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Recent years have seen the development of 1-D and 2-D regional-scale hydrological-hydrodynamic models, which differ greatly from reach-scale applications in terms of subgrid assumptions, parameterization, and applied resolution. Although 1-D and 2-D comparisons have already been performed at reach and local scales, model differences at regional scale are poorly understood. Moreover, there is a need to improve the coupling between hydrological and hydrodynamic models. It is addressed here by applying the MGB model at 1-D and 2-D dimensions for the whole similar to 700,000 km(2) Negro basin (Amazon), which presents different wetland types. Long-term continuous simulations are performed and validated with multisatellite observations of hydraulic variables. Results showed that both approaches are similarly able to estimate discharges and water levels along main rivers, especially considering parameter uncertainties, but differ in terms of flood extent and volume and water levels in complex wetlands. In these latter, the diffuse flow and drainage patterns were more realistically represented by the 2-D scheme, as well as wetland connectivity across the basin. The 2-D model led to higher drainage basinwide, while the 1-D model was more sensitive to hydrodynamic parameters for discharge and flood extent and had a similar sensitivity for water levels. Finally, tests on the coupling between hydrologic and hydrodynamic processes suggested that their representation in an online way is less important for tropical wetlands than model dimensionality, which largely impacts water transfer and repartition. Plain Language Summary Hydrologic-hydrodynamic numerical models are powerful tools for improving water resources and disaster management and for the understanding of hydrological processes. Last years have faced the development of regional-scale applications (i.e., areas between 10(4) to 10(6) km(2)), with approaches at both 1-D and 2-D dimensions, that is, by representing surface water transport in either one (along rivers) or two horizontal directions (in order to represent flood propagation in wetlands). In this study, we present a regional-scale application of the MGB model at both 1-D and 2-D dimensions for the Negro River Basin in the Amazon and compare its capability to simulate processes at the basin scale and for different wetland types. We show that current 1-D and 2-D models are similarly capable to represent discharges and water levels along main rivers, but for more complex wetlands, the 2-D models are required, especially for estimating water levels. We also show that for tropical wetlands, the consideration of feedbacks between hydrologic and hydrodynamics is less important than the dimensionality of the model (i.e., if it is 1-D or 2-D). New lessons on the functioning of complex river-wetland systems in the Amazon are presented, in special consideration of the current availability of remote sensing data sets.

To what degree the associations between PCa risk and family history of prostate cancer (PCa) and/or breast cancer (BCa) are attributable to screening biases is unclear. We examined these questions within the REDUCE study, where biopsies were largely independent of prostate specific antigen (PSA) minimizing screening biases.Data were from REDUCE, which tested dutasteride 0.5 mg daily for PCa risk reduction in men with PSA 2.5-10.0 ng mL(-1) and a negative prestudy biopsy. Among men undergoing at least one on-study biopsy with complete data (n = 6415; 78.1%), the association between family history and PCa risk was tested using multivariate logistic regression adjusting for clinicodemographic characteristics.A family history of PCa alone was associated with increased PCa diagnosis (OR: 1.47, 95%CI: 1.22-1.77). In North America, PCa family history was not related to PCa diagnosis (OR: 1.02, 95%CI: 0.73-1.44), whereas outside North America, PCa family history was significantly related to diagnosis (OR: 1.72, 95%CI: 1.38-2.15) (P-interaction = 0.01). A family history of both PCa and BCa (OR: 2.54, 95%CI: 1.72-3.75) but not BCa alone (OR: 1.04, 95%CI: 0.84-1.29) was associated with increased PCa risk versus no family history and irrespective of geographical region.In REDUCE, PCa family history was significantly related to PCa diagnosis, although only for men outside North America. The presence of both PCa and BCa family history significantly increased risk versus PCa family history alone, irrespective of geographical region. Ultimately, our observations may support the need for changes in how we address family history in terms of both risk of PCa diagnosis and general risk stratification.