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Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) is an important medicinal, and ornamental plant species with high commercial value. Its sugars, phenolics, organic acids, water-soluble vitamins, and mineral contents composition varies depending on environmental conditions and genetics. The plant is also used as a perfect rootstock for many rose cultivars. Seed proliferation is extremely difficult because of multiple endogenous and exogenous dormancy factors. There is a need to breed standard rosehip cultivars rootstock developments with desired characteristics and outperforming yields in fields. The study aimed to break the seed dormancy of rosehip under in vitro conditions by application of multiple strategies in an efficient manner. The seeds were treated with different doses of GA₃, scarified mechanically, stratified on agar solidified MS medium containing GA₃ singly or in combinations of the two each or three treatments, and subjecting them to the regulated physiological treatment of alternating warm/chilling and cold/dark treatments in parallel for 21 d ensued by 18 d warm/light treatments. It was noted that the rosehip seeds could be germinated variably if the scarified seeds were stratified on agar solidified MS medium with or without GA3. Optimum seed germination (80.00- 85.00%) was noted when the three treatments were combined and the seeds were subjected to regulated and alternating warm and chilling treatments for 21 d leaving them for 18 d in warm/light. These results are very important and could be utilized in breeding and multiplication programs to develop new rosehip fruit and rootstock cultivars.

Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) is an ancient diploid wheat species with many useful traits and used as a wheat gene discovery model. In this research, a total of 41 diploid and tetraploid wheat accessions were tested using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 33 genotypes of T. monococcum along with four genotypes each of tetraploid wheat (T. dicoccon and T. durum) were used as plant material. The analysis utilized 10 polymorphic markers, including a total number of 41 alleles with an average frequency of 4.1 alleles per locus during exploration of the level of genetic variations. Various diversity analyses, which are the effective number of alleles (Ne), gene diversity (h), Polymorphic Information Content (PIC), and Shannon's information index (I), were performed for 10 'A' genome wheat SSR markers. The results showed a narrow variation in einkorn genotypes, supported by Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), with 66% maximum variation in all genotypes. The structure analysis divided the whole germplasm into two populations. A dendrogram was constructed to determine the genetic similarities using the unpaired group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA), which separated tetraploid wheat from other genotypes/accessions. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) co-supported the clustering of UPGMA and structure by differentiating the diploid and tetraploid wheat. These findings will help understand the genetic relationships among these wheat accessions and their use in breeding programs in the future works.

Plants need different macro and micro nutrient elements to grow and reproduce. Their malnutrition results in unhealthy growth. The soils of Naqadeh area, Iran are deficient in micronutrient elements. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of micronutrients application on some qualitative and quantitative parameters of economically important monogerm sugar beet cv. Sonja. The plants were foliar sprayed with iron, boron, zinc, and manganese. The studied traits were potassium, sodium, nitrogen, extraction coefficient, sugar percent, recoverable sugar, alkalinity, molasses, root yield, and white sugar recovery yield. The effect of micronutrients was significant on all studied traits. The highest extraction coefficient of 89.31 was related to the foliar application of iron (Fe) and the highest recoverable sugar percent (16.91%) was obtained from Zn application. Also, the highest mean root yield (74.120 t ha-1) and white sugar yield (12.137 t ha-1) were noted after foliar treatments of boron (B) and Fe, respectively.

Bu calisma; farkli gibberellik asit (GA 3 ) dozlarinin farkli tohum yaslarindaki anason bitkisi ( Pimpinella anisum L.) tohumlarinin cimlenmesine olan etkisini belirlemek uzere yapilmistir. Calismada; Burdur yoresinden; anason ekimi yapilan yerlerden temin edilen anason bitkisi tohumlari materyal olarak kullanilmistir. Yorede her yil ekilen ve hasat edilen bitkilerden bir sonraki yil tekrardan ekilmek uzere tohumluk olarak ayrilan tohumlardan 4 yil boyunca Dort ayri yasta anason tohumu (1, 2, 3 ve 4 yasindaki) elde edilmis ve materyal olarak kullanilmistir. Denemede; 4 farkli yastaki anason tohumlarina 24 saat sureyle 50, 100, 200, 400 ve 800 mg/l GA 3 ve kontrol tohum gruplarinda sadece su uygulamasi yapilmistir. Daha sonra; kâgit havlu ile kurutulan tohumlar, petri kutularinda, kagit arasinda 25 o C’de oda sicakliginda cimlendirmeye alinmistir. Deneme 4 tekrarlamali olarak tesaduf parselleri deneme desenine gore kurulup yurutulmustur. Her uygulamada 100’er adet tohum kullanilmistir. Sayimlar ISTA kurallarina gore 7. ve 21. gunde yapilmistir. Ayrica cimlenen bitkilerde kok uzunlugu (mm) gibi karakterlerde olcumler yapilmistir. Elde edilen sonuclara gore, cimlenme yuzdesi tohum yaslarina gore % 36.3 ile 69.0 arasinda degismis ve 4 yasindaki tohumlarda cimlenme orani en dusuk olmustur. Hormon dozlarina gore cimlenme % 32.3 ile 58.3 arasinda degismistir. En dusuk cimlenme 800 mg/l hormon dozundan elde edilmistir. Tohum yasi ve hormon dozlari birlikte degerlendirildiginde 2 yasindaki tohumlara uygulanan 100 mg/l hormon dozunda en yuksek cimlenme (%83.5) elde edilmistir.

The study evaluated effects of corm circumference and storage temperatures on yield and yield components of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) at two elevations (Kırkhan and Yayladağı) during 2011 and 2012 in two separate experiments. The first experiment made use of saffron corms divided into three categories based on circumference: (i) large >8 cm, (ii) medium: 6-8 cm and (iii) small: 4-6 cm. The second experiment made use of large saffron corms stored at 4 and 25°C. Each of these corms were planted using three replications at Kırıkhan (100 m a.s.l.) and Yayladağı (678 m a.s.l.) districts using split plot in a randomized complete block design in three replicates. The maximum positive effects on yield and yield components was noted due to large corms at two locations. A significant decrease in number of days to flower was noted at lower elevations (Kırıkhan) whereas cold stored corms showed improved yield and had positive effects on all plant components with induction of early flowering.

Iris species have great economic importance for their use in ornamental and pharmaceutical industry. Flora of Turkey reports about 43 local taxons of which 16 are endemic. Iris suaveolens Boiss. et Reuter is an endemic species with high seed dormancy and has high tolerance to cold and drought. This study focused on seed dormancy break of I. suaveolens under in vitro conditions. In the first experiment, the seeds were given stratification treatment on MS medium containing different concentrations of BAP with or without NAA. The 2nd experiment reports effects of alternative combinations of cold (at 4°C, 24 h dark) – warm (16 h light photoperiod) conditions on medium containing different concentrations of plant growth regulators on agar solidified MS medium. Both experiments showed about 8.33% seed germination against 64.5% seed viability as confirmed by tetrazolium test. All germinating seeds were abnormal and very weak. In the third experiment, 10 minutes acid scarified seeds cultured at 24°C in 16 h light photo period on MS medium achieved 60.0% germination. Similar treatment under cold + dark condition was inhibitory and failed to show identical results. This underlines the importance of acid scarification, photoperiod and warm treatments of I. suaveolens seeds to break seed dormancy. All germinated seeds showed normal growth and development under field conditions. © Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie. The research was funded by the and Usak University.

Drought stress limits yield severely in most of the crops. Plants utilize complex gene regulation mechanisms to tolerate water deficiency as well as other abiotic stresses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that are progressively recognized as important regulators of gene expression acting at post-transcriptional level. miR408, conserved in terrestrial plants, targets copper related genes. Although, expression level of miR408 is influenced by various environmental factors including drought stress, the biological action of miR408 is still unclear. To examine the miR408 function upon drought stress in chickpea, transgenic lines overexpressing the miR408 were generated. Induced tolerance was observed in the plants with enhanced miR408 expression upon 17-day water deficiency. Expression levels of miR408 target gene together with seven drought responsive genes were measured using qRT-PCR. Here, the involvement of miR408 in drought stress response has been reported. The overexpression leading plantacyanin transcript repression caused regulation of DREB and other drought responsive genes. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In plant tissue culture studies, obtaining new plantlets from different parts of plant is a very important feature with direct or indirect ways of regeneration. The plant show different regeneration capacities from species to species. In this present study, in-vitro direct shoots development from embryonic axis of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Lashata) were comparatively studied. Embryonic axis, embryonic hypocotyl and plumule obtained from five days old in-vitro grown seeds. All explants were cultured on MS media supplemented with 1- 4 mg/l Benzyl amino purine (BAP) + 0.1 mg/l Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 3 mg/l activated charcoal. Cultured explants were kept at growth chamber with photoperiod for 16 hours light and 8 hours dark, at 25oC. Reproducible in-vitro plant regeneration was obtained from embryonic axis when cultured onto MS medium supplemented 1 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l NAA and 3 g/l Activated charcoal. Shoot induction was to be noted 53.3%, 36.7% and 12.3 in embryonic axis, plumule and embryonic hypocotyl respectively. All these shoots were capable of rooting on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l NAA, and establishing in soil 3-4 weeks.

The study was carried out under warm and temperate (Csa - Kopen Gegger classification) ecological conditions of Turkish province of Hatay during 2010-2011 using saffron (Crocus sativus L.) corms of three different circumference by planting them at 5 and 15 cm depths. Saffron corms were divided into three categories based on circumference; large: more than 8 cm, medium: 6-8 cm and small 4-6 cm. The number of corms, number of flowers, fresh stigma yield, number of leaves, number of harvested corms and their weight were evaluated after harvest. The results showed that the number of flowers were positively affected by their circumference at both planting depths. Surface planted corms showed proportionally increased regeneration of new cormlets. The stigma yield was positively affected using different corms circumferences in the second year, but had no significant effect at different depths. Increased weight of harvested cormlets was noted on corms planted at 15 cm depth during the 2nd year. Second year planting at 15 cm depth showed markedly increased corm circumference, improved number of flowers, stigmas yield compared to the these parameters noted after first year planting with planting.

bZIP proteins are one of the largest transcriptional regulators playing crucial roles in plant development, physiological processes, and biotic/abiotic stress responses. Despite the availability of recently published draft genome sequence of Cucumis sativus, no comprehensive investigation of these family members has been presented for cucumber. We have identified 64 bZIP transcription factor-encoding genes in the cucumber genome. Based on structural features of their encoded proteins, CsbZIP genes could be classified into 6 groups. Cucumber bZIP genes were expanded mainly by segmental duplication rather than tandem duplication. Although segmental duplication rate of the CsbZIP genes was lower than that of Arabidopsis, rice and sorghum, it was observed as a common expansion mechanism. Some orthologous relationships and chromosomal rearrangements were observed according to comparative mapping analysis with other species. Genome-wide expression analysis of bZIP genes indicated that 64 CsbZIP genes were differentially expressed in at least one of the ten sampled tissues. A total of 4 CsbZIP genes displayed higher expression values in leaf, flowers and root tissues. The in silico micro-RNA (miRNA) and target transcript analyses identified that a total of 21 CsbZIP genes were targeted by 38 plant miRNAs. CsbZIP20 and CsbZIP22 are the most targeted by miR165 and miR166 family members, respectively. We also analyzed the expression of ten CsbZIP genes in the root and leaf tissues of drought-stressed cucumber using quantitative RT-PCR. All of the selected CsbZIP genes were measured as increased in root tissue at 24th h upon PEG treatment. Contrarily, the down-regulation was observed in leaf tissues of all analyzed CsbZIP genes. CsbZIP12 and CsbZIP44 genes showed gradual induction of expression in root tissues during time points. This genome-wide identification and expression profiling provides new opportunities for cloning and functional analyses, which may be used in further studies for improving stress tolerance in plants.