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O artigo visa recuperar os elementos fundamentais do ideário nacionalista durante a década de 1950, destacando a centralidade do conceito de desenvolvimento auto-sustentado. A diversidade política e ideológica do movimento nacionalista é problematizada através da análise de duas correntes preponderantes do período em foco: o nacional-desenvolvimentismo, de caráter liberal, e o nacionalismo econômico, isto é, a vertente defendida pelas esquerdas. Finalmente, é focalizado a importância da reforma agrária dentro do projeto social defendido sobretudo pelos nacionalistas econômicos, enquanto fator indispensável a uma industrialização com cidadania.

Although benthic microbial community offers crucial insights into ecosystem services, they are underestimated for coastal sediment monitoring. Sepetiba Bay (SB) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, holds long-term metal pollution. Currently, SB pollution is majorly driven by domestic effluents discharge. Here, functional prediction analysis inferred from 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding data reveals the energy metabolism profiles of benthic microbial assemblages along the metal pollution gradient. Methanogenesis, denitrification, and N 2 fixation emerge as dominant pathways in the eutrophic/polluted internal sector (Spearman; p < 0.05). These metabolisms act in the natural attenuation of sedimentary pollutants. The methane (CH 4 ) emission (mcr genes) potential was found more abundant in the internal sector, while the external sector exhibited higher CH 4 consumption (pmo + mmo genes) potential. Methanofastidiosales and Exiguobacterium, possibly involved in CH 4 emission and associated with CH 4 consumers respectively, are the main taxa detected in SB. Furthermore, SB exhibits higher nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission potential since the norB/C gene proportions surpass nosZ up to 4 times. Blastopirellula was identified as the main responsible for N 2 O emissions. This study reveals fundamental contributions of the prokaryotic community to functions involved in greenhouse gas emissions, unveiling their possible use as sentinels for ecosystem monitoring., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been primarily studied for atmospheric nitrogen (N) fixation but they also have the capacity to improve nutrition and yield of crop plants., Methods: Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effects of inoculation with PGPB in association with different N rates on N uptake, grain yield, and oil concentration of dwarf castor beans in succession to legumes and grasses in Ilha Solteira, Brazil. The treatments consisted of N rates (0 to 180 kg ha -1 of N) and inoculation with three plant growth-promoting bacteria ( Azospirillum brasiliense, Bacillus subtilis , and Pseudomonas fluorescens , applied by leaf) and a control with no-inoculation., Results: The grain and oil yields of castor beans were increased by 20 and 40% at a rate of 103 kg ha -1 of N in succession to grasses as compared to without N application. In addition, the grain yield of castor bean after legumes was increased by 28, 64, and 40% with estimated rates of 97, 113, and 92 kg ha -1 of N in combination with inoculations of A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens as compared to without N application, respectively. Shoot, grain, and total N uptake were improved with foliar inoculation of A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens at the N rates of 45, 90, and 135 kg ha -1 , respectively., Discussion and Conclusions: Topdressing of N at the rate of 103 kg ha -1 and foliar inoculation in succession to grasses and 180 kg ha -1 of N without the effect of foliar inoculation in succession to legumes are recommended for higher grain and oil yield of castor beans. Foliar inoculations with A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens increased grain yield under reduced use of N fertilizer by 44, 37, and 49% in dwarf castor cultivation in succession to legumes, potentially contributing to sustainable agriculture., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Gato, Oliveira, Jalal, Moreira, Hashem, de Lima, Leite, Al-Askar, Freitas, AbdElgawad, Ferreira, Santana, Bastos, Galindo, Zoz and Teixeira Filho.)

The structure and diversity of microbial community inhabiting coastal sediments reflect the exposition to contaminants. Aiming to assess the changes in the microbiota from Sepetiba Bay (SB, Brazil) sediments, correlations between the 16S rRNA gene data (V4-V5 region), metal contamination factors (CF), and the ecological risk classification provided by the Quality Ratio (QR) index were considered. The results show that microbial diversity differs significantly between the less (SB external sector) and the most (SB internal sector) polluted sectors. Also, differences in the microbial community structure regarding the ecological risk classifications validated the QR index as a reliable tool to report the SB chronic contamination. Microbial indicator genera resistant to metals (Desulfatiglans, SEEP-SRB1, Spirochaeta 2, among others) presented mainly anaerobic metabolisms. These genera are related to the sulfate reducing and methanogenic metabolisms probably participating in the natural attenuation processes but also associated with greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, microbial indicator genera sensitive to metals (Rubripirellula, Blastopirellula, Aquibacter, among others) presented mainly aerobic metabolisms. It is suggested that future works should investigate the metabolic functions to evaluate the influence of metallic contaminants on microbial community inhabiting SB sediment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Microbial communities from Sepetiba Bay (SB, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), characterized by 16S rRNA gene (V4-V5 region) sequencing analysis, were found to be correlated with the metallic contamination factor and the Quality Ratio (QR) index. Consistently, the predicted function of microbial communities, obtained with Tax4Fun2, showed that the functional patterns in SB internal sector under the highest anthropogenic pressure were different from that observed in the external sector with the lowest contamination level. Signal transduction, cellular community, membrane transport, and energy metabolism were among the KEGG pathways favored by metallic contamination in the SB internal sector, while lipid metabolism, transcription, and translation were among the pathways favored in the SB external sector. Noteworthy, the relative proportions of KEGG pathways and genes associated with metallic homeostasis showed significant differences according to the SB sectors, consistently with the ecological risk classification (QR index) of sediments. The functional prediction approach is an economically viable alternative and presents an overview of the main pathways/genes favored in the SB microbiota exposed to long-term pollution. In contrast, the microgAMBI, ecological status index based on bacterial community composition, was not consistent with the metallic contamination of SB, suggesting that this index requires improvements to be applied in tropical areas. Our study also revealed a strong correlation between metal resistance genes (MRG) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG), indicating that MRG and ARG are co-selected by the metallic contamination prevailing in SB., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Southeast Brazilian bays have been increasingly degraded by untreated organic loads. Therefore, to assess fecal contamination status, sediment quality regarding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and sources of organic matter (OM), we have determined fine-grained and total organic carbon (TOC) content and concentrations of PAHs and sterols in twenty-six surface sediment samples in Sepetiba Bay. The fine-grained (1-26 %), TOC (0.20-3.45 %), PAHs (-1 ) and sterols (0.10-21.58 μg g -1 ) results showed a decreasing trend from the internal to the external sector of the study area. The diagnostic ratios of selected PAHs and sterols indicated a mixture with significant contribution from continental and pyrolytic OM in all stations. The fecal contamination is significant to the internal sector of Sepetiba Bay. Considering a site-specific sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) the PAHs levels with more restricted benchmark values indicate the harbor and the internal sector as contaminated., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The use of beneficial fungi and bacteria stimulate plant growth and serve to improve yield and food quality in a sustainable manner. The electrical conductivity of nutrients solution is closely linked to better nutrition of vegetable plants in a hydroponic system. Therefore, objectives of current study were to evaluate the effect of isolated and combined inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Trichoderma harzianum under two electrical conductivities on growth, nutrition, and yield of lettuce in hydroponic cultivation. The experiment was designed in a strip-plot block with five replications in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme. The treatments were consisted of four microbial inoculations (without, A. brasilense, T. harzianum and co-inoculation) and electrical conductivities (1.2 and 1.4 dS m -1 ). Inoculation with A. brasilense and T. harzianum increased lettuce root growth by 47% and 20%, respectively. The single inoculation of T. harzianum provided higher fresh leaves yield (24%) at electrical conductivity of 1.2 dS m -1 , while single inoculation with A. brasilense increased fresh leaves yield by 17% at electrical conductivity 1.4 dS m -1 . The lowest shoot NO 3 - accumulation (40%) was observed with inoculation of A. brasilense and highest (28%) with inoculation T. harzianum in both electrical conductivities. Inoculation with A. brasilense increased leaf accumulation of K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn, which are essential for human nutrition and being recommended to improve yield of lettuce plants in hydroponics. It is recommended to use EC 1.4 dS m -1 of the nutrients solution to improve accumulation of K, Mn, Cu, and Zn, regardless of inoculations for biofortification of lettuce with application of fertilizers., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The Quality Ratio (QR) index was applied in Sepetiba Bay to integrate geochemical and microbiological parameters of the in situ microbial community in order to classify the ecological risk of sediments. Total concentrations (C) of Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn (indicators of the mixture of contaminants) were determined at 26 stations and at a background area (C 0 ) to calculate the contamination factor (CF = C/C 0 ) and the degree of contamination (ΣCF). Enzymatic biomarkers of energy production into cell (dehydrogenase - DHA) and hydrolase of organic matter outside the cell (esterases - EST) were determined. The QR, a function of the microbial term (DHA/EST) and the geochemical term (TOC × ΣCF/fine-grained content), was able to segregate stations into the internal sector (east of the bay with the largest continental contributions) and the external sector (west of the bay), proving its accessibility (low-cost and fast) and efficiency for assessing ecological risk., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Although the relevance of dental intervention before transplant is recognized, many patients are undergoing transplantation without receiving dental care. The objective of this study was to identify the searching profile, access, and use of dental services by candidates to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and the difficulties faced by those candidates., Methods: All candidates for an allogeneic HSCT from a bone marrow transplant unit were invited to take part in this research from March 2014 to March 2015. A questionnaire was developed consisting of five sections with questions about personal information, hematologic disease, access to dental services, and history of dental treatment, patient's preferences, and knowledge., Results: One hundred and ten candidates for allogeneic HSCT participated in this study. Fifty-five participants received professional oral care in the previous year of interview. The majority of patients (64 %) went to a dentist not linked to transplant staff, and private dental service was the most visited (42 %). To visit a dentist during the previous year was statistically associated with the habit of going to a dentist outside the hospital (p < 0.001), which was statistically associated with the family income (p = 0.001). The main barriers to access to dental treatment were lack of guidance (66 %), apprehension (45 %), and lack of confidence (29 %) in an "external" dentist., Conclusions: Most of the barriers seem to be associated to lack of confidence and information among patients and professionals, as well as a lack of parameters for scheduling or referrals to dental care, especially for those with a low-socioeconomic background.

Purpose: This study aims to explore parameters of nutritional assessment and food intake as predictors of clinical outcomes after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT)., Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively with 56 adult patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT. Energy and protein daily intake were used to calculate the energy and protein cumulative deficit. The nutritional assessment tools were weight, body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold (TSF), and arm muscle area (AMA) before HSCT and after HSCT., Results: Food intake decreased immediately after the transplant and the energy and protein cumulative deficit increased during hospitalization (p < 0.01). Almost 70 % of patients had severe weight loss (greater than 5 %), and the average percentage of weight loss was 8.5 ± 3.9 %. BMI and weight loss percentage were not correlated with the presence of acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) and mortality within 180 days in this population. On the other hand, correlation was found between the initial (pre-HSCT) AMA equal to or below the 15th percentile, with the presence of acute GVHD (p = 0.024), and mortality within 180 days after HSCT (p = 0.010)., Conclusions: The AMA measured pre-HSCT showed to be a potential predictor of acute GVHD and mortality up to 180 days after transplant in adult patients.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the major transplant outcomes between patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC)., Methods: All consecutive HSCT patients using BM or PBSC from an HLA-matched related donors for haematological malignancies after high intensity conditioning at seven Brazilian transplant centres between January 2008 and December 2009 were retrospectively evaluated., Results: In the study period, 334 patients were treated in the centres and included in the evaluation. The cumulative incidence of grades II-IV and III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) at one year was 36.7% and 9.7% for BM recipients and 34.4% and 15.1% for PBSC recipients, respectively (not statistically different). The cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD at three years was 53.7% and 79.8% (HR 1.93; 95% CI 1.38-2.69, P < 0.001) for BM and PBSC, respectively. Median overall survival was 2.85 and 2.39 years for BM and PBSC recipients, respectively (HR 1.19; 95% CI, 0.84-1.68, P = 0.34)., Conclusions: Our results confirm previous findings of increased chronic GVHD incidence in patients receiving PBSC when compared to patients receiving BM as the graft source in HSCT. Acute GVHD incidence, progression-free survival and overall survival were not different between the groups., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Published criteria defining the accelerated phase in chronic myeloid leukemia are heterogeneous and little is known about predictors of poor outcome., Methods: This is a retrospective study of 139 subjects in the accelerated phase of chronic myeloid leukemia treated with imatinib at a single center in Brazil. The objective was to identify risk factors for survival, major cytogenetic response and progression to blast phase in this population. The factors analyzed were: blasts 10-29%, basophils≥20%, platelets>1×10(6)/μL or <1×10(5)/μL and white blood cells>1×10(5)/μL in the peripheral blood, as well as clonal evolution, splenomegaly, hemoglobin<10g/dL, time between diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia and imatinib treatment, and hematologic toxicity., Results: Risk factors for poor survival in multivariate analysis were Grades 3-4 hematologic toxicity (p-value=0.001), blasts 10-29% (p-value=0.023), and hemoglobin<10g/dL (p-value=0.04). Risk factors for not achieving major cytogenetic response were blasts 10-29% (p-value=0.007), hemoglobin<10g/dL (p-value=0.001), and previous use of interferon (p-value=0.032). Risk factors for progression to the blast phase were hemoglobin<10g/dL (p-value=0.005), basophils≥20% (p-value=0.023), and time from diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia to imatinib treatment>12 months (p-value=0.030)., Conclusion: These data indicate that patients with the above risk factors have a worse prognosis. This information can guide the therapy to be used., (Copyright © 2015 Associação Brasileira de Hematologia, Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been successfully used to treat the pediatric population with malignant and non-malignant hematological diseases. This paper reports the results up to 180 days after the procedure of all unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantations in pediatric patients that were performed in one institution., Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all under 18-year-old patients who received unrelated transplantations between 1995 and 2009. Data were analyzed using the log-rank test, Cox stepwise model, Kaplan-Meier method, Fine and Gray model and Fisher's exact test., Results: This study included 118 patients (46.8%) who received bone marrow and 134 (53.2%) who received umbilical cord blood transplants. Engraftment occurred in 89.47% of the patients that received bone marrow and 65.83% of those that received umbilical cord blood (p-value<0.001). Both neutrophil and platelet engraftments were faster in the bone marrow group. Acute graft-versus-host disease occurred in 48.6% of the patients without statistically significant differences between the two groups (p-value=0.653). Chronic graft-versus-host disease occurred in 9.2% of the patients with a higher incidence in the bone marrow group (p-value=0.007). Relapse occurred in 24% of the 96 patients with malignant disease with 2-year cumulative incidences of 45% in the bone marrow group and 25% in the umbilical cord blood group (p-value=0.117). Five-year overall survival was 47%, with an average survival time of 1207 days, and no significant differences between the groups (p-value=0.4666)., Conclusion: Despite delayed engraftment in the umbilical cord blood group, graft-versus-host disease, relapse and survival were similar in both groups., (Copyright © 2015 Associação Brasileira de Hematologia, Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) on bone mineral density (BMD), serum vitamin D levels, and nutritional status of 50 patients between ages 4 and 20 y., Methods: We conducted pre-HSCT and 6-mo post-HSCT evaluations. We measured BMD at the lumbar spine (LS) and total body (TB) by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA); body composition by bioimpedance analysis, and dietary intakes of calcium and vitamin D using the 24-h recall and semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire methods., Results: We observed a significant reduction in BMD 6 mo post-HSCT. Nearly half (48%) of patients had reductions at the LS (average -9.6% ± 6.0%), and patients who developed graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) had the greatest reductions (-5.6% versus 1.2%, P < 0.01). We also found reductions in serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), from 25.6 ± 10.9 ng/dL to 20.4 ± 11.4 ng/dL (P < 0.05), and in body weight. Corticosteroid treatment duration, severity of chronic GVHD, serum 25-OHD levels, and family history of osteoporosis were all risk factors associated with variations in BMD at the LS., Conclusion: HSCT in children and adolescents negatively effects their BMD, nutritional status, and vitamin D levels. We suggest that early routine assessment be done to permit prevention and treatment., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Sub-optimal levels of vitamin D have been found to be highly prevalent in all age groups, with epidemiologic studies demonstrating a link between vitamin D deficiency and disease susceptibility, such as infection and cancer, and mortality rates. In adult transplant patients, it has been suggested that the immunomodulatory properties of vitamin D may have an important role in the prevention and treatment of graft-versus-host disease., Objective: The objective of this study was to assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of children and adolescents submitted to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation., Methods: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of 66 patients, aged 4-20 years, were assessed at three stages: before hospitalization for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and at 30 and 180 days after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The control group consisted of 25 healthy children., Results: At the pre-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation stage, patients had lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D compared to controls (25.7 ± 12.3 ng/mL vs. 31.9 ± 9.9 ng/mL; p-value = 0.01), and a higher prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency (32% vs. 8%; p-value = 0.01). Prevalence increased significantly after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (p-value = 0.01) with half of the patients having vitamin D deficiency at 180 days after transplantation. At this stage, mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were 20.9 ± 10.9 ng/mL, a significant decline in relation to baseline (p-value = 0.01). No correlation was found between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and vitamin D intake, graft-versus-host disease, corticoid use or survival rates., Conclusion: Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were detected even before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and were significantly lower at 180 days after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, thus recommending vitamin D supplementation for children and adolescents submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Background: Individuals classified as morbidly obese require effective treatments to promote weight reduction. Due to the inefficacy of conservative treatments and current medications, bariatric surgery (gastric bypass) has been indicated for this group of individuals., Aim: To identify subgroups of obese patients in order to find patterns that hinder weight loss and recovery after the operation., Method: Variables from the medical records of 50 patients were analyzed at two different times: before bariatric surgery and six months after the surgery, utilizing statistical cluster analysis., Results: The analysis led to dividing the patients into two groups. The body mass index - BMI variable did not influence the classification of the patients. The group in worse metabolic conditions was not necessarily composed of heavier subjects, but the cluster analysis grouped the patients according to four indicators of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic alterations and blood pressure were shown to have a clear correlation to obesity, relation to BMI was not confirmed by this study., Conclusions: Taking measures to manage metabolic syndrome and not focusing solely on weight loss could improve recovery after bariatric surgery, considering that the BMI was reduced in all patients and was not the distinguishing factor for the postoperative period.

BACKGROUND: New criteria for the diagnosis and classification of chronic graft-versus-host disease were developed in 2005 for the purpose of clinical trials with a consensus sponsored by the National Institute of Health. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to present the results of a multicenter pilot study performed by the Brazil-Seattle chronic graft-versus-host disease consortium to determine the feasibility of using these criteria in five Brazilian centers. METHODS: The study was performed after translation of the consensus criteria into Portuguese and training. A total of 34 patients with National Institute of Health chronic graft-versus-host disease were enrolled in the pilot study between June 2006 and May 2009. RESULTS: Of the 34 patients, 26 (76%) met the criteria of overlap syndrome and eight (24%) the classic subcategory. The overall severity of disease was moderate in 21 (62%) and severe in 13 (38%) patients. The median time from transplant to onset of chronic graft-versus-host disease was 5.9 months (Range: 3 - 16 months); the median time for the overlap syndrome subcategory was 5.9 months (Range: 3 - 10 months) and for the classic subcategory, it was 7.3 months (Range: 3 - 16 months). At a median follow up of 16.5 months (Range: 4 - 39 months), overall survival was 75%. CONCLUSIONS: It was feasible to use the National Institute of Health consensus criteria for the diagnosis and scoring of chronic graft-versus-host disease in a Brazilian prospective multicenter study. More importantly, a collaborative hematopoietic cell transplantation network was established in Brazil offering new opportunities for future clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease and in other areas of research involving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Background: Invasive infection by Fusarium sp. is associated with high mortality in patients with hematologic cancer. Yet to the authors' knowledge, little is known regarding predictors of adverse outcome., Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective review of the records of patients with hematologic carcinoma and invasive fusariosis who were treated at one institution in the U.S. and at 11 centers in Brazil., Results: The records of 84 patients were evaluated. Neutropenia was present in 83% and 33 patients had undergone stem cell transplantation. Only 18 patients (21%) were alive 90 days after the diagnosis of fusariosis. Multivariate predictors of poor outcome were persistent neutropenia (hazard ratio [HR] of 5.43; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.64-11.11) and use of corticosteroids (HR of 2.18; 95% CI, 1.98-3.96). The actuarial survival rate of patients without any of these factors was 67% compared with 30% for patients who recovered from neutropenia but were receiving corticosteroids and 4% for patients with persistent neutropenia only. None of the patients with both risk factors survived (P<0.0001)., Conclusions: Measures to reduce the duration of neutropenia, as well as the judicious use of corticosteroids, may reduce the high mortality rate of fusariosis in patients with hematologic cancer., (Copyright 2003 American Cancer Society.)

INTRODUCTION: The Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome is a rare hereditary autosomal recessive disease, characterized by the onset of megaloblastic anemia and asymptomatic proteinuria during the first 2 years of life. OBJECTIVE: To emphasize the importance of early detection of this disorder, due to high morbidity when not correctly treated, in addition to the necessity of screening and genetic counseling of the asymptomatic family members. METHODS: The authors report two patients, male and female, 8 and 10 years old, respectively. Their past history revealed anemia and multiple blood transfusions since their infancy. They evolved with pancytopenia during childhood and diagnosis of Severe Aplastic Anemia or Fanconi Syndrome was suspected. They were referred to the Bone Marrow Transplantation Section -HC- UFPR. RESULTS: Laboratory investigations revealed pancytopenia in peripheral blood. Bone marrow aspiration showed a marked megaloblastic erythropoiesis. Twenty-four-hour urine collection revealed proteinuria (3.0 and 5.8 g/dl respectively). Cytogenetic analysis was normal. Resolution of symptoms followed replacement therapy with parenteral vitamin B12. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of megaloblastic anemia in children should be followed by investigation of proteinuria, due to the existence of this rare disorder, that has a simple diagnosis and an effective treatment.