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China's Destiny, published in March 1943, was regarded as an important work in China because the author, Chiang Kai-shek, as a national leader had a significant presence in the world. The contents and importance of the book were also widely touted. However, there were quite a few people in China who criticized Chiang, pointing out the “feudal” and “despotic” character of the book. Some went as far as deriding the book as the “Mein Kampf of China”. Whether positive or negative, China's Destiny created a sensation as a work by the leader of China. Scholars have focused on the sensation it caused and have revealed many of the details of its domestic reception such as how the Chinese people, and particularly those associated with Kuomintang, responded to the book. However, few studies have given sufficient attention to the international response elicited by China's Destiny. The book also created a sensation outside China, therefore, it is necessary as well to analyze international response to understand the comprehensive influence of the book. This article sheds light on the response of two important allies of China in 1943, the United Kingdom and the United States, and how two English-language versions of China's Destiny, published in 1947, were evaluated in the English-speaking world. Authorities in both the UK and US expressed dissatisfaction with the contents of China's Destiny, because it attributed all the problems of China to the so-called unequal treaties. Because of this, the plan to publish an English version of the book met with a setback. After the end of the war with Japan, the American businessman Philip Jaffe published the English version of China's Destiny with detailed comments critical of Chiang's political stance. Jaffe had not secured permission from the KMT to publish, and thus the KMT vigorously criticized him and published an authorized edition of China's Destiny to counter Jaffe's edition. However, this KMT countermeasure allowed readers in the English-speaking world to clearly recognize the anti-American and anti-British character of the book, resulting in a severe blow to Chiang's reputation internationally.

[Abstract] Six patients with iatrogenic and noniatrogenic foreign bodies in the maxillary sinus are presented. Four patients had iatrogenic foreign bodies, including a dental implant, a maxillary wisdom tooth, a maxillary wisdom tooth root and a dental root canal filler. The other two patients with non-iatrogenic foreign bodies fractured an interdental brush while cleaning their teeth and it entered the maxillary sinus. For surgical extraction of foreign bodies, the intra-oral and trans-nasal approaches were performed in 5 patients and 1 patient, respectively. A total of 130 Japanese patients with foreign bodies in the maxillary sinus from 1981 to 2015 were reviewed. The rate of iatrogenic and non-iatrogenic cases were 97.7%, and 2.3% respectively. With regard to dental foreign bodies, all of the reported patients had a tooth root in the maxillary sinus, and our patients with displacement of an entire tooth (including the crown and root) in the maxillary sinus was rare. It is necessary for dentists to perform detailed preoperative evaluation and careful extraction of maxillary wisdom teeth. There were 3 patients with broken interdental brush in the maxillary sinus. The common point of those 3 patients and our 2 patients was that relatively new interdental brushes were used, and been inserted into the periodontal pocket, which is an incorrect cleaning method. It is important for dentists and dental hygienists to provide instructions on the appropriate method of cleaning the teeth with interdental brush in order to prevent fracture and entry of the broken brush into the maxillary sinus.

This paper investigates the internationalism of Zhou Gengsheng, an expert in international law in twentieth century China. The Fourteen Points, stated by US President Woodrow Wilson, advocated the abolition of secret diplomacy, reduction of armaments, partial approval of the selfdetermination of nationalities, and the establishment of the League of Nations, initially received unanimous praise in China. However, the praise and expectations of Chinese intellectuals deflated rapidly, as China had difficulty in recovering the Shandong concession from Germany due to the resolute opposition of Japan at the Paris Peace Conference. It is well known that the significant disappointment caused by the conference led to the May Fourth Movement, which followed soon after. Even so, the expectations and support for international cooperation were strong, even after the conference. Some intellectuals thought that China and the rest of the world should proceed to establish a new international order based on international cooperation. Zhou Gengsheng was one of those vocal proponents. He was hopeful that the League of Nations would play a main role in the process of establishing this order. Although he also admitted the potential defects of the League, such as giving priority to the interests of the most powerful members, he firmly believed that internationalism was one of the inevitable trajectories of history, and he still asserted that the League was essential for achieving international cooperation, even after the Mukden Incident. After World War II, Zhou still believed in internationalism and held ardent hope for the United Nations fulfilling such international cooperation.

This paper will shed light on the relationship between anguished youth and politics in Republican China by focusing on Yang Xianjiang 楊賢江 and The Students' Magazine (Xuesheng zazhi 學生雜誌), of which he took the lead. Yang, born in Zhejiang province in 1895, had been in anguish due to discord with his wife and his hard life in the noise and bustle of Shanghai. However, he practiced self-discipline to overcome his problems and contributed his experiences to certain magazines, including Xuesheng zazhi . His many articles attracted the attention of the editorial department of Xuesheng zazhi, and Yang has been engaged as the managing editor of the magazine since 1921. Throughout his years at the magazine, he carried out a number of reforms to attract more readers. In particular, in the readers' column, which he expanded significantly, he made an effort to answer various questions posted by concerned readers and succeeded in winning their loyalty. What is especially noteworthy is that Yang's answers attributed the main reasons for such anguish to the repression of capitalism and the intrusion of national powers, consequently appealing to readers to support the Nationalist Revolution. Quite a few readers accepted Yang's formula and would later participate in the Chinese Communist Party. However, some readers were unsatisfied with Yang's answers and advocated the value of art and literature to solve their problems. However, that type of idea was criticized by Yang. From his perspective, anguish would only be eliminated through the process of the Nationalist Revolution.

Okinawa Prefecture has a beautiful southern starry sky. We visited two isolated islands in Okinawa Prefecture and held a stargazing workshop in order to give a chance to people in the region to realize the charm of a starry sky and learn about astronomy. We guided them, not only through the starry sky, but also giving insights of the local culture in connection with stars and constellations., 会議発表用資料