception. Objective: this work provides information on diversity and structure of the Bijagual Massif, a high mountain area defined as a biological corridor, with paramo (2 900 - 3 460 masl) and high Andean forest (2 682 -3 268 masl) ecosystems. Methods: Sampling consisted of 27 random transects in the high Andean forest (100 x 2.5 m) and 13 in the paramo (10 x 5 m). We recorded abundance data, growth form, height, coverage, DAP and basal area. We calculated diversity analyses (H’, D and Jaccard), of vertical and horizontal structure. Results: Estimated species richness of 429 species in 86 families. Similarity does not exceed 46 % between sampling units, data that supports the heterogeneity of the Bijagual Massif. We recorded 10 777 individuals in the forest. The most abundant and richest growth forms were herbs (2 595/104) and trees (2 189/67), while lower in abundance and richness were vines (466/29). In the paramo 3 337 individuals, with a dominance of herbs (in frailejonal, shrubs and pajonal), rosettes (in frailejonal and pajonal) and shrubs. Species with ecological representativeness are: Clusia multiflora, C. elliptica, C. alata, Weinmannia rollottii, Brunellia comocladifolia and Viburnum triphyllum. Conclusion: These results confirm the uniqueness of these high mountain ecosystems and the need to maintain the heterogeneity before the occurence of soil transformation processes. The last, is supported by the high species turnover among sampling units, the dominance per physiognomic type, and the ecological significance of arboreal and shrub species in the forest and those that reoccur in the paramo. Here we define Bijagual, as a biological corridor with great biodiversity.

Se realizó el estudio de la composición y estructura de un fragmento de bosque subandino en el municipio de Bolívar; área afectada por deforestación, pérdida de hábitat y expansión de la agricultura siendo tensionantes que han limitado el desarrollo de estos fragmentos. Dicho bosque se encuentra entre los 1 400-1 800 m altitudinales, a 24°C y 2 000-3 000 mm/año. Se realizaron 10 transectos (100*5 m), en ellos se registraron formas de crecimiento como arbórea, arbustiva, herbácea, palmoide, bejuco, epífita, hemiepífita, parásita y helecho arborescente, además de la recopilación de datos morfológicos. La composición de familias y géneros se evaluó a través de índices de diversidad, dominancia, equidad y similitud; para la estructura se calcularon IVI, IPF, IVF e intervalos de clase (altura, cobertura y DAP). Se registraron 103 familias, 242 géneros y 445 especies, con 74 dicotiledóneas (72 %), 14 monocotiledóneas (13 %) y 15 pteridófitas (15 %). Las familias con mayor número de géneros y especies fueron: Rubiaceae (15 géneros/29 especies), Gesneriaceae (7/19), Piperacae (2/18), Melastomataceae (7/17), Araceae y Urticaeceae (7/15 cada una). Los géneros más ricos en especies son: Piper (12 especies), Ficus y Miconia (9 cada uno), Anthurium (7), Clusia, Passiflora, Peperonia y Pilea (6 cada uno). La dominancia y diversidad evidenció uniformidad en las especies, soportado en la equitatividad del bosque. La similitud entre transectos es del 24 % indicando un alto recambio de especies. El crecimiento herbáceo fue el mejor representado con 56 familias y 166 especies. Este estudio mostro una alta diversidad, así como se identifican como nuevos registros para Santander Passiflora engleriana Harms Endangered En Peligro (EN), Aiphanes concinna H.E. Moore (casi amenazada, NT), Miconia neomicrantha Judd & Skean y Guarea kunthiana A. Juss. (Preocupación Menor, LC).

El bosque seco tropical (bs-T) es considerado como uno de los ecosistemas más alterados por actividades antropogénicas como la ganadería extensiva, cultivos, entre otros. En el Caribe colombiano se encuentran los fragmentos de mayor tamaño y mejor estado de conservación, los cuales no solo prestan servicios ecosistémicos al hombre, también son hábitat de varias especies de vertebrados como Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides y Chelonoidis carbonarius, las cuales son registradas en categoría de amenaza. En el presente capítulo se hace una descripción de la vegetación y por lo tanto, el hábitat de las especies K. scorpioides scorpioides y C. carbonarius. Estas especies ocurren principalmente en bosque, pastizal, vegetación en borde de ciénaga y cultivo de palma de aceite. La diversidad de la fauna depende en buena medida de la disponibilidad y calidad de los hábitats, los cuales les ofrecen alimento, refugio y protección, que, al desaparecer, los convierte en presa fácil para los depredadores, y que puede ocasionar un desequilibrio en las funciones ecológicas que estos organismos juegan en el ecosistema de bs-T.

Resumen Se elaboró un catálogo de las angiospermas del páramo de Bijagual con información de las especies, distribución local y nacional. Se registraron 35 familias, 73 géneros y 120 especies. Abstract An angiosperms catalogue of the Bijagual moor was prepared with the information of the species, and their local and national distribution. Thirty-five families, 73 genera and 120 species were recorded.