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Svetlana Vyacheslavovna Morozova,1 Natalia Stepanovna Alekseeva,2 Sergey Vasilyevich Lilenko,3 Eduard Ivanovich Matsnev,4 Oleg Anatol'evich Melnikov51Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat, State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare and Social Development of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 2Federal State Budgetary Institution, Scientific Neurology Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 3St Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, St Petersburg, 4Department of Physiology and Pathology of Auditory and Vestibular Systems, Federal Scientific Center (FSC), Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, 5ANO Guta Clinic, Moscow, Russian Federation Background: We report here data from the >200 patients recruited in Russia to take part in OSVaLD, a 12-week, open-label, post-marketing surveillance study of the response to betahistine 48 mg/day in vertigo of peripheral vestibular origin carried out in a total of 13 countries.Methods: The primary efficacy endpoint was change in the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI; 100-point scale). Changes in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36, version 2 (SF-36v2®) scores were a priori secondary Outcomes.Results: Total DHI score improved by 43 points during betahistine treatment. This aggregate improvement was equally distributed across the three domains of the DHI (physical, emotional, and functional; P

Potato production is one of the main branches of crop production in the Russian Federation. The Leningrad region is the leading potato-growing region in the northwest of Russia. The sustainability of potato production depends on many factors, such as the level of agricultural technology, seed quality, soil characteristics, weather, climatic conditions, etc. Among weather and climatic factors, air temperature and precipitation are the main meteorological variables. The article analyzes the relationship between regional agrometeorological conditions and potato yields over the past 15 years. Based on the results of the study, it is possible to identify favorable weather conditions for the production of potatoes and increase its yield in the region, in order to optimize the decisions made on the sustainable provision of the population of the region with potatoes.

Research background: The modern social, political and economic challenges of the Fourth Industrial revolution and development of the Network Society actualized the problem of maximizing of effectiveness of innovative policy analysis as one of the key factors of economic and political competitiveness of national states, regions, cities and urban agglomerations in Global World. Purpose of the article: The study focuses on the impact of networking on the effectiveness of national innovative development in the context of globalization. In this vein, the main ways of network interaction are considered and the network model of innovation policy is analyzed. Methods: Modern innovation policy is a synthesis of scientific, economic, industrial, and partly regional policy of the state, aimed at the formation and maintenance of an adequate institutional environment for the process of creating, disseminating and introducing innovations. Thus the key feature of the research methodology is the combination of the New Institutional Approach and the Network Theory. Findings & Value added: The study provides a detailed analysis of international experience in the field of open innovation and innovative development based on network interaction. Moreover, the authors present the classification of countries that are leaders in the process of building information (communicative) and network infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to issues of network interaction at the global level and the case of Russian innovation system in this context.

The article examines the influence of global and local factors on the planning and implementation of large investment projects in the field of tourism in St. Petersburg. Analyzed the current and long-term political and economic factors that must be taken into account when developing a marketing concept for a cruise tourism project with a point of departure and end of routes in the city. The project includes the creation of an international cruise tourism center and a marine passenger shipping company, including the construction of a sea vessel. The negative influence of such factors as: political and economical confrontation with Western countries, aggravated in the period after 2014; restrictions on cross-border movements; increase in the audience of tourists from Southeast Asia. On the other hand, the implementation of the project can be favorably influenced by such factors as: internal political factors of competition between regional elites, the prevailing culture of cruise shipments on the Baltic Sea in the “ferry” format; the effect of replacing “shortfalls in foreign expenditures”; integration with the opening of the “Lakhta Center” and the direction of cinema tourism. An assessment was made of the degree of influence of these factors on the marketing concept of the project for the development of a cruise message and the terms of its payback.

Research background: Today information technologies occupy many spheres of human activity, including political government systems. The new digital reality requires a revision of the political and economic science methodology and a transition to a new paradigm that meets the challenges of information globalization. Purpose of the article: The article is devoted to the study of the European and Russian experience in teaching digital skills to citizens and civil servants. The need to improve existing digital competencies in the context of widespread digitalization is determined. Methods: The main research method is a comparative analysis of the European and Russian approaches to the digital competencies formation in the sphere of public administration and politics, emerging and transforming under the influence of widespread globalization and digitalization. Particular attention is paid to state strategies, programs and projects aimed at digital development and modernization of all areas of society. Findings & Value added: On the basis of the study, the authors formulated the European and Russian models of teaching digital competencies, focusing on the sphere of public administration and politics, highlighted the disadvantages of the Russian model and the advantages of the European approach, and also offered recommendations on the prospects for the spread of European practice in Russian conditions.

The article discusses the investment strategies of university students in relation to the infrastructure of the city, the characteristics of which were evaluated from the point of view of respondents as suitable / not suitable in order to plan their own life in this city. It was proposed to evaluate the investment priorities and investment potential of various infrastructure facilities of the city and aspects of its life. Quantitative and qualitative research was carried out in relation to the investment priorities of the objects: transport infrastructure, urban amenities, urban recreation areas, cultural, art and patriotism development objects, sports facilities and leisure facilities on the example of St. Petersburg. As part of the study, students were also asked to assess the potential willingness to invest in the future as owners or managers of enterprises. The article analyses the significance of a number of urban projects for environmental planning for the development of the territory, including the elements of the Lakhta Center public space in St. Petersburg.

This study reconstructs the process by which quantitative methods were gradually displaced from Russian psychology in the early Soviet period. By the early 1930s, there was a decline in the importance of mathematical methods in psychological disciplines. It was accompanied by the rejection of some mathematical methods and the ideologization of the description of quantitative methodology. After the Central Committee's decree "O pedologicheskikh izvrashcheniyakh v sisteme Narkomprosov" ("On Pedological Perversions in the System of Narkomproses") of 1936 was published in the pages of national newspapers, statistical practice was completely discredited. At the same time, textbooks on statistics in psychological disciplines were withdrawn from circulation. Scientists' attempts to defend the neutrality of scientific methods were unsuccessful and were publicly criticized. As a result, statistical practice almost completely disappeared from psychological disciplines after 1936, although there was no outright ban on the use of statistics. There are two possible reasons for this. First, psychologists may have abandoned statistical practices as a result of ideological pressure. Second, owing to the elimination of mathematical methods, internal disciplinary contradictions-in particular, those characteristic of pedology-were eliminated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The article is devoted to one of the urgent problems of modern medical education - postgraduate education, further development of skills and deepening of knowledge among otorhinolaryngologists after training in clinical residency. The long-term experience of training in advanced training cycles for both otorhinolaryngologists beginning their professional path and doctors with a long, decades-long work experience in the specialty is analyzed. The trajectory of professional development is presented, which allows structuring the acquired knowledge, distributing the stages of training over time, taking into account the priorities of students and combining training with the exchange of experience and personal communication with colleagues. The problems and the most promising directions of the development of postgraduate education of otorhinolaryngologists are considered.

Ménière's disease is a chronic disorder of the inner ear, a permanent sing of which is endolymphatic hydrops. For the diagnosis of Ménière's disease in clinical practice, criteria that are primarily based on the clinical picture. However, instrumental methods for diagnosing Ménière's disease, aimed at identifying endolymphatic hydrops, continue to be developed and improved. Radiation diagnostics contribute significant contribution and aimed at identifying the characteristic signs of Ménière's disease. Recently, it has become possible to visualize endolymphatic hydrops using MRI of the temporal bones. This publication presents an analysis of the current state of this topical aspect of the problem of diagnosing Ménière's disease. The purpose of this review is to conduct a comparative analysis of radiation methods for diagnosing Ménière's disease., Material and Methods: The study included publications in English and Russian found in the PubMed, eLibrary database related to the diagnosis of Meniere's disease., Results: A comparative analysis of computed tomography of the temporal bones, magnetic resonance imaging of the temporal bones and diagnostic possibilities for detecting signs characteristic of Ménière's disease are presented. The most diagnostically significant method of studying Ménière's disease is identified., Conclusion: MRI of the temporal bones with contrast enhancement is a promising method that can be used to develop an effective treatment algorithm.

We describe our experience of teaching practical skills in Otorhinolaryngology in the Department of Ear, Larynx and Nose diseases of the Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) as a part of the rector's project 'School of Mastery' Training is held under the program, specially designed at the department. This program takes into account all the aspects of ENT doctor's practice. During their training in the school students actively participate in the work of the ENT department - they visit the dressing room, operating theater, take part in professors' rounds, and oversee the patients with various ENT conditions. Seminars are held weekly to consolidate learned practical skills. Training sessions are also held in departments of Children's Otorhinolaryngology and emergency ENT department. Results of the 'School of Mastery' were analyzed at the Department of Ear, Larynx and Nose diseases. Future perspectives are also stated.

This publication was designed to report the experience gained by the Department of ear, nose and throat diseases at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University in the matters concerning professional medical education in the framework of the clinical residency. The main factors that contribute to the adequate shaping of the future ENT-doctor are considered. These include the continuity of generations and conservation of the traditions in the combination with the development of the leading areas of scientific, clinical and educational work.

Background: Vestibular vertigo is associated with substantially reduced quality of life. Betahistine is effective in improving vertigo-associated symptoms, with longer treatment periods leading to greater improvements; however, it is not known whether these effects persist after treatment cessation., Methods: VIRTUOSO was a prospective, multinational, non-comparative, post-marketing observational programme investigating the effectiveness of betahistine (48 mg/day) and the course of vertigo after the discontinuation of treatment. Patients with vestibular vertigo who were prescribed 48 mg/day betahistine were enrolled in Russia and Ukraine. Treatment duration was up to 2 months, and patients were followed up for 2 months after discontinuation of betahistine. Efficacy endpoints included clinical response (assessed by change in vertigo severity), monthly attack frequency, and physician and patient grading of overall clinical response and improvement of vertigo-associated symptoms., Results: Overall, 309 patients were enrolled and 305 completed the study. Clinical response was rated as good, very good or excellent in 74.1% of patients at end of treatment, with vertigo severity significantly decreased from baseline (p < 0.001). Monthly vertigo attack frequency decreased significantly during the 2 months of treatment (p < 0.001 from baseline) and further decreased during the 2-month follow-up (p < 0.001 from end of treatment). Overall, clinical response was graded as good or excellent by 94.4% of physicians and 95.4% of patients. Clinical improvement was considered either good or excellent by 82.6-90.5% of physicians and patients for nausea, vomiting and faintness. Only one adverse event was reported, with no serious adverse events., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that betahistine (48 mg/day) therapy is effective in treating vertigo in routine clinical settings. The observed effects persisted for 2 months after treatment cessation, suggesting that betahistine may facilitate lasting vestibular compensation.

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the frequency of causes underlying the development of dizziness and vertigo in the patients seeking advice and care at an outpatient healthcare facility. A total of 590 patients with complaints of dizziness and vertigo were examined. It was found out that the peripheral disorders of the vestibular analyzer were the most frequent causes of dizziness and vertigo in the majority of the examined patients. These conditions were documented to occur in more than 65% of the patients. The most common forms of peripheral vestibular disorders were benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere's disease, and vestibular neuronitis. The central vestibular disorders occurred considerably less frequently than peripheral ones and were diagnosed only in 10.9% of the patients. The results of the study provided a basis for the development of the algorithm forthe bedside examination of the patients presenting with vertigo and dizziness associated with peripheral vestibular disorders. It is emphasized that such examination should include, besides the standard neurological studies, the neuro-otological tests making it possible to detect the most common forms of peripheral vestibular disorders.

This review deals with the structure and function of the vomeronasal system and evaluation of its influence on the sexual sphere of humans and animals. Special attention is given to the role of pheromones in the regulation of the sexual behaviour. The data concerning the function of the vomeronasal organ following surgical interventions in the nasal cavity are discussed.

This publication was designed to report the experience gained by the Department of Ear, Throat and Nose Diseases at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University in the matters concerning the education of the students involved in the activities of research groups. The main causes for which the senior students should be attracted to doing research work in the framework of the university-based scientific societies are considered. Special emphasis is laid on the role of the students' research groups in the formation of the system of values as a personality trait of the future doctor. The experience gained during the recent years with the organization of inter-institutional students' competitions (otorhinolaryngological olympiads) is discussed.

This article reports the results of the international post-marketing observational program VIRTUOSO aimed at the evaluation of the efficacy of betahistine dihydrochloride at the dose of 48 mg/day for 1-2 months in patients with paroxysmal vertigo of various origins. The clinical response was rated as good, very good or excellent in 74.1% of the patients (p<0.001). Monthly vertigo attack frequency with betahistine decreased in average from 8.0 to 3.0 (p<0.001). Vertigo attack frequency further decreased during the 2-month follow-up after the end of betahistine treatment. No serious adverse effects of betahistine have been reported.

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the peculiar features of the psychosomatic status in the patients with chronic vertebrogenic and cochleovestibular disorders The psychosomatic status was evaluated in 117 patients at the age from 21 to 65 years presenting with these conditions using the psychometric tests based on the STAI questionnaire (the state-trait anxiety inventory) adapted for the determination of the level of reactive and personal anxiety. It was shown that the vestibular disorders, tympanophonia, and hearing impairment have a negative influence on the psychogenic status of the patients suffering from cochleovestibulopathy. As many as 92.3% of the patients were characterized by the high or moderately high level of reactive and personal anxiety. The depressive conditions of various severity were diagnosed in 29.1% of the patients. The correction of postural muscular disbalance made it possible to achieve the well apparent reduction of the manifestations of reactive anxiety without prescription of the pharmacotherapeutic treatment and thereby to increase the effectiveness of the management of the patients presenting with the vertebrogenic and cochleovestibular disorders.

This paper contains the data suggesting the necessity and importance of the comprehensive treatment of tympanophonia on an individual basis including the rational choice of the combination of pharmacotherapeutic and non-medicamental modalities, such as classical acupuncture and the like. The special emphasis is laid on the importance of compliance with the prescribed hygienic procedures for the organs of hearing and prophylaxis of cochlear disorders.

In recent times, there were a lot of different investigations dedicated to olfactory disorders in patients with psychiatric diseases.Nevertheless,olfactory discrimination and olfactory identification usually are not used in everyday clinical neurological and psychiatric examination, if a patient hasn't got any complaints. A review of research over the past two decades on olfactory disorders and their diagnosis in patients with schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy, and alcohol dependency is presented.

The authors emphasize the importance of the problem of differential diagnostics and combined treatment of tymanophonia with special reference to the widespread, multiple, and diverse causative factors behind this condition as well as the great variability of its clinical signs and symptoms, and difficulty of recoding tympanophonia. The relative significance of various methods in the system of combined treatment of tympanophonia is discussed. It is concluded that the choice of therapy of this condition including the rational combination of pharmacotherapy and non-medicamental modalities, such as classical acupuncture, should be made taking into consideration individual characteristics of the concrete patients.

The objective of the present study was to estimate the efficacy of the combined treatment of spondylogenic cochlear-vestibular disorders with the use of both medicamental and non-medicamental modalities. Computed static stabilometry was applied for diagnostics of postural disbalance and evaluation of the treatment outcomes. It was shown that the application of manual therapy for the management of 56 patients presenting with spondylogenic cochlear-vestibular disorders resulted in the decrease of tinnitus and the improvement of vestibular and cochlear functions.

A total of 177 patients with otosclerosis were selected for this study. Vestibular disorders were diagnosed in 40 (22.6%) of them. The patients were allocated to 2 groups comprising 11 and 18 subjects respectively. Patients of group 1 were given surgical treatment during the current hospitalization. Patients of group 2 were treated by conservative therapy following stapedoplasty performed 1 year or more earlier. The study included analysis of vestibular symptoms and evaluation of clinical effectiveness of the combined treatment in the form of therapy with betahistine dihydrochloride (betaserk) during 2 months and a course of 10-12 sessions of game exercises at a stabilographic complex. The patients of both groups enjoyed reduced severity of subjective and objective vestibular symptoms and statistically significant improvement of the equilibrium function assessed from statokinesigrams. It is concluded that combined vestibuloadaptive therapy is an effective method of preparation for stapedoplasty and correction of postoperative complications.

Basic therapy of peripheral cochleovestibular disorders of vascular origin consists of the rational combination of medicamentous and non-medicamentous treatments that collectively ensure positive clinical results. The use of hirudotherapy for the management of peripheral cochleovestibular disorders resulted in the substantial decrease of ear noise and the maintenance of the tendency toward further improvement of cochlear and vestibular functions.

Aim: To characterize the spectrum, incidence rate and features of pulmonary pathology in HIV-infected inpatients with reference to a fall in the count of CD4-lymphocytes., Material and Methods: A total of 2370 patients with HIV infection admitted to Moscow infectious hospital N 2 were examined. The protocol of examination included: standard diagnostic tests, bronchoscopy with examination of bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsies for genetic markers of basic pulmonary disease pathogens, assessment of external respiration function by spirometry. By the count of CD4-lymphocytes in the blood (> 500 cells/mcl; 500-200 cells/mcl and < 200 cells/mcl) the patients with pulmonary pathology were divided into groups 1, 2 and 3., Results: Affection of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) was detected in 1209 (51%) patients. Incidence, etiological spectrum and severity of LRT lesions increased significantly with aggravation of immunological disorders. The patients of group 1 were affected more frequently with bacterial bronchitis, pneumonia (88.2%), group 2 patients - with bacterial pneumonia (67.1%) and pulmonary tuberculosis (28.1%), group 3 - with tuberculosis including generalized forms (53.9%), cytomegalovirus infection (11.2%), pneumocystosis (7.2%). Combined pulmonary pathology was diagnosed in 25% cases., Conclusion: Changes in external respiration function were most evident in pneumocystosis and tuberculosis, but they were most persistent in cytomegaloviral lesion of the lungs. Some tuberculosis and CMV infection patients exhibited ventilatory disorders prior to clinical and x-ray symptoms, this suggests prognostic significance of spirometry.

Literature data and results of epidemiological examination show that traumas play a significant role in emergence of neurosensory hypoacusis (NSHA) in young healthy population. The diagnosis of NSHA is often missed in forensic-medical examination and this may cause a social problem. Audiometric signs of NSHA were studied in subjects with trauma of the labyrinth. Pure tone audiometry results can be used for differential diagnosis of mechanical and barotraumas and as additional criteria in determination of the harm to health.

During the last few years, an important protective effect of the noble gas xenon against neuronal hypoxic damage was observed. However, argon (Ar), a gas from the same chemical group, but less expensive and without anesthetic effect at normobaric pressure, has not been studied in terms of possible biological effects on cell protection. Ar was tested for its ability to protect organotypic cultures of the organ of Corti from 3-5 day old rats against hypoxia, cisplatin, and gentamycin toxicity. Cultures were exposed to nitrogen hypoxia (5% CO2, 95% N2), Ar hypoxia (5% CO2, 95% Ar) or normoxia for 30 h. Ar protected the hair cells from hypoxia-induced damage by about 25%. Ar-oxygen (O2) mixtures (21% O2, 5% CO2, 74% Ar) had no effect on the hair cell survival. Cisplatin (7.5-25 microM) and gentamycin (5-40 microM) exposed in medium under air damaged the hair cells in a dose-dependent manner. The exposure of cisplatin- and gentamycin-treated cultures to the Ar-O2 atmosphere significantly reduced the hair cell damage by up to 25%. This protective effect of Ar might provide a new protective approach against ototoxic processes.

Aim: To study clinical and morphological characteristics of gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in HIV-infected subjects., Material and Methods: The examination of 70 HIV-infected subjects (all of them had secondary diseases, AIDS, CMV infection in the gastrointestinal tract; mean age 31.2 +/- 1.4 years) observed from 1993-2005 included conduction of flow cytofluorimetry (to assess immunity), esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, PCR (to assay CMV DNA in blood leukocytes), examination of biopsy and autopsy samples for CMV DNA and other pathogens of opportunistic diseases). There were 55 lethal outcomes. In autopsy, a total macroscopic and microscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract was made. Serial histotopographic sections were studied with a wide spectrum of histological stains., Results: CMV gastrointestinal lesion was diagnosed in 38.9% of 180 HIV-infected subjects who had stomatitis, pharyngitis, esophagitis, gastritis, enteritis, enterocolitis or colitis. Diagnostic criteria of viral lesion were high blood concentrations of CMV DNA, the presence of cytomegalocells, CMV DNA in biopsy or autopsy material., Conclusion: CMV infection manifested with severe pain, loss of weight, weakness, remitting fever. Gastrointestinal lesions were erosive-ulcerous or ulceronecrotic. The following pathogenetic chain of CMV infection course in the gastrointestinal tract was established: vasculitis--microcirculatory disorders--segmental ischemia--necrosis with inflammatory infiltration and CMV transformation of the cells--fibrosing--cicatricial transformation of the organ wall. Developing sclerosis due to CMV involvement of the intestine may promote cancer, but this should be proved in further studies. CMV gastrointestinal infection was successfully treated by cimeven (ganciclovir) and valcit (valganciclovir). The effect was achieved in 91% cases.

The authors review the history of the research on acute neurosensory hypoacusis performed at the chair of ENT diseases of the I. M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Institute in 1916-1995. Etiological, pathogenetic, clinical, therapeutic and prophylactic aspects are considered. The investigators have developed and introduced into practice combined treatment of acute neurosensory hypoacusis the primary components of which are immediate hospitalization, chemotherapy in line with hyperbaric oxygenation and reflex therapy.

The authors have performed combined therapy of 300 patients with acute and subacute neurosensory hypoacusis varying in etiology, 45 patients with acute and subacute disorders of the olfactory analyzer caused by previous infections, emotional stress, inhalation of irritants. The treatment included a 10-day course of reflex therapy, antihypoxic and vasoactive drugs. As a result, a positive trend was observed in acoustic, vestibular and olfactory functions in the majority of cases. The scheme is proposed for routine otorhinolaryngological practice.

To register objectively olfactory defects and to assess them qualitatively and quantitatively, the authors propose to use olfactometric techniques reflecting olfactovegetative and olfactovestibular manifestations. Automatic pupillographic complex APK-OI provides speed, time and amplitude parameters of the pupillary and nyctating reflexes. 600 pupillograms and records of the nictation reflex proved high diagnostic significance of these methods. 104 stabilographic examinations (ST-02 unit) illustrated the changes in 12 vestibular parameters prior to and after olfactory impact. The results give grounds for application of olfactovestibular reactions registration as an objective olfactometric test.

310 patients with olfactory analyzer dysfunction have been examined. Of them 40 patients received laser radiation on the olfactory zone. The course comprised 10 sessions. A response occurred in 26 patients who exhibited neither side effects nor allergy. The conclusion is made on validity of using helium-neon laser in perspective olfactory defects.

ENT specialists of the Moscow Sechenov Medical University have developed and tried a variant of the pointed test permitting prognostication of the results which could be obtained at treatment of patients with noise in the ears of different etiology. The test was performed in 263 patients with neurosensory, mixed-type and conductive hypoacusis. High informative potential, convenience in performance for physician and the patient who can be taught to conduct in independently make the test valuable in practical otorhinolaryngology.

The all-purpose small-sized portable helium-neon laser unit LTM-I has been tested in a clinic. The unit is constructed on the basis of a quantum generator of 0.5-1.0 mW with a wave length of 632.8 nm. The unit is provided with special appliances allowing emission to be brought to the external auditory passage and the tympanic cavity. The unit was used to treat 110 patients with chronic purulent middle otitis. Exposure lasted 10-12 min. The treatment course consisted of 7-12 sessions. The favourable effect was noted by the 6-7th day of treatment in 52 patients with chronic purulent mesotympanitis with a protracted torpid course. Improvement of the cytological picture, disappearance of the microbial flora, normalization of immunological indices made it possible to arrive at a conclusion on the existence of a certain adaptogenic mechanism of action of laser emission.

At present total sequestration of the labyrinth in the case of purulent epitympanitis and cholesteatoma is a rare pathology. This paper describes data from the literature and two observations by the present authors. They offer an efficient method for arresting labyrinthectomy-induced liquorrhea by means of a flap of the lip mucous membrane. They maintain that computer tomography combined with traditional tomography is an informative method for diagnosing labyrinth destruction. They assert that continuous destruction of the labyrinth during prolonged pyorrhea and progressive development of cholesteatoma can be stimulated by functional changes of the body, e.g. pregnancy. They also suggest that the vestibular apparatus has high compensatory potentials under the conditions of a complete destruction of the vestibule and semicircular canals as a result of extended inflammation of the middle and internal ear.

A comprehensive allergological examinations of 92 patients with lesions of the nose and paranasal cavities and 20 essentially healthy subjects was carried out, using skin tests and neutrophil tests. Half of the patients showed sensitization to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes allergens, which occurred more frequently in patients with chronic purulent sinusitis. It is recommended to expose such patients to allergological examinations and to prescribe, if indicated, desensitization therapy.