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4. Individual differences in learning, personality, and social success in brown capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.)

Author

Morton, F. Blake, Lee, Phyllis, and Buchanan-Smith, Hannah M.

Subjects
599.8, capuchin monkey, learning, social network analysis, personality, temperament, Sapajus apella, Cebus apella, Social behavior in animals, Learning in animals, Animal psychology
Abstract

This thesis examines the relationship between individual differences in learning, personality, and social success in two groups of brown capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) housed at the “Living Links Centre for Human Evolution” at Edinburgh Zoo, UK. Being able to learn quickly and efficiently likely helps primates achieve social success (defined here in terms of centrality within a social network), such as acquiring knowledge of others or learning social skills. Therefore, individuals that are better at learning were predicted to have greater social success than other group members. This prediction, however, contrasts with hypotheses generated from two other disciplines at the individual level: 1) the study of behavioural innovation, and 2) the study of individual differences, i.e. “personality”. In terms of behavioural innovation, better learners should have less social success than other group members because they are expected to rely more on problem-solving, rather than physical combativeness or status, to gain access to socioecological resources. In terms of personality, learning should have little or no direct relationship with social success because other individual differences, like sociability and fearfulness, should mediate primates’ social decision making. This thesis investigates each of these hypotheses. Personality was assessed in 127 capuchins from 7 international sites using the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire, and then validated at Living Links (LL) using behavioural codings; this was the first-ever description of personality structure in brown capuchins. Brown capuchins have five personality dimensions: Assertiveness, Openness, Sociability, Neuroticism, and Attentiveness. Ratings were consistent across observers, and predicted relevant behaviours among the LL capuchins over a year later (e.g. scores on Sociability predicted time spent in close proximity to others). “Social success” in the LL capuchins was assessed in terms of centrality in spatial proximity networks. Individual scores on social network centrality were significantly correlated with scores derived from a Principal Components Analysis of eight affiliative and agonistic behaviours among the LL capuchins, indicating that spatial proximity is a reliable measure of the quality of subjects’ social embeddedness within their groups. Social rank and two personality traits (Assertiveness and Sociability) were positively related to network centrality, while another personality trait (Neuroticism) was negatively related to centrality. Sociability was a significant predictor of network centrality even after controlling for social rank and the other personality traits, highlighting the importance of this personality trait in shaping the social success of capuchins beyond that of basic social rules (e.g. kinship, sex, and rank). Individual learning was assessed in the LL capuchins by administering two operant tasks to subjects under conditions of free choice participation. In Task 1, thirteen monkeys participated, and eight individuals met learning criteria (i.e. >80% trials correct over 3 consecutive sessions). In Task 2, fifteen monkeys participated, and five individuals met learning criteria; the monkeys that learned this second task were also among those individuals that learned Task 1. For monkeys that regularly participated in both tasks (i.e. >50% of sessions), their average performances (i.e. % trials correct) were significantly correlated with individual scores on Assertiveness, but not the other four personality traits, or individual differences in attention span during testing, the percent of sessions subjects participated during testing, the amount of scrounging events subjects directed towards others within their social group, or the percent of observation time subjects spent feeding within their main indoor/outdoor enclosures. In terms of social success, relatively better learners had lower social rank and network centrality compared to relatively poor learners. Also, compared to poorer learners, better learners were generally less likely to direct affiliative acts (e.g. grooming, food sharing, coalitionary support) to other group members. Controlling for Assertiveness (i.e. the only variable related to individual differences in subjects’ average learning performance), individual differences in learning performance were no longer significantly related to social rank, network centrality, or the amount of affiliative acts subjects initiated with others. Collectively, such findings contrast the hypothesis that better learners should (concurrently) be more socially successful than poorer learners, and instead are more reflective of hypotheses pertaining to behavioural innovation and/or the study of individual differences. Social rank and certain traits of personality (Assertiveness, Openness, Neuroticism, and Sociability) appear to interact with capuchins’ patterns of social interaction, and one personality trait (Assertiveness) may mediate how individual differences in learning are associated with differences in social success.

Published
2014

10. Expert range maps of global mammal distributions harmonised to three taxonomic authorities

Author

Marsh, Charles J., Sica, Yanina V., Burgin, Connor J., Dorman, Wendy A., Anderson, Robert C., del Toro Mijares, Isabel, Vigneron, Jessica G., Barve, Vijay, Dombrowik, Victoria L., Duong, Michelle, Guralnick, Robert, Hart, Julie A., Maypole, J. Krish, McCall, Kira, Ranipeta, Ajay, Schuerkmann, Anna, Torselli, Michael A., Lacher, Thomas, Mittermeier, Russell A., Rylands, Anthony B., Sechrest, Wes, Wilson, Don E., Abba, Agustín M., Aguirre, Luis F., Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín, Astúa, Diego, Baker, Andrew M., Braulik, Gill, Braun, Janet K., Brito, Jorge, Busher, Peter E., Burneo, Santiago F., Camacho, M. Alejandra, Cavallini, Paolo, de Almeida Chiquito, Elisandra, Cook, Joseph A., Cserkész, Tamás, Csorba, Gábor, Cuéllar Soto, Erika, da Cunha Tavares, Valeria, Davenport, Tim R.B., Deméré, Thomas, Denys, Christiane, Dickman, Christopher R., Eldridge, Mark D.B., Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo, Francis, Charles M., Frankham, Greta, Franklin, William L., Freitas, Thales, Friend, J. Anthony, Gadsby, Elizabeth L., Garbino, Guilherme S.T., Gaubert, Philippe, Giannini, Norberto, Giarla, Thomas, Gilchrist, Jason S., Gongora, Jaime, Goodman, Steven M., Gursky-Doyen, Sharon, Hackländer, Klaus, Hafner, Mark S., Hawkins, Melissa, Helgen, Kristofer M., Heritage, Steven, Hinckley, Arlo, Hintsche, Stefan, Holden, Mary, Holekamp, Kay E., Honeycutt, Rodney L., Huffman, Brent A., Humle, Tatyana, Hutterer, Rainer, Ibáñez Ulargui, Carlos, Jackson, Stephen M., Janecka, Jan, Janecka, Mary, Jenkins, Paula, Juškaitis, Rimvydas, Juste, Javier, Kays, Roland, Kilpatrick, C. William, Kingston, Tigga, Koprowski, John L., Kryštufek, Boris, Lavery, Tyrone, Lee, Thomas E., Leite, Yuri L.R., Novaes, Roberto Leonan M., Lim, Burton K., Lissovsky, Andrey, López-Antoñanzas, Raquel, López-Baucells, Adrià, MacLeod, Colin D., Maisels, Fiona G., Mares, Michael A., Marsh, Helene, Mattioli, Stefano, Meijaard, Erik, Monadjem, Ara, Morton, F. Blake, Musser, Grace, Nadler, Tilo, Norris, Ryan W., Ojeda, Agustina, Ordóñez-Garza, Nicté, Pardiñas, Ulyses F.J., Patterson, Bruce D., Pavan, Ana, Pennay, Michael, Pereira, Calebe, Prado, Joyce, Queiroz, Helder L., Richardson, Matthew, Riley, Erin P., Rossiter, Stephen J., Rubenstein, Daniel I., Ruelas, Dennisse, Salazar-Bravo, Jorge, Schai-Braun, Stéphanie, Schank, Cody J., Schwitzer, Christoph, Sheeran, Lori K., Shekelle, Myron, Shenbrot, Georgy, Soisook, Pipat, Solari, Sergio, Southgate, Richard, Superina, Mariella, Taber, Andrew B., Talebi, Maurício, Taylor, Peter, Vu Dinh, Thong, Ting, Nelson, Tirira, Diego G., Tsang, Susan, Turvey, Samuel T., Valdez, Raul, Van Cakenberghe, Victor, Veron, Geraldine, Wallis, Janette, Wells, Rod, Whittaker, Danielle, Williamson, Elizabeth A., Wittemyer, George, Woinarski, John, Zinner, Dietmar, Upham, Nathan S., Jetz, Walter, Marsh, Charles J., Sica, Yanina V., Burgin, Connor J., Dorman, Wendy A., Anderson, Robert C., del Toro Mijares, Isabel, Vigneron, Jessica G., Barve, Vijay, Dombrowik, Victoria L., Duong, Michelle, Guralnick, Robert, Hart, Julie A., Maypole, J. Krish, McCall, Kira, Ranipeta, Ajay, Schuerkmann, Anna, Torselli, Michael A., Lacher, Thomas, Mittermeier, Russell A., Rylands, Anthony B., Sechrest, Wes, Wilson, Don E., Abba, Agustín M., Aguirre, Luis F., Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín, Astúa, Diego, Baker, Andrew M., Braulik, Gill, Braun, Janet K., Brito, Jorge, Busher, Peter E., Burneo, Santiago F., Camacho, M. Alejandra, Cavallini, Paolo, de Almeida Chiquito, Elisandra, Cook, Joseph A., Cserkész, Tamás, Csorba, Gábor, Cuéllar Soto, Erika, da Cunha Tavares, Valeria, Davenport, Tim R.B., Deméré, Thomas, Denys, Christiane, Dickman, Christopher R., Eldridge, Mark D.B., Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo, Francis, Charles M., Frankham, Greta, Franklin, William L., Freitas, Thales, Friend, J. Anthony, Gadsby, Elizabeth L., Garbino, Guilherme S.T., Gaubert, Philippe, Giannini, Norberto, Giarla, Thomas, Gilchrist, Jason S., Gongora, Jaime, Goodman, Steven M., Gursky-Doyen, Sharon, Hackländer, Klaus, Hafner, Mark S., Hawkins, Melissa, Helgen, Kristofer M., Heritage, Steven, Hinckley, Arlo, Hintsche, Stefan, Holden, Mary, Holekamp, Kay E., Honeycutt, Rodney L., Huffman, Brent A., Humle, Tatyana, Hutterer, Rainer, Ibáñez Ulargui, Carlos, Jackson, Stephen M., Janecka, Jan, Janecka, Mary, Jenkins, Paula, Juškaitis, Rimvydas, Juste, Javier, Kays, Roland, Kilpatrick, C. William, Kingston, Tigga, Koprowski, John L., Kryštufek, Boris, Lavery, Tyrone, Lee, Thomas E., Leite, Yuri L.R., Novaes, Roberto Leonan M., Lim, Burton K., Lissovsky, Andrey, López-Antoñanzas, Raquel, López-Baucells, Adrià, MacLeod, Colin D., Maisels, Fiona G., Mares, Michael A., Marsh, Helene, Mattioli, Stefano, Meijaard, Erik, Monadjem, Ara, Morton, F. Blake, Musser, Grace, Nadler, Tilo, Norris, Ryan W., Ojeda, Agustina, Ordóñez-Garza, Nicté, Pardiñas, Ulyses F.J., Patterson, Bruce D., Pavan, Ana, Pennay, Michael, Pereira, Calebe, Prado, Joyce, Queiroz, Helder L., Richardson, Matthew, Riley, Erin P., Rossiter, Stephen J., Rubenstein, Daniel I., Ruelas, Dennisse, Salazar-Bravo, Jorge, Schai-Braun, Stéphanie, Schank, Cody J., Schwitzer, Christoph, Sheeran, Lori K., Shekelle, Myron, Shenbrot, Georgy, Soisook, Pipat, Solari, Sergio, Southgate, Richard, Superina, Mariella, Taber, Andrew B., Talebi, Maurício, Taylor, Peter, Vu Dinh, Thong, Ting, Nelson, Tirira, Diego G., Tsang, Susan, Turvey, Samuel T., Valdez, Raul, Van Cakenberghe, Victor, Veron, Geraldine, Wallis, Janette, Wells, Rod, Whittaker, Danielle, Williamson, Elizabeth A., Wittemyer, George, Woinarski, John, Zinner, Dietmar, Upham, Nathan S., and Jetz, Walter

Abstract

Aim: Comprehensive, global information on species' occurrences is an essential biodiversity variable and central to a range of applications in ecology, evolution, biogeography and conservation. Expert range maps often represent a species' only available distributional information and play an increasing role in conservation assessments and macroecology. We provide global range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species harmonised to the taxonomy of the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) mobilised from two sources, the Handbook of the Mammals of the World (HMW) and the Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World (CMW). Location: Global. Taxon: All extant mammal species. Methods: Range maps were digitally interpreted, georeferenced, error-checked and subsequently taxonomically aligned between the HMW (6253 species), the CMW (6431 species) and the MDD taxonomies (6362 species). Results: Range maps can be evaluated and visualised in an online map browser at Map of Life (mol.org) and accessed for individual or batch download for non-commercial use. Main conclusion: Expert maps of species' global distributions are limited in their spatial detail and temporal specificity, but form a useful basis for broad-scale characterizations and model-based integration with other data. We provide georeferenced range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species as shapefiles, with species-level metadata and source information packaged together in geodatabase format. Across the three taxonomic sources our maps entail, there are 1784 taxonomic name differences compared to the maps currently available on the IUCN Red List website. The expert maps provided here are harmonised to the MDD taxonomic authority and linked to a community of online tools that will enable transparent future updates and version control.

Published
2022

11. Expert range maps of global mammal distributions harmonised to three taxonomic authorities

Author

Marsh, Charles J., primary, Sica, Yanina V., additional, Burgin, Connor J., additional, Dorman, Wendy A., additional, Anderson, Robert C., additional, del Toro Mijares, Isabel, additional, Vigneron, Jessica G., additional, Barve, Vijay, additional, Dombrowik, Victoria L., additional, Duong, Michelle, additional, Guralnick, Robert, additional, Hart, Julie A., additional, Maypole, J. Krish, additional, McCall, Kira, additional, Ranipeta, Ajay, additional, Schuerkmann, Anna, additional, Torselli, Michael A., additional, Lacher, Thomas, additional, Mittermeier, Russell A., additional, Rylands, Anthony B., additional, Sechrest, Wes, additional, Wilson, Don E., additional, Abba, Agustín M., additional, Aguirre, Luis F., additional, Arroyo‐Cabrales, Joaquín, additional, Astúa, Diego, additional, Baker, Andrew M., additional, Braulik, Gill, additional, Braun, Janet K., additional, Brito, Jorge, additional, Busher, Peter E., additional, Burneo, Santiago F., additional, Camacho, M. Alejandra, additional, Cavallini, Paolo, additional, de Almeida Chiquito, Elisandra, additional, Cook, Joseph A., additional, Cserkész, Tamás, additional, Csorba, Gábor, additional, Cuéllar Soto, Erika, additional, da Cunha Tavares, Valeria, additional, Davenport, Tim R. B., additional, Deméré, Thomas, additional, Denys, Christiane, additional, Dickman, Christopher R., additional, Eldridge, Mark D. B., additional, Fernandez‐Duque, Eduardo, additional, Francis, Charles M., additional, Frankham, Greta, additional, Franklin, William L., additional, Freitas, Thales, additional, Friend, J. Anthony, additional, Gadsby, Elizabeth L., additional, Garbino, Guilherme S. T., additional, Gaubert, Philippe, additional, Giannini, Norberto, additional, Giarla, Thomas, additional, Gilchrist, Jason S., additional, Gongora, Jaime, additional, Goodman, Steven M., additional, Gursky‐Doyen, Sharon, additional, Hackländer, Klaus, additional, Hafner, Mark S., additional, Hawkins, Melissa, additional, Helgen, Kristofer M., additional, Heritage, Steven, additional, Hinckley, Arlo, additional, Hintsche, Stefan, additional, Holden, Mary, additional, Holekamp, Kay E., additional, Honeycutt, Rodney L., additional, Huffman, Brent A., additional, Humle, Tatyana, additional, Hutterer, Rainer, additional, Ibáñez Ulargui, Carlos, additional, Jackson, Stephen M., additional, Janecka, Jan, additional, Janecka, Mary, additional, Jenkins, Paula, additional, Juškaitis, Rimvydas, additional, Juste, Javier, additional, Kays, Roland, additional, Kilpatrick, C. William, additional, Kingston, Tigga, additional, Koprowski, John L., additional, Kryštufek, Boris, additional, Lavery, Tyrone, additional, Lee, Thomas E., additional, Leite, Yuri L. R., additional, Novaes, Roberto Leonan M., additional, Lim, Burton K., additional, Lissovsky, Andrey, additional, López‐Antoñanzas, Raquel, additional, López‐Baucells, Adrià, additional, MacLeod, Colin D., additional, Maisels, Fiona G., additional, Mares, Michael A., additional, Marsh, Helene, additional, Mattioli, Stefano, additional, Meijaard, Erik, additional, Monadjem, Ara, additional, Morton, F. Blake, additional, Musser, Grace, additional, Nadler, Tilo, additional, Norris, Ryan W., additional, Ojeda, Agustina, additional, Ordóñez‐Garza, Nicté, additional, Pardiñas, Ulyses F. J., additional, Patterson, Bruce D., additional, Pavan, Ana, additional, Pennay, Michael, additional, Pereira, Calebe, additional, Prado, Joyce, additional, Queiroz, Helder L., additional, Richardson, Matthew, additional, Riley, Erin P., additional, Rossiter, Stephen J., additional, Rubenstein, Daniel I., additional, Ruelas, Dennisse, additional, Salazar‐Bravo, Jorge, additional, Schai‐Braun, Stéphanie, additional, Schank, Cody J., additional, Schwitzer, Christoph, additional, Sheeran, Lori K., additional, Shekelle, Myron, additional, Shenbrot, Georgy, additional, Soisook, Pipat, additional, Solari, Sergio, additional, Southgate, Richard, additional, Superina, Mariella, additional, Taber, Andrew B., additional, Talebi, Maurício, additional, Taylor, Peter, additional, Vu Dinh, Thong, additional, Ting, Nelson, additional, Tirira, Diego G., additional, Tsang, Susan, additional, Turvey, Samuel T., additional, Valdez, Raul, additional, Van Cakenberghe, Victor, additional, Veron, Geraldine, additional, Wallis, Janette, additional, Wells, Rod, additional, Whittaker, Danielle, additional, Williamson, Elizabeth A., additional, Wittemyer, George, additional, Woinarski, John, additional, Zinner, Dietmar, additional, Upham, Nathan S., additional, and Jetz, Walter, additional

Published
2022
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19. Using photographs to study animal social cognition and behaviour: Do capuchins’ responses to photos reflect reality?

Author

Morton, F Blake, Brosnan, Sarah F, Pretot, Laurent, Buchanan-Smith, Hannah M, O'Sullivan, Eoin, Stocker, Martina, D'Mello, Daniel, and Wilson, Vanessa

Subjects
Ecological validity, Visual media, Social decision-making, Sapajus apella, Visual perception, Image, Brown capuchin monkey
Abstract

Behavioural responses to photos are often used to infer what animals understand about their social environment, but are rarely validated against the same stimuli in real life. If subjects’ responses to photos do not reflect responses to the same live stimuli, it is difficult to conclude what happens in reality based on photo responses alone. We compared capuchins’ responses to photos versus live stimuli in an identical scenario within research cubicles. Subjects had the opportunity to approach food placed in front of an alpha group member and, in a separate condition, photos depicting the same individual. Subjects’ latencies to approach food when placed in front of the real alpha negatively correlated with time subjects spent in close proximity to the alpha in their main enclosure. We therefore predicted subjects’ latencies to approach food in the presence of photos would positively correlate with their latencies to approach food in the presence of the real alpha inside the cubicles, but negatively correlate with time they spent in proximity to the alpha in their enclosure. Neither prediction was supported. While not necessarily surprising, we explain why these results should be an important reminder that care is needed when interpreting results from photo studies.

Published
2016

22. Personality Structure in Brown Capuchin Monkeys: Comparisons with Chimpanzees, Orangutans, and Rhesus Macaques

Author

Morton, F. Blake, Lee, Phyllis C., Buchanan-Smith, Hannah M., Brosnan, Sarah F., Thierry, Bernard, Paukner, Annika, de Waal, Frans B. M., Widness, Jane, Essler, Jennifer L., and Weiss, Alexander

Subjects
Male, Behavior, Animal, Pan troglodytes, Individuality, Pongo, Animals, Cebus, Female, Personality Assessment, Macaca mulatta, Article, Personality
Abstract

Species comparisons of personality structure (i.e. how many personality dimensions and the characteristics of those dimensions) can facilitate questions about the adaptive function of personality in nonhuman primates. Here we investigate personality structure in the brown capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella), a New World primate species, and compare this structure to those of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), orangutans (Pongo spp.), and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Brown capuchins evolved behavioral and cognitive traits that are qualitatively similar to those of great apes, and individual differences in behavior and cognition are closely associated with differences in personality. Thus, we hypothesized that brown capuchin personality structure would overlap more with great apes than with rhesus macaques. We obtained personality ratings from seven sites on 127 brown capuchin monkeys. Principal-components analysis identified five personality dimensions (Assertiveness, Openness, Neuroticism, Sociability, and Attentiveness), which were reliable across raters and, in a subset of subjects, significantly correlated with relevant behaviors up to a year later. Comparisons between species revealed that brown capuchins and great apes overlapped in personality structure, particularly chimpanzees in the case of Neuroticism. However, in some respects (i.e. capuchin Sociability and Openness) the similarities between capuchins and great apes were not significantly greater than those between capuchins and rhesus macaques. We discuss the relevance of our results to brown capuchin behavior, and the evolution of personality structure in primates.

Published
2013

24. Family Hominidae (Great Apes)

Author

Mittermeier, Russell A., Rylands, Anthony B., Wilson, Don E., Williamson, Elizabeth A., Maisel, Fiona G., Groves, Colin P., Fruth, Barbara I., Humle, Tatyana, Morton, F. Blake, Richardson, Matthew C., Russon, Anne E., Singleton, Ian, Mittermeier, Russell A., Rylands, Anthony B., Wilson, Don E., Williamson, Elizabeth A., Maisel, Fiona G., Groves, Colin P., Fruth, Barbara I., Humle, Tatyana, Morton, F. Blake, Richardson, Matthew C., Russon, Anne E., and Singleton, Ian

Published
2013

26. Using photographs to study animal social cognition and behaviour: Do capuchins' responses to photos reflect reality?

Author

Morton FB, Brosnan SF, Prétôt L, Buchanan-Smith HM, O'Sullivan E, Stocker M, D'Mello D, and Wilson VA

Subjects
Animals, Cebus physiology, Female, Male, Photography methods, Photography veterinary, Reward, Spatial Behavior physiology, Behavior, Animal physiology, Cebus psychology, Cognition physiology, Social Behavior
Abstract

Behavioural responses to photos are often used to infer what animals understand about their social environment, but are rarely validated against the same stimuli in real life. If subjects' responses to photos do not reflect responses to the same live stimuli, it is difficult to conclude what happens in reality based on photo responses alone. We compared capuchins' responses to photos versus live stimuli in an identical scenario within research cubicles. Subjects had the opportunity to approach food placed in front of an alpha group member and, in a separate condition, photos depicting the same individual. Subjects' latencies to approach food when placed in front of the real alpha negatively correlated with time subjects spent in close proximity to the alpha in their main enclosure. We therefore predicted subjects' latencies to approach food in the presence of photos would positively correlate with their latencies to approach food in the presence of the real alpha inside the cubicles, but negatively correlate with time they spent in proximity to the alpha in their enclosure. Neither prediction was supported. While not necessarily surprising, we explain why these results should be an important reminder that care is needed when interpreting results from photo studies., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2016
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