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Los arrecifes del Parque Nacional Morrocoy (PNM) se encuentran actualmente impactados. Posterior a la mortandad masiva ocurrida en 1996, ha habido indicios de recuperación de Acropora palmata. Este proceso podría ser retrasado por Coralliophila. Se observaron solamente tres colonias de A. palmata en todo un arrecife de Cayo Sombrero. En julio 2005 estas presentaron densidades de Coralliophila abbreviata de 4, 0 y 2 ind/col y de Coralliophila caribaea de 22, 14 y 0 ind/col y, en enero 2006 las densidades fueron: 8, 0 y 4 ind/col de C abbreviata y 22, 14 y 0 ind/col de C caribaea. En las tres colonias se observaron cuatro lesiones (dos de cada depredador). Hubo pérdida de tejido de 66,14 cm a 162,85 cm en las lesiones ocasionadas por C abbreviata, con tasa de depredación de 0,52 cm día-1 en una de ellas, mientras que en otra fue de 37,41 a 72,50 cm con tasa de depredación de 0,19 cm día-1 . Las lesiones generadas por C caribaea no cambiaron. Es probable que el efecto de Coralliophila afecte la recuperación de A. palmata en el PNM, considerando la alta densidad de depredadores y la escasa abundancia de este coral en este parque.The coral reefs of Morrocoy National Park are currently deteriorated. After the massive mortality of 1996, Acropora palmata has shown some signs of recovery, a process that could be hampered by Coralliophila. We observed only three colonies of A. palmata in an entire reef in Cayo Sombrero. In July 2005, these colonies registered Coralliophila abbreviata densities of 4, 0, and 2 ind/col and Coralliophila caribaea densities of 22, 14, and 0 ind/col; in January 2006, said densities were 8, 0, and 4 ind/col (C. abbreviaté) and 22, 14, and 0 ind/col (C. caribaea). Four sites of damage (two per predator) were observed in the three colonies. In one colony, C abbreviata caused a loss of tissue of 66.14 to 162.85 cm , indicating a predation rate of 0.52 cm² day-1. In the other colony, the damage ranged from 37.41 to 72.50 cm2, with a predation rate of 0.19 cm day-1. The areas damaged by C caribaea did not show any change. The high density and predation rate of Coralliophila likely affected the recovery of the scant specimens of A. palmata in Morrocoy National Park.

Ichthyofauna associated to a shallow reef in Morrocoy National Park, Venezuela. Morrocoy National Park is one of the most studied coastal marine enviroments in Venezuela; however, efforts have been concentrated in south zone. In this study we select a shallow reef located in the north zone, characterized the benthic community and the structure of the fish community was studied using visual censuses. The benthic community was dominated by dead coral covered by algae (31%) and the live coral coverage was 12%. A total of 65 fish species belonging to 24 families were recorded, being Pomacentridae (43%), Scaridae (19%) and Haemulidae (15%) the most abundant families. Significant differences in the fish species abundances were found along the depth gradient, which could be related to the habitat characteristics, nevertheless herbivorous species dominance was evident at all depth strata. There seems to be a trend towards greater richness and density in the south zone reefs, and these differences may be related to the presence of extensive seagrass meadows and mangrove forests in that area or to differences in the recruitment patterns. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (Suppl. 3): 163-174. Epub 2010 October 01.

Se evaluó la selectividad de presas de Coralliophila abbreviata y C. caribaea en seis arrecifes coralinos del Parque Nacional Morrocoy (PNM), Venezuela, mediante métodos descriptivos y experimentales. Se estimó la abundancia y riqueza coralina, el número de Coralliophila spp. y su presa coralina mediante cuadratas aleatorias de 1 m² en tres sitios por cada arrecife . Se utilizaron ocho jaulas de exclusión de 1 m³ en cuyo interior se colocaron cinco colonias coralinas de diferentes especies, equidistantes a 10 individuos de C. abbreviata. Se observó una estrecha relación depredador-presa entre C. abbreviata y la hexacoralina Montastraea annularis, representando el 56,8% de todas las interacciones en todas las localidades, seguida por Diploria strigosa (19,3%), Agaricia agaricites (12,2%), Colpophyllia natans (4,6%) y A. tenuifolia (3,1%). C. caribaea exhibió una mayor afinidad con el octocoral Erythropodium caribaeorum (42,6%) y las hexacoralinas C. natans (24,1%), Montastraea faveolata (11,1%), Porites porites (7,4%) y D. strigosa (11,1%). De igual forma, el experimento mostró mayor asociación de C. abbreviata con M. annularis 53,3%, seguida por C. natans (17,8%), A. tenuifolia y D. strigosa (11,1% cada una) y A. agaricites (6,7%). Según estos resultados, C. abbreviata debería generar un mayor impacto que C. caribaea sobre el PNM debido a que sus presas más frecuentes están entre las principales formadoras de arrecife mientras que C. caribaea depredó mayormente a E. caribaeorum, la cual es competidora de hexacorales.Coralliophila abbreviata and C. caribaea are tropical gastropods of the Caribbean Sea. These gastropods have shown to be important corallivores. The objective of this work was to evaluate in situ the prey selectivity of C. abbreviata and C. caribaea in some coral reefs of Morrocoy National Park by means of experimental and descriptive methods. We used quadrats of 1 m² to estimate coral abundance and richness, number of Coralliophila specimens, and coral species preyed on by Coralliophila sp. in three sites at each locality. For the experiment, we enclosed in cages five coral colonies of different species together with 10 individuals of C. abbreviata located in the center of the cages and equidistant to all colonies. A total of 8 exclusion cages of 1 m³ were evaluated. We observed in situ a higher relation predator-prey between C. abbreviata and the hexacoral species M. annularis, representing 56.8% of the total interactions at all localities, followed by D. strigosa (19.3%), A. agaricites (12.2%), C. natans (4.6%) and A. tenuifolia (3.1%). C. caribaea presented a higher relation predator-prey with the octocoral species E. caribaeorum (42.6%), followed by those with the hexacoral species C. natans (24.1%), M. faveolata (11.1%), P. porites (7.4%) and D. strigosa (11.1%). The experiment showed a major relation between C. abbreviata and M. annularis, with 53.3% of total interactions, followed by those of C. natans (17.8%), A. tenuifolia and D. strigosa (11.1%) and A. agaricites (6.7%). According to the outcomes C. abbreviata is thought to generate a larger impact than C. caribaea on Morrocoy National Park because its more common preys are mainly coral reef building species while C. caribaea predate mainly on E. caribaeorum, which is a competitive species of hexacorals.

C. abbreviata y C. caribaea son moluscos coralívoros del Mar Caribe. Evaluamos la variabilidad temporal de la abundancia y los cambios en la estructura de talla de C. abbreviata y C. caribaea en Cayo Sombrero, Venezuela (septiembre 2004-agosto 2005). Se colocaron transectas fijas de 50 metros de longitud a profundidades de tres y seis metros cada una, paralelas a la costa. Se evaluó mensualmente durante un año la densidad de ambos depredadores y se seleccionaron 30 individuos de C. abbreviata para medirlos cada mes. Las densidades de C. abbreviata en la transecta somera fluctuaron entre 1.78 ind/m² en septiembre y 6.26 ind/m² en mayo; las densidades de C. abbreviata en la transecta profunda estuvieron comprendidas entre 4.23 ind/m² en enero y 7.66 ind/m² en mayo. Las densidades de C. caribaea fluctuaron en la transecta somera entre 0 ind/m² (todos los meses menos septiembre) y 0.03 ind/m² (septiembre) mientras que la transecta profunda fluctuó entre 0 ind/m² (octubre a marzo y julio) y 0.1 ind/m² (abril). La mayoría de los individuos de C. abbreviata midieron entre 12 y 16 mm de longitud. El largo de la mayoría de los individuos de C. caribaea estuvo comprendido entre 10 y 15 mm.Temporary abundance variation of Coralliophila abbreviata and Coralliophila caribaea (Mollusca, Coralliophilidae) in a coral reef at Morrocoy National Park. The mollusks Coralliophila abbreviata and C. caribaea are coral predators in the Caribbean Sea . We evaluated the temporal variability of abundance and size structure of C. abbreviata and C. caribaea in Cayo Sombrero, Morrocoy National Park, Venezuelar (September 2004 - August 2005). The density of C. abbreviata and C. caribaea was evaluated monthly by means of two 50- meter long transects paralell to the coast line, at 3 m and 6 m deep; aditionally, 30 individuals of C. abbreviata were collected to measure size. The densities of C. abbreviata at the shallow transect fluctuated between 1.78 ind/m² in September and 6.26 ind/m² in May. The densities at the deep transect fluctuated between 4.23 ind/m² in January and 7.66 ind/m² in May. The densities of C. caribaea at the shallow transect fluctuated between 0 ind/m2 (except in September) and 0.03 ind/m² (September) and the densities at the deep transect fluctuated between 0 ind/m² (October to March and July) and 0.1 ind/m² (April). Most individuals of C. abbreviata and C. caribaea measured between 12 and 16 mm and between 10 and 15 mm long respectively. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2): 501-511. Epub 2008 June 30.

Se presentan los resultados de las mediciones de niveles del mar, profundidad del mar, corrientes tridimensionales realizadas en diversos lugares del Parque Nacional Morrocoy, oleaje y temperatura en el fondo del mar, así como resultados de mediciones de velocidad y dirección del viento, temperatura ambiental y precipitación acaecida desde mayo 2000 hasta marzo de 2002. El análisis de los registros de corrientes en gran parte del Parque muestra velocidades de corriente de poca magnitud y dominada por la corriente de marea que interactúa con el sistema costero. La marea está definida como mixta, predominantemente diurna, con un rango de poca amplitud. La temporada de lluvias esta localizada entre los meses de junio a diciembre. Las temperaturas medias mensuales alcanzan su mínimo en los meses de enero y febrero, mientras que la velocidad media del viento es de 4.4 m/s con dirección dominante E-ESE.The results of measurements of sea level, water depth, three dimensional currents in several locations of the Morrocoy National Park, water waves and bottom temperature, as well as records of wind velocities and direction, air temperature and rainfall, during the period between May 2000 and March 2002, are shown. The analysis of the records of currents shows low intensity and dominated by the tide that interacts with the coastal system. The tide is defined as mixed, predominantly diurnal, with low amplitude. The rainfall season is located between the months of June and December. The monthly average air temperature reaches their minimum during the months of January and February, whereas the mean wind velocity is 4.4 m/s with a dominant direction of E-ESE.

Knowledge of the natural diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and understanding of their biogeographical patterns and what drive them might help to the maintenance and preservation of ecosystems under a changing environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of different environmental factors to the determination of the composition of AMF assemblages in representative sites within the Morrocoy National Park (Venezuela). The community structure of the AMF under the canopy of Coccoloba uvifera was investigated in four cays (Borracho, Muerto, Peraza, and Paiclás) and one mainland location (Las Luisas). Based on partial sequences of the nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA gene, the AM fungi in soil samples were divided into 31 operational taxonomic units, grouped in eight families. The canonical correspondence analysis showed that environmental factors related to insularity (the mean annual rainfall, the distance to the mainland coast, and the cay land area) and a soil property related to biological activity (the total carbohydrate content) were significantly related to the distribution of the AMF communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sponges have an important ecological role in coral reef ecosystems. However, when compared to other benthic Phyla, it has been little researched. This research was focused in the variability of the community structure of sponges in three locations at Morrocoy National Park (Cayo Sombrero, Playa Mero and Punta Brava) exposed to different environmental conditions (transparency and currents intensity) and affected in different degree of severity by a mass mortality event in 1996. A total of 15 transects (10m long and 1m wide) were evaluated in three strata (between 3 and 15m depth) in each site, where all the individuals were counted by species. Relative abundance by species, diversity and evenness were calculated. Locations showed differences respect turbidity, wave and current intensity. 27 species were found in Morrocoy; Cayo Sombrero (23), Playa Mero (18) and Punta Brava (15). Agelas sceptrum, Amphimedon erina and Niphates erecta were the most common in first location; Niphates erecta and Dysidea etheria in Playa Mero and Dysidea etheria, Niphates erecta and Amphimedon erina in Punta Brava. The species composition showed statistical differences between all three locations; Cayo Sombrero resulted the most diverse and even, followed by Playa Mero and Punta Brava. According to Sorensen Similarity Index results, Cayo Sombrero and Playa Mero were more similar, while Punta Brava resulted the most different. The variability in environmental conditions and the differential mass mortality effects of 1996 in all three reefs, were probably the main causes of the differences between their sponge communities. Nevertheless, we cannot conclude about the weight of these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coral reefs of Morrocoy National Park are currently deteriorated. After the massive mortality of 1996, Acropora palmata has shown some signs of recovery, a process that could be hampered by Coralliophila. We observed only three colonies of A. palmata in an entire reef in Cayo Sombrero. In July 2005, these colonies registered Coralliophila abbreviata densities of 4, 0, and 2 ind/col and Coralliophila caribaea densities of 22, 14, and 0 ind/col; in January 2006, said densities were 8, 0, and 4 ind/col (C. abbreviate) and 22, 14, and 0 ind/col (C. caribaea). Four sites of damage (two per predator) were observed in the three colonies. In one colony, C. abbreviata caused a loss of tissue of 66.14 to 162.85 cm², indicating a predation rate of 0.52 cm² day-1. In the other colony, the damage ranged from 37.41 to 72.50 cm², with a predation rate of 0.19 cm² day-1. The areas damaged by C. caribaea did not show any change. The high density and predation rate of Coralliophila likely affected the recovery of the scant specimens of A. palmata in Morrocoy National Park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentrations of heavy metals in the western coast of Venezuela are partly driven by anthropogenic influences. To detect metal changes over time, the waters and sediments from 19 sites, across various marine ecosystems, were sampled seven times between 2000 and 2001 and compared with previous studies. The water samples had mean concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn above the guideline values proposed by NOAA as capable of producing chronic effects in the marine biota. In sediments, the mean Cd concentration also exceeded NOAA's Effects Range-Low values for all habitat types, and in sheltered sites, it exceeded NOAA's Effects Range-Median values. The meta-analysis indicated that metal concentrations in water were higher in 2000-2001 than in 1995-1997, with the exception of Pb. In sediments, however, only the concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Pb increased in this period. This increase was particularly noticeable for Cd which, by 2000-2001, showed Igeo values indicating that Morrocoy National Park could be considered strongly to extremely polluted. This increment in the metal concentrations could be associated with: (1) an anomalous precipitation event that occurred at the end of 1999 and which caused a disturbance in the sediment chemistry of most metals and/or (2) an increase in the anthropogenic and natural input of Cd probably associated with the production of fertilizers in the region during the period analyzed. Special attention should be paid to Cd levels in this area as it represents a high toxicological risk for the biota in different habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coralliophila abbreviata and C. caribaea are tropical gastropods of the Caribbean Sea. These gastropods have shown to be important corallivores. The objective of this work was to evaluate in situ the prey selectivity of C. abbreviata and C. caribaea in some coral reefs of Morrocoy National Park by means of experimental and descriptive methods. We used quadrats of 1 m² to estimate coral abundance and richness, number of Coralliophila specimens, and coral species preyed on by Coralliophila sp. in three sites at each locality. For the experiment, we enclosed in cages five coral colonies of different species together with 10 individuals of C. abbreviata located in the center of the cages and equidistant to all colonies. A total of 8 exclusion cages of 1 m³ were evaluated. We observed in situ a higher relation predator-prey between C. abbreviata and the hexacoral species M. annularis, representing 56.8% of the total interactions at all localities, followed by D. strigosa (19.3%), A. agaricites (12.2%), C. natans (4.6%) and A. tenuifolia (3.1%). C. caribaea presented a higher relation predator-prey with the octocoral species E. caribaeorum (42.6%), followed by those with the hexacoral species C. natans (24.1%), M. faveolata (11.1%), P. porites (7.4%) and D. strigosa (11.1%). The experiment showed a major relation between C. abbreviata and M. annularis, with 53.3% of total interactions, followed by those of C. natans (17.8%), A. tenuifolia and D. strigosa (11.1%) and A. agaricites (6.7%). According to the outcomes C. abbreviata is thought to generate a larger impact than C. caribaea on Morrocoy National Park because its more common preys are mainly coral reef building species while C. caribaea predate mainly on E. caribaeorum, which is a competitive species of hexacorals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Concentrations of ten metals were measured in waters and sediments at 14 sites during four sampling periods (1996–1997). These sites include various marine ecosystems that are highly influenced by industry, tourism and river discharges, nine of which are within the Morrocoy National Park. Spatially, metal concentrations in water were homogenous, whereas in sediments their distributions were related to grain size. Maximum concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and mean concentrations of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in water were above the guideline values proposed by NOAA, indicating the potential of these metals for producing chronic effects in marine biota. Sheltered sites showed the highest metal concentrations in sediments; with Cd and Zn above these guidelines. Enrichment factors and geo-accumulation indexes suggested that metals in sediments were largely of natural origin except for Pb, Cd and vanadium (V), which were apparently associated with industrial effluents. A disruption of the spatial distribution of metals after heavy rainfall, when exposed sites reached concentrations as high as those in sheltered sites, showed the influence of nearby rivers. The potential increase of such climatic events could represent additional stress for natural protected areas in the Caribbean. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The mollusks Coralliophila abbreviata and C. caribaea are coral predators in the Caribbean Sea . We evaluated the temporal variability of abundance and size structure of C. abbreviata and C. caribaea in Cayo Sombrero, Morrocoy National Park, Venezuelar (September 2004 - August 2005). The density of C. abbreviata and C. caribaea was evaluated monthly by means of two 50- meter long transects parallel to the coast line, at 3 m and 6 m deep; aditionally, 30 individuals of C. abbreviata were collected to measure size. The densities of C. abbreviata at the shallow transect fluctuated between 1.78 ind/m2 in September and 6.26 ind/m2 in May. The densities at the deep transect fluctuated between 4.23 ind/m2 in January and 7.66 ind/m2 in May. The densities of C. caribaea at the shallow transect fluctuated between 0 Ind/m2 (except in September) and 0.03 Ind/m2 (September) and the densities at the deep transect fluctuated between 0 Ind/m2 (October to March and July) and 0.1 Ind/m2 (April). Most individuals of C. abbreviata and C. caribaea measured between 12 and 16 mm and between 10 and 15 mm long respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]