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Kristalin Moslavačke gore predstavlja magmatsko-metamorfni kompleks kojeg čine granitoidne stijene, metamorfne stijene srednjeg stupnja metamorfizma te migmatitne stijene. Dosadašnja istraživanja kao migmatite dominantno opisuju različite varijetete migmatiziranih gnajseva. Cilj ovoga rada je potkrijepiti hipotezu da je pojava parcijalnog taljenja zabilježena i u metapelitima Moslavačke gore, na što ukazuju dosadašnja geotermobarometrijska istraživanja. U tu svrhu optičkim istraživanjima obuhvaćeno je pet uzoraka metapelita Moslavačke gore te je analizirana velika količina mikrostrukturnih indikatora parcijalnog taljenja. Glavne mikrostrukturne indikatore predstavljaju zrna peritektičkog i retrogradnog cordijerita koja su zaobljena u kontaktu sa „zašiljenim“ volumenima felsičnih minerala. Navedena kombinacija indikatora potvrđuje da je u metapelitnim stijenama bila prisutna taljevina, odnosno, da se u migmatizirane stijene Moslavačke gore, uz gnajseve, mogu ubrojiti i metapelitne stijene. Moslavačka Gora crystalline represents a magmatic-metamorphic complex consisting of granitoid rocks, medium-grade metamorphic rocks, and migmatitic rocks. Previous research predominantly describes different varieties of migmatised gneisses as migmatites. The aim of this work is to support the hypothesis that the occurrence of partial melting was also recorded in the metapelites of Moslavačka Gora, as indicated by previous geothermobarometric research. For this purpose, five samples of metapelites from Moslavačka Gora were included in optical research, and a large number of microstructural indicators of partial melting were analyzed. The main microstructural indicators are peritectic and retrograde cordierite grains that were rounded in contact with pointed volumes of felsic minerals. The aforementioned combination of indicators confirms that melt was present in metapelitic rocks, i.e., that metapelitic rocks can be regarded as migmatites of Moslavačka Gora, along with gneisses.

Vrpčasti amfiboliti Moslavačke gore specifičan su teksturni tip amfibolita, čije je istraživanje obuhvatilo mineralošku, petrografsku i geokemijsku analizu, te izradu petrogenetskog modela. Mikrostrukturnim istraživanjima pretpostavljeni su procesi koji odgovaraju metamorfizmu u uvjetima amfibolitnog facijesa te pojavi taljevine u proučavanim stijenama. Rezultati geokemijskih istraživanja potvrdili su bazičnu prirodu protolita, te odvijanje metamorfnih procesa u geotektonskom okruženju subdukcijske zone. Provedeno geotermobarometrijsko modeliranje u programu Perple_X dalo je vršne vrijednosti P-T uvjeta u rasponu 630 – 700°C i 800 – 950 MPa. Modelom je potvrđeno i odvijanje reakcija parcijalnog taljenja u proučavanom metabazičnom sustavu, a dobivene vrijednosti tlaka i temperatura ukazuju na regionalno-metamorfni događaj koji je morao prethoditi krednoj intruziji granita koja je imala naglašeni LP-HT karakter. Banded amphiboliltes of Moslavačka Gora are a specific textural type of amphibolites, whose research included mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical analysis as well as the development of a petrogenetic model. Microstructural research gave general idea about processes corresponding to metamorphism in amphibolite facies conditions as well as the appearance of melt in the analysed rock samples. Geochemical research results confirmed the basic nature of protoliths and the onset of metamorphic processes in the subduction zone geotectonic environment. The geothermobarometric modelling done using the Perple_X program gave peak P-T condition values in the range of 630 – 700°C and 800 – 950 MPa. The model also confirmed the development of partial melting reactions in the analysed metabasic system. The obtained pressure and temperature values indicate a regional-metamorphic event that must have preceded the Cretaceous intrusion of granite, which had a pronounced LP-HT character.

U ovom diplomskom radu analizirana je metodika njege prorjedom na primjerima mlade, srednjodobne i starije sastojine hrasta kitnjaka i običnog graba s običnom bukvom, na području Moslavačke gore. Ciljevi istraživanja bili su: analizirati strukturu mlade, srednjodobne i starije sastojine hrasta kitnjaka i običnog graba s običnom bukvom ; predložiti odgovarajuće zahvate njege tih sastojina prorjedom. Istraživanje je obavljeno na području Uprave šuma Zagreb, Šumarija Popovača, u gospodarskim jedinicama Popovačke prigorske šume, odsjek 9d i Popovačka Garjevica, odsjeci 18a i 21c. U odsjeku 9d iskolčena je ploha 1 površine 900 m2 ili 0, 09 ha. U odsjeku 18a iskolčena je ploha 2 površine 2500 m2 ili 0, 25 ha. U odsjeku 21c iskolčena je ploha 3 površine 2500 m2 ili 0, 25 ha. Na plohama su obavljene sljedeće izmjere: totalna klupaža po vrstama drveća i etažama po biološko-gospodarskoj klasifikaciji te visine za glavne vrste drveća. Stabla su obrojčana bojom i oznakama pripadnosti etaži. Nakon izračunavanja i analize strukture sastojina, predloženi su intenzitet i metoda prorjede za svaku sastojinu. Plohe predstavljaju mladu, srednjedobnu i stariju sastojinu. Na plohi 1 koja se nalazi nalazi se mlada sastojina hrasta kitnjaka s običnim grabom i običnom bukvom. Na plohi 2 nalazi se gotovo čista srednjedobna sastojina obične bukve. Na plohi 3 nalazi se starija sastojina hrasta kitnjaka i obične bukve. Na plohi 1 nalazi se 27, 56 m3 ili 306, 19 m3/ha. Na plohi 2 nalazi se 111, 47 m3 ili 445, 88 m3/ha. Na plohi 3 nalazi se 175, 9 m3 ili 703, 6 m3/ha. Potrebno je provesti njegu sastojina prorjedom, zadanim intenzitetom koji za plohu 1 iznosi 25 % i volumenom prorjede u iznosu od 6, 89 m3 (76, 55 m3/ha). Za plohu 2 intenzitet njege prorjedom iznosi 13, 70%, a teoretski volumen prorjede 15, 27 m3 (61, 08 m3/ha). Za plohu 3 intenzitet prorjede iznosi 9, 71%, a teoretski volumen prorjede 17, 08 m3 (68, 31 m3/ha).

Na mikroskopskim preparatima načinjenim iz devet uzoraka granitoidnih varijeteta uzetih duž potoka Srednja rijeka na Moslavačkoj gori promatrane su mikrostrukturne karakteristike, a cijelostijenskom analizom prikupljeni su osnovni geokemijski podaci. Iako se radi o intruzivnim magmatskim stijenama s tipičnim magmatskim strukturama, opažane su i one koje ukazuju na uvjete plastičnih deformacija (mehanizmi oporavka i mehanizmi redukcije štete) koje sugeriraju deformaciju u subsolidusnom stanju, uvjetima do otprilike 500ºC, što odgovara facijesu zelenih škriljavaca. Na temelju geokemijskih pokazatelja stijene su klasificirane kao graniti do alkalijski graniti, potvrđen je pretežito peraluminozni karakter (A/CNK>1.0) i dominantna pripadnost S-tipu granita kao jednom od bitnih odrednica kristaline podloge Moslavačke gore. Određene su i temperature solidifikacije na temelju zasićenja magme cikonijem i pokazuju raspon od 600–850°C što odgovara dosadašnjim spoznajama o evoluciji kiselih plutonskih stijena Moslavačke gore. On thin sections made from nine samples of granitoid varieties taken along the Srednja Rijeka stream on the Moslavačka Gora were observed microstructural characteristics and basic geochemical data were collected through whole-rock analysis. Although these are intrusive igneous rocks with typical igneous structures, they also indicate conditions of plastic deformation (recovery mechanisms and damage reduction mechanisms) suggesting deformation in the subsolidus state, conditions up to approximately 500ºC, corresponding to the greenschist facies. Based on geochemical indicators, the rocks were classified as granites to alkali granites, confirmed predominantly peraluminous character (A / CNK> 1.0) and the dominant affiliation with the S-type granite as one of the essential determinants of the crystalline substrate of the Moslavačka gora. Solidification temperatures based on zirkonium saturation were also determined and showed a range of 600–850°C, which corresponds to the current knowledge about the evolution of acidic plutonic rocks of the Moslavačka gora.

Moslavačka gora nalazi se na prostoru Panonske nizine, između dolina Drave i Save. Cilj istraživanja je pomoću opće i specijalne morfometrijske analize utvrditi osnovne kvantitativne parametre i usporedbom s geološkim podacima donijeti zaključke o njihovoj međusobnoj povezanosti, za što su korištene metode digitalne analize. Na razvoj reljefa značajnije su utjecali geološka građa i tektonski pokreti na što ukazuje tektonska izlomljenost. Uz tektoniku, na razvoj reljefa utjecali su egzogeni procesi denudacije (erozije) i akumulacije materijala. The hill of Moslavačka gora is located between Drava and Sava rivers, in the Panonian lowland. Purpose of this research paper is general and special morphometric analysis which are going to give the results that will be compared with the given geological information. Further, their interconnection will be determined. Digital analysis is going to be the used method. Evolution of Moslavačka gora relief was affected primarily by geological structure and tectonics. Recently, erosion and accumulation of the material predominantly affected shaping the relief.

Jezgra Moslavačke gore izgrađena je od S-tipa granita i granodiorita. Obavijena je migmatitima, a vanjsku zonu pretstavljaju metamorfiti amfibolskog facijesa. Moslavačka gora je produkt regionalnog metamorfizma donjopaleozojskog i starijeg pelitsko-psamitskog protolita. U sva tri tipa stijena mjestimice su uočene jače koncentracije minerala silimanita, andaluzita, kordijerita, granata i turmalina. U pegma-titskoj fazi formirano je niz lećastih tijela i žila metasomatsko-injekcijskih pegmatita s podređenim turmalinom, granatom i kvarcem čađavcem. Hidrotermalne kvarcne žice sa sulfidima su mineraloškog značaja. Za potrebe građevinarstva bili su otvoreni ili još rade kamenolomi granita, granitgnajsa, amfibolita, gabra i ortognajsa. Migmatiti i S-graniti izgrađuju središnje dijelove slavonskih planina. Namir-vestfalske su starosti, od 314 do 333 Ma. Metaklastiti nižih metamorfnih sekvenci sadrže palinomorfe silurske do donjokarbonske starosti. Regionalnim metamorfizmom formirana grafititna ležišta otkapana su u rudnicima Brusnik, Sivornica i Brezovo Polje u Psunju te u rudniku Kaptol u Papuku. Brojne metasomatsko-injekcione žile i tijela pegmatita otkapane su na lokacijama Veliki i Mali Debeljak, Točak, Bilo, Lom. Kvarcne žile su vađene u Zavlaci i Motičini Gornjoj. Za postkolizione I-granite vezan je volastonitski skarn u Kišeljevačkom potoku. Za dijabaze vezane su mineraloške pojave hematita, bakra, pirita i azbesta. Talk-kloritni škriljavci vađeni su u rudniku Koprivna na Psunju. Višegodišnja intenzivna istraživanja sedimentnih pojava urana u Radlovačkoj formaciji Papuka nisu dala pozitivne rezultate. Najznačajnije pojave nađene su u potocima Kaptol, Cipalovac i Ninkovac. U području slavonskih planina bili su otvoreni ili još rade kamenolomi granita, amfibolita, dijabaza i permotrijaskih kvarcita. U aluvionima brojnih potoka nađene su značajnije količine zlata, šelita, monacita, rutila, cirkona., Core of the Moslavačka Mt. is built of S-type granite and granodiorite, wrapped up in migmatites. Outer zone is represented with metamorphites of amphibolite facies. The Moslavačka Mt. is a product of regional metamorphism on Lower Paleozoic pelito-psammitic protholite. Numerous quarries exploited granite, amphibolite, gabbro, orthogneiss. Stronger concentrations of sillimanite, andalusite, cordierite, garnet, and tourmaline were observed in different types of rocks. The pegmatite phase generated veins and irregular boddies of metasomatic-injected pegmatites with garnet and tourmaline. Hydrothermal quartz veinlets with sulphides have only mineralogical significance. Migmatites and S-granites form central parts of the Slavonian Mts. Dating gave age of 314-333 Ma (Namurian-Westphalian). Metaclastites of lower metamorphic sequences contain palynomorphs from Silurian to the Lower Carboniferous. Graphitite deposits generated by regional metamorphism were exploited in the mines Brusnik, Sivornica and Brezovo Polje in the Psunj Mt. and in the mine Kapitol in the Papuk Mt. Numerous metasomatic injected pegmatites were exploited on the locations Veliki and Mali Debeljak, Točak, Bilo, Lom and quartz veins at Zavlaka and Motičina Gornja. Postcollisional I-granites gave a small volastonite skarn deposit in the Kiseljevački brook. Mineralogical occurrences of hematite, pyrite, asbestos and copper are genetically bounded with diabases. Talc-chlorite schists were exploited in the mine Koprivna (Psunj). Longlasting investigations of sedimentary uranium occurrences were negative. The best results were obtained in the Kaptol, Cipalovac and Ninkovac brooks. In the alluvium of numerous brooks more significant quantities of gold, monazite, rutile, zircon and scheelite were found.

For a long time the Moslavačka Gora Massif in Croatia has been regarded as a major outcrop of Variscan crystalline basement of the South Tisia block. However, new geochronological data indicate that this massif consists of a Cretaceous S-type granite pluton intruding a Cretaceous low-pressure/high-temperature (LP/HT) metamorphic envelope. The age of the LP/HT metamorphism is estimated at ~90–100 Ma using the method of electron microprobe based monazite dating. The Central Granite was dated at 82 ± 1 Ma (LA-SF-ICP-MS zircon age). The metamorphic complex comprises mainly felsic anatexites and orthogneisses of granitic composition, some metapelites (paragneisses and mica schists) and amphibolites. Zircons from three different samples of metagranite were dated at 486 ± 6, 483 ± 6, and 491 ± 1 Ma, suggesting that most of the metamorphic complex represents an Early Ordovician granitic series. The Cretaceous regional metamorphism culminated in granulite facies conditions of ~750°C and 3–4 kbar. A retrograde metamorphic event at lower amphibolite facies conditions overprinted the metamorphic complex. This event is probably related to the intrusion of the Central Granite. The southeastern sector of the massif was additionally affected by post-granitic, predominantly NE oriented shearing at greenschist facies conditions. As yet there is no clear evidence for Variscan events in the Moslavačka Gora Massif. Mineral relics of a medium-pressure amphibolite facies metamorphism are preserved in amphibolites. They are older than the Cretaceous LP/HT regional metamorphism, but their age is presently unknown. Some indications for a Permian regional metamorphic event are provided by inherited zircons in the Central Granite that have been dated with a Permian age, and by Permian monazite relics in metapelites. The Cretaceous high heat flow regime recorded in the Moslavačka Gora Massif is unique in the subcrop of the Pannonian Basin and may be a local feature triggered by a mafic intrusion in the lower crust.

Rad obuhvaća petrografsku analizu orijenitranih preparata te makroskopsku i mikroskopusku analizu pokazatelja pomaka na tri uzorka s makroskopski izraženom milonitnom strukturom.

Origin of the nodular tourmaline, crystallized as the last mineral in the evolved granitic system of Moslavačka Gora Mt. has been attributed to the interaction of a fluid phase from the residual granitic melt with the wall-rock derived fluid in the environment of low pressure and relative rapid cooling, which resulted in increased MgO content. Disseminated tourmaline from the leucogranite host, on the other hand, can be considered as a typical magmatic (pegmatite) product and a common accessory phase. Such interpretation has been corroborated by the variation patterns in composition of the two tourmaline types and 3D tomographic study of tourmaline nodule shape and distribution.

Granitoidne stijene Moslavačke gore u glavnini čine dvotinjčasti graniti ispresjecani pojavama leukogranita. Turmalinske nodule su karakteristično obilježje dvotinjčastih granita dok se u leukogranitu javljaju diseminirani turmalini. Osim u geološkim i kemijskim karakteristikama razlike između nodularnog i diseminiranog tipa turmalina opažene su i u IR spektrima, u OH-vibracijskom području (3800-3100 cm-1). Pojave turmalina s različitim morfološkim i kemijskim karakteristikama ukazuju na razlike u genetskim i/ili evolucijskim procesima samih turmalina, ali i njihovih stijena domaćina.

Damages by red deer (Cervus elaphus) on trees in forest habitats makes permanent and big problem, as well as in many European countries, as well in Croatia. Researches on this topic in Croatia were done occasionally, without systematic monitoring of impact and intensity of damage on forest stands. Experimental determination of damages was done in 2012, in the hunting ground VII/15 “Zapadna Garjevica” (hunting surface 23, 759 ha), and located in the middle part of Moslavačka Gora Mountain. Field surveys were performed on selected plots with total surface of 584 ha. The composition of dendroflora, number of trees, diameter breast high and tree age were determined on each plot. Data were collected according to methodology for forest management and inventory. Total of 196, 031 trees has been measured, of which 58, 255 was damaged, and 137, 776 undamaged. Damages in the forest stands are permanently present because man with its management practice changed and imposed living conditions for deer game. Occurrence and intensity of damages by red deer did not increase, but slightly declined for 0.4% in last twenty four years. Regulations in the hunting ground and proper management by creating surface convenient for pasture, sufficient and quality food and feeding sources, facilitate setting up a balance between forest management and size of red deer population in the hunting ground.

Complex Cretaceous S-type granitoid pluton, geotectonically related to an active continental margin, makes a central part of the Moslavačka Gora (MG) crystalline and hosts two groups of enclaves. Cognate enclaves, genetically related to the granitoid host rocks, comprise different types of microgranular enclaves, tourmaline nodules, K-feldspar megacrysts and other inhomogenities found inside the two-mica granitoids. All of these enclaves provide evidence of the petrogenetic processes that took place inside the MG Cretaceous magmatic system. On the other hand, foreign enclaves, mostly xenoliths of metapelitic and metabasic rocks, hold information about the metamorphic events that preceded or were contemporaneous with the intrusion and solidification of the igneous body. Based on the age data gathered by earlier researchers of the MG crystalline and P-T data extracted from the study of Cretacoeus granitoids and their enclaves, it was possible to characterize multiple episodes of Cretaceous igneous and metamorphic evolution of the MG. Intrusion of the mantle-related mafic magma at pressures ~8 kbar and temperatures ~920C has been regarded as the oldest Cretaceous magmatic pulse (~110-90 Ma) recorded in the MG crystalline complex, leaving behind local occurrences of gabbroic rocks. Its relation to the medium-pressure metamorphic event recorded in amphibole-bearing xenoliths reaching ~8 kbar and max. ~800C has not been elucidated so far. It was followed by a younger LP-HT event (100-90 Ma), recorded in a sequence of partial melting reactions in the metapelitic rocks reaching granulite facies conditions (2-5 kbar, ~720-790C). Such melt-producing reactions documented in the km-sized metapelitic xenoliths point to the nature and extent of processes in the metapelitic source rocks that contributed to the overall production of the granitic magma in this setting. All of the aforementioned events preceded the Late Cretaceous intrusion of the central granitoid body and oscillations of igneous activity recored in the products of mixing and hybridization between granitoids and more mafic magmas (MME enclaves) and the onset of immiscibility (tourmaline nodules) nad the intrusion of leucogranites. According to our data, all of these pulses occurred in a low-pressure crustal setting (

Područje Moslavačke gore izgrađeno je od stijena različitog litološkog sastava. Predmet istraživanja bili su slabo vezani sedimenti miocenske (pontske) i pliocenske starosti, osnosno glinovite i pjeskovite taložine koje izdanjuju unutar potoka, bujičnjaka i usjeka građevinskih objekata. Zamijećeni izdanci su detaljno opisani, uzorkovani te je načinjena njihova fotodokumentacija pri čemu je skupljeno ukupno 45 uzoraka. Uzorci su zatim odvojeni na niz frakcija metodom šlemanja. Fosilni sadržaj unutar izdvojenih frakcija sedimenata izdvojen je i opisan. Zbog nedostatka zadovoljavajućeg postupka izradbe mikroskopskih izbrusaka iz nevezanih sedimenata osmišljena je metoda izradbe tvrdih pločica iz kojih ih je bilo moguće načiniti. Analiziran je mineralni sastav pri čemu su isti odvojeni na „gline“ i pijeske. Unutar svakog je određen mineralni sastav više od 150 zrna sedimenata, što je ukupno više od 5000 zrna iz svih izbrusaka zajedno. Na temelju navedenog provedena je statistička analiza mineralnog sastava. Unutar standardnih uzorka, onih čija je starost sigurna, uočena je jasna razlika u rasponu sadržaja određenih minerala. Ponajprije su to kvarcno-magmatskog i metamorfnog podrijetla te ona kvarcita. Prema tomu, uzorci su odvojeni na one miocenske i one pliocenske starosti. Načinjena je i usporedba s uzorcima pleistocenske starosti iz hidrogeološke bušotine pokraj Črnkovca. Na temelju terenskih i laboratorijskih istraživanja te rezultata statističke analize doneseni su zaključci o točnosti OGK područja te o razvoju istog za vrijeme miocena i pliocena. Navedeni zaključci mogli bi biti točniji i precizniji, ako bi se uzeo veći broj uzoraka sedimenata određene starosti, što bi omogućilo izradbu karata prostornog rasprostiranja određenih minerala i mineralnih zajednica.

Granitoidne stijene S-tipa kredne starosti, koje čine središnji dio kristalinskog kompleksa Moslavačke gore, domaćini su dvaju tipova enklava. Prvu skupinu čine kognatne enklave odnosno nehomogenosti unutar granitoida poput mafitnih i mikrogranitoidnih magmatskih enklava, turmalinskih nodula i megakristala kalijskih feldspata. One ukazuju na više pulseva magmatske aktivnosti unutar krednog moslavačkog magmatskog sustava. Najstariji je magmatski puls zabilježen u intruziji mafitne magme u dublje nivoe kontinentske kore (~8 kbar, ~920 C). Uslijedila je intruzija dvotinjčastog granitoidnog plutona, praćena lokalnim interakcijama s mafitnom magmom i hibridizacijom, pojavom imiscibiliteta u finalnim stadijima evolucije dvotinjčastog magmatskog tijela, te intruzijom leukogranita. Za ove je događaje zajedničko odvijanje u uvjetima niskog tlaka odnosno u vršnim nivoima kontinentske kore (800 C). Slijedeća, niskotlačno-visokotemperaturna epizoda obilježena je pojavom parcijalnog taljenja (migmatizacije) u uvjetima granulitnog facijesa (2-5 kbar, ~720-790 C), dok je najmlađa epizoda, također niskotlačno-visokotemperaturna (

Tijekom 2012. godine započela su sustavna arheološka istraživanja Jelengrada i Košutgrada, dvaju kasnosrednjovjekovnih gradova na Moslavačkoj gori. Iako su oba grada nesumnjivo imala značajnu ulogu u onodobnom kulturno-povijesnom krajobrazu, nakon napuštanja krajem 16. stoljeća ostali su prepušteni vegetaciji i neumitnom zubu vremena, u potpunosti izvan fokusa znanstvenog interesa. Cilj ove prve sezone istraživanja bio je njihovo raščišćavanje od vegetacije te urušene građe, potvrđivanje stratigrafske slike te izrada nacrtne dokumentacije., In 2012 Croatian Conservation Institute started with systematic archaeological excavations of Jelengrad and Košutgrad, two late medieval burgs on Moslavina Mountain. Although both burgs have undoubtedly had important place in the cultural-historic landscape during late medieval period, after their abandonment at the end of the 16th century, they have been left to the ravages of time and vegetation, outside of any scientific focus. Main goals of this first season of archaeological excavations were clearing the locations of vegetation and debris, confirmation of stratigraphy, and making of detail plan documentation.

Moslavačka Gora (MG) is a small (~180 km2) exposure of the crystalline basement located on the SW margin of the Pannonian Basin (PB), geotectonicaly assigned to the Adria-Europe plate boundary. Crystalline part of the MG is made up of granite body (S-type granites) partly surrounded by medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks (different varieties of metapelites, amphibolites, migmatites). Present geological relations inside the MG crystalline reflect a complex history of the metamorphic and igneous evolution during multiple, closely related Cretaceous events. Phase equlibria modelling of texturally and mineralogically variable metapelitic samples in the NCKFMASH system done using THERMOCALC v. 3.33 software gave insight into mineral assemblage stability fields and P-T values of different stages of the Cretaceous metamorphic evolution of the MG complex. Based on the petrographic and field data from the previous research in the MG area, combined with P-T pseudosections, the first metamorphic episode has been recognized as a regional metamorphic event characterized by medium pressures (relic assemblages with garnet and sillimanite, like Bt+Grt+Kfs+Pl+Sil+Qtz and Bt+Ms+Pl+Sil+Qtz). Transformation of sillimanite to the mixture of white mica and quartz has been also noticed in some samples. The onset of the second episode, the high-temperature/low-pressure one, is recognized in the occurrence of andalusite-bearing assemblages. The observed peak metamorphic assemblage in the samples, Bt+Crd+And+Ms+Kfs+Pl+Qtz, represents a Cretaceous prograde episode and yields P-T conditions of 3 kbar and 640°C for the part of the P-T path that is ascribed to the same thermal event that is held responsible for the generation of the main Cretaceous S-type granite pluton. The peak metamorphic assemblage including cordierite and andalusite is thus regarded as a part of this second episode of HT/LP Cretaceous metamorphic evolution. Smaller, cm- to dm-sized metapelitic enclaves from S-type granite that have been modelled, show different mineral assemblages (Crd+Bt+Pl+Qtz±Sil) compared to the metapelitic blocks. Nevertheless, they also recorded medium pressure parts of the P-T path (e.g. biotite aggregate developed after garnet) that correspond to certain episodes of the MG Cretaceous evolution as previously noted in the metapelite blocks from the marginal parts of the pluton. Temperatures (~640 °C) obtained with Ti-in-biotite thermometry fit well with results from P-T pseudosection modelling for both, metapelitic blocks and smaller enclaves. It is evident that the pre-existing metamorphic complex became the source for the xenoliths that were encapsulated by the intruding MG granite, recording the P-T conditions of the Cretaceous activity. The characteristic HT/LP Cretaceous signature recorded in the various MG metamorphic lithologies opens new perspectives for the future investigation of the complex P-T path of the MG crystalline outcrop and processes that took place in the mobile zone on the south-eastern margins of the Mesozoic Europe.

Moslavačka gora je kompleksno geološko tijelo izgrađeno od centralnog kristalinog kompleksa koji se sastoji od više vrsta magmatskih i metamorfnih stijena i sedimentnog obruba. U ovom radu modelirani su P-T uvjeti za gnajseve sa lokaliteta Jelenska i Mikleuška, pomoću programa PERPLEX i THERMOCALC. U stijenama je utvrđena mineralna zajednica Chl + Bi + Mu + Q + Pl + Sill + Ksp koja je razdjeljena na dvije parageneze 1.) Chl + Bi + Mu + Q (±Pl) i 2.) Sill + Ksp + Bi + Q (±Pl). Rezultati pokazuju da je stijena dosegla maksimum pri temperaturama od 645 do >700 ºC i tlaku od 3000 do 4000 bara te da je retrogradnim metamorfizmom došla do temperatura od

Zapadni se rub Moslavačke gore nalazi u južnom dijelu Bjelovarske subdepresije. Na tom su dijelu dravske depresije provedena istraživačka bušenja i seizmička istraživanja. U ovom je radu dan pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja na području zapadnog ruba Moslavačke gore napravljena na temelju podataka istraživačkog bušenja, korištenjem seizmičkih profila te ranije objavljenih radova. Namjera je ovog rada poticaj na detaljan pristup u razmatranju rubnih bazenskih područja te analizi rezultata istraživanja. I takva područja mogu predstavljati mjesta novih otkrića ugljikovodika, posebno značajnih s porastom njihove cijene., The western edge of Moslavačka Gora is located in the southern part of Bjelovar subdepression. Exploration drilling and seismic survey were conducted in this part of Drava Depression. This paper gives an overview of exploration of Moslavačka Gora western edge made on the basis of exploration drilling, seismic profiles and previously published papers. The intention of this paper is an incentive for the detailed approach in reviewing the basin marginal areas and exploration results analysis. These areas may also represent places of new discoveries of hydrocarbons, which is especially significant due to their prices increase.

Podno najvišeg vrha Dugačkog brda na Moslavačkoj gori, a južno od staroga grada Garića, nalazi se najstariji pavlinski samostan na području današnje Hrvatske. Samostan Blažene Djevice Marije (poznat i kao Bela crkva) osnovao je oko 1250. godine magistar Tiburcije. Samostanski se sklop znatno razvio tijekom 14. i 15. stoljeća zahvaljujući političkoj i ekonomskoj moći. Redovnici su napustili moslavački samostan zbog otomanskih napada na moslavačko područje u vremenu između 1520. i 1544. godine. Samostan se nalazi na izdignutom pravokutnom platou što ga sa sve četiri strane određuje potok Crkveni jarak s pritocima. Samostanski je sklop prije početka arheoloških istraživanja 2009. godine u cijelosti bio prekriven gustom vegetacijom. Unatoč tome, bilo je moguće razaznati njegove vanjske dimenzije. Tijekom dvije sezone arheoloških radova istražena je samostanska crkva po cijeloj dužini unutar sjevernoga dijela longitudinalne simetrale. Crkva Navještenja Marijina (3.155 x 1.050 cm), smještena u sjeveroistočnom dijelu sklopa, longitudinalna je, jednobrodna (1.665 x 860 cm) građevina poligonalno zaključenog svetišta (1.275 x 650 cm). Na zapadnom pročelju pronađen je bogato profiliran kasnogotički portal. Ujedno je potvrđeno kako je unutrašnjost crkve bila popločena tavelama od opeke. Prema dosad postignutim rezultatima, može se pretpostaviti da je samostanski sklop imao tlocrtnu dispoziciju podjednaku onoj pavlinskoga samostana u Pécs-Jakabhegyu., The oldest Paulist monastery in the territory of the present-day Croatia is situated southwards from the old town of Garić, at the foot of the highest peak of Dugačko brdo hill on Moslavačka gora. Master Tiburtius founded around 1250 the Monastery of the Blessed Virgin Mary, also known as Bela crkva (Engl. White Church). Thanks to its political and economic power, the monastery complex was significantly developed during the 14th and the 15th centuries. The monks had left the monastery in Moslavina due to the Ottoman attack to the Moslavina area in the period between 1520 and 1544. The monastery is located on a raised rectangular plateau, defined on four sides by Crkveni jarak stream and its tributaries. Prior to the archaeological explorations carried out in 2009, the monastery complex was densely vegetated. It was nevertheless possible to discern its outer dimensions. During two seasons of archaeological works, the monastery church was explored along the whole length inside the northern part of its longitudinal bisector. The church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (3155 x 1050 cm), situated in the northeastern part of the complex, is a longitudinal, uni-naval (1665 x 860 cm) building, with a polygonally shaped sanctuary (1275 x 650 cm). A richly profiled late-Gothic portal was found on its western front. It was further established that the church interior had been paved with bricks. According to the results achieved so far, it may be supposed that the ground-plan disposition of the monastery complex resembled the one of the Paulist monastery in Pécs-Jakabhegy.

The final geodynamic position of the Moslavačka Gora (MG) on the SW margin of the Pannonian Basin (PB) is related to Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of the Dinaric segment of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt formed along the Adria-Europe active continental margin. Overall lithology of the MG crystalline can be broadly divided into three main groups: S-type granites which make the core of the MG complex and high- to medium-grade metamorphic rocks (migmatites, gneisses, amphibolites, metapelites) which are present in form of foreign enclaves i.e. xenoliths inside the MG granite pluton. Dm- to m-sized xenoliths bear signature of the polyphase metamorphic evolution of the MG complex with at least two phases being identifiable through specific mineral assemblages. First phase (recorded in amphibolites), which preceded granite intrusion, reached maximum conditions of amphibolite facies metamorphism. The second, Late Cretaceous LP-HT phase, can be separated into two closely related metamorphic events (recorded in the metapelite xenoliths) that took place under low-P amphibolite facies conditions. Pseudosection modelling gave temperature range 585-600 °C and pressure range 390-460 MPa for assemblage Bt + Cd + Pl + Grt + Sil + Qtz while younger assemblage Bt + Chl + Pl + And + Qtz gave temperature 540°C and pressure

Migmatit Moslavačke gore uzorkovan je s geološkog lokaliteta Garjavica. Optičkom i kemijskom analizom uzoraka ustanovljen je mineralni, odnosno kemijski sastav stijene, što je omogućilo modeliranje fazne ravnoteže. Modeliranje je sprovedeno u programu THERMOCALC, a rezultati modeliranja, zajedno s mikrostrukturnim opažanjima izvedenima prilikom optičke analize, omogućili su rekonstrukciju p-T uvjeta stabilnosti mineralnih parageneza i reakcijsku dijela p-T-t puta istraživane stijene.

Two texturally and chemically distinct types of tourmaline are found inside peraluminous granites of the Moslavačka Gora, Croatia: nodular tourmaline in the two-mica granite and disseminated tourmaline in the cross-cutting leucogranite dykes. Both tourmaline types belong to alkali tourmaline group, nodular tourmaline being dravite to schorl and disseminated tourmaline corresponding to schorl. Comparison of characteristic parameters of nodular (Nt) and disseminated tourmaline (Dt) shows significant differences in #Fe (0.40-0.65 for Nt vs. 0.74-0.85 in Dt) along with variations in the calculated X-site vacancy (0.22-0.37 pfu in Nt and 0.33-0.44 in Dt) and ¨/(¨+Na) ratio (0.23-0.40 in Nt and 0.34-0.45 in Dt). Disseminated tourmaline from the MG leucogranites is regarded as an early crystallized magmatic phase, while the interstitial tourmaline from the cores of tourmaline nodules originated from a more complex mineralogical and chemical interactions inside the two-mica granite melt. Major element gain (Mg) and loss (Fe, Ca, Na, K) for the "idealized nodule" (34 vol. % core + 66 vol. % halo) when compared to the host granite shows that the nodule's volume is not a completely independent and closed system. Based on the observed characteristics, nodule's halo can be considered as a "transitional zone" between the tourmaline-bearing core and the host granite, texturally and mineralogically related to the host two-mica granite, chemically being an integral part of the nodule's volume at the same time.

Istraživani su pijesci koji najvjerojatnije pripadaju gornjem pontu. Utvrđeno je njihovo lokalno porijeklo.

Područje Panonskog bazena u svojoj podlozi sadrži magmatske i metamorfne stijene koje su svjedoci burnih događaja karakterističnih za aktivne granice među tektonskim pločama. Volumno promatrano, veliki udio u "kristalinoj" podlozi pripada nekoj od vrsta granitnih stijena. Ti su događaji iz geološke prošlosti ostali do danas zabilježeni u granitima, kao brojni, na prvi pogled dijelom i prikriveni tragovi poput međuodnosa pojedinih tipova granita, njihovog odnosa prema drugim stijenama, detalja njihove građe, tekstura i struktura, te prvenstveno nastalih mineralnih zajednica i različitih (geo)kemijskih "potpisa" u mineralima i stijenama. Područje kristalina Moslavačke gore, kojim dominira površinom relativno malen ali građom kompleksan granitni pluton, specifičan je prirodni laboratorij i svjedok procesa započetih još u paleozoiku, specifičnih visokotemperaturnih (znakovito: istovremeno niskotlačnih) događanja tijekom krede te mehanizama smještavanja granita na razmeđi velikih geotektonskih cjelina. Geokemijski podaci iz granita, metamorfnih stijena te kognatnih i stranih enklava sadržanih u granitima, u sprezi sa geotermobarometrijskim podacima, mineralnom kemijom, akcesornim mineralima i 3D tomografijom specifičnih sferičnih pojava – turmalinskih nodula – predstavljaju osnovu za dešifriranje ponekad sasvim kriptičnih tragova i rekonstrukciju zbivanja iz geološke prošlosti. Takav je pristup, primjerice, omogućio uvid u završnu fazu evolucije granita Moslavačke gore, ukazujući na niskotlačni okoliš u kojem su se odvijali karakteristični procesi poput nemješljivosti magmi, izdvajanja fluidne faze, formiranja klastera i miješanja fluida iz magme s onima iz okolnih stijena. Svi su ti procesi ostali zabilježeni nastankom različitih tipova turmalina, akcesornih minerala, razlikama u geokemijskom sastavu magmi kao i brojnim reakcijama, a sinteza tih saznanja tek je odškrinula vrata za pogled u život jednog "običnog" granitnog plutona.

U ovom radu predstavljen je međuodnos ljudi i okoliša na primjeru prostora šireg područja oko Garića s težištem na 17. stoljeću. Osim ekohistorijskih aspekata, u radu se prate promjene u organizaciji prostora na sjevernome dijelu Moslavačke gore Varaždinskoga generalata (šire područje oko Garića), koji je tijekom 17. stoljeća bio pogranična regija na imperijalnoj habsburško-osmanskoj granici. Autor je utvrdio kako se Moslavačka gora u 17. stoljeću nazivala najčešće Garjevica (što je danas naziv za šumu koja se prostire oko Garića). Primjerice 1639. naziva se Mons Garabiz, 1657. – Grabaiza Gebürg, 1673. – Garievitza M., a tek na Cantellijevoj karti iz 1690. spominju se dva naziva Gariewitza M. i Claudius M. Valvasor krajem 17. stoljeća ponovno spominje samo naziv Garievitza Mons. Od sredine 16. do prvih desetljeća 17. stoljeća o prostoru istočno od Ivanića (odnosno Sv. Križa) prema rijeci Ilovi možemo govoriti kao o „ničijoj zemlji“. Zanimljivo je da se tijekom 17. stoljeća na prostoru „ničije zemlje“ postupno počinju osnivati nova sela s habsburške strane, a možda i na pograničnom području Osmanskoga Carstva. Kao i u drugim dijelovima Varaždinskoga generalata, i u moslavačkom dijelu može se uočiti trend naseljavanja katoličkog stanovništva neposredno uz granicu s Osmanskim Carstvom., The paper portrays the interrelation between people and the environment on the example of the wider area surrounding Garić and focusing on the 17th century. Apart from the ecohistorical aspects, the paper follows the changes in the organisation of the area in the northern part of Moslavačka gora, in the Varaždin District (wider area surrounding Garić), which, in the 17th century, was the borderline region along the imperial Hapsburg-Ottoman border. The author established that in the 17th century, Moslavačka gora was commonly called Garjevica (the present name of the forest surrounding Garić). For instance, in 1639, it was called Mons Garabiz; in 1657, Grabaiza Gebürg; in 1673, Garievitza M., and it was only in Cantelli’s map of 1690 that two names occurred: Gariewitza M. and Claudius M. At the end of the 17th century, Valvasor again mentioned only the name Garievitza Mons. The localities east of Ivanić (or rather Sv. Križ) in the direction toward Ilova river (in the period between the mid 16th century and the first couple of decades of the 17th century) may be referred to as “no man’s land”. It is an interesting fact that during the 17th century, on “no man’s land”, new villages were gradually formed on the Hapsburg side, and maybe even along the border to the Ottoman Empire. Catholic population in the Moslavina region tended to immigrate directly along the border to the Ottoman Empire, same as in other parts of the Varaždin District.

Geokemijski podaci iz granita, metamorfnih stijena te kognatnih i stranih enklava sadržanih u granitima, u sprezi sa geotermobarometrijskim podacima, mineralnom kemijom, (geo)kemijom akcesornih minerala i 3D tomografijom turmalinskih nodula predstavljaju osnovu za analizu niskotlačnog okoliša u kojem su se odvijali procesi poput nemješljivosti magmi, izdvajanja fluidne faze, formiranja klastera i miješanja fluida iz magme s onima iz okolnih stijena. Svi su ti procesi ostali zabilježeni nastankom različitih tipova turmalina, akcesornih minerala, razlikama u geokemijskom sastavu magmi kao i brojnim metamorfnim reakcijama.

Peraluminous granites generated during the Late Cretaceous evolution of the LP-HT zone in the Adria-Europe plate boundary setting host tourmaline nodules. These tourmaline-bearing bodies from the Moslavačka Gora (MG), Croatia show great similarity with leucogranitic veins and can be described as compact spherical to ovoid aggregates (cm to dm in diameter) with a fine-grained (grain size 1-2 mm) core (slightly alkali-deficient dravite to schorl tourmaline (#Fe 0.40-0.66) + quartz + albite + K-feldspar ± muscovite) enveloped by a leucocratic halo (quartz + K-feldspar + oligoclase An11-21 ± muscovite). When observed in 2D sections solely, the isolated nature of tourmaline nodules can be easily mistaken with similar 2D cross-section of a leucogranitic vein. For that reason tourmaline nodules’ spatial distribution inside the host, shape and internal structure of individual bodies have been reconstructed and visualized through destructive serial sectioning tomography with physical resolution of 3.5 mm (serial cutting) or 0.35 mm (serial lapping) between individual planes. Obtained 3D reconstructions of rock volumes containing tourmaline nodules showed that they are indeed isolated spherical bodies dispersed inside the granitic host and not vein formations. The two structural units of a nodule, core and halo, are clearly distinguishable in 3D and show sharp contacts to each other but also to the granitic host. The morphology, peculiar texture, distribution and origin of tourmaline nodules inside granite can be most suitably explained through the emplacement mechanism and crystallization setting of the host granite at upper crustal level (at MG locality calculated approx. depth of 5-6 km, T=720 °C). During emplacement, decompression and arising immiscibility leads to melt unmixing and production of two different melt phases: “normal” granitic and B-rich one. Prominent depolymerization of B-rich melt, followed by density and viscosity decrease together with lowering of liquidus and solidus temperatures, leads to physical separation of a buoyant B- and fluid-rich phase in form of distinct B-rich bubbles or pockets, which coalesce in order to decrease surface tension. Such isolated volumes now contain necessary concentration of boron and other elements needed for tourmaline growth and become precursors for the future solidified tourmaline nodules.

U pegmatitu Srednje Rijeke na Moslavačkoj gori nađen je nepoznati plavi mineral u obliku prizmatskih kristala, vlaknastih agregata i sitnog zrnja, uklopljenog u drugim pegmatitnim mineralima. Na osnovu optičkih karakteristika (pleokroizam u izrazito plavoj, ljubičastoj i plavoljubičastoj boji duž titrajnog pravca x, bezbojan mineral duž titrajnog pravca y, žive interferencijske boje II reda, paralelno potamnjenje), kemijskog sastava minerala određenog elektronskom mikrosondom te proračuna mineralne strukturne kristalokemijske formule zaključeno je da istraživani mineral odgovara dumortijeritu. Dumortijerit se pojavljuje u paragenezi sa kvarcom, ortoklasom, mikroklinom, albitnim do oligoklasnim plagioglasom, muskovitom, biotitom i andaluzitom. Takva mineralna parageneza tipična je za pegmatite koji kristaliziraju iz ostataka peraluminijskih granitnih taljevina S-tipa.

The Moslavačka Gora Massif in Croatia (MGM) is located about 50 km ESE of Zagreb. It covers an area of ~150 km2 and represents an important surface exposure of crystalline basement within the Tertiary sediments of the Pannonian Basin. In terms of the Alpine plate tectonic framework, the MGM has been long considered to be a major outcrop of Variscan crystalline basement of the South Tisia block. Recently, the MG is related to the so-called “Sava-Zone”, which is interpreted as the Cenozoic suture between Tisia and the Northern Dinarides. Our geochronological, geochemical and geothermobarometric data indicate that theMGMconsists of a Cretaceous S-type granite pluton intruding a Cretaceous low-pressure/high-temperature (LP/HT) metamorphic complex. The age of the LP/HT metamorphism is estimated at ~90–100 Ma using the method of electron microprobe based monazite dating. Laser ablation-sector field-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-SF-ICPMS) based U-Pb dating on zircon gave 82±1 Ma for the Central Granite. The metamorphic complex of the MGM comprises mainly felsic anatexites and orthogneisses of granitic composition together with metapelites (paragneisses and mica schists) and minor amphibolites. Zircons from three different samples of metagranite were dated at 486±6 Ma, 483±6 Ma and 491±1 Ma, suggesting that most of the metamorphic complex represents an Early Ordovician granitic series. The Cretaceous regional metamorphism culminated in granulite facies conditions of ~750 °C and 3–4 kbar. A retrograde metamorphic event at lower amphibolite facies conditions overprinted the metamorphic complex. This event is probably related to the intrusion of the Central Granite. The southeastern sector of the massif was additionally affected by post-granitic, predominantly NE oriented shearing at greenschist facies conditions. As yet there is no clear evidence for Variscan events in the MGM. Mineral relics of a medium-pressure amphibolite facies metamorphism are preserved in amphibolites. They are older than the Cretaceous LP/HT regional metamorphism, but their age is presently unknown. Some indications for a Permian regional metamorphic event are provided by inherited zircons in the Central Granite that have been dated with a Permian age, and by Permian monazite relics found in metapelites. The Cretaceous high heat flow regime recorded in the MGM crystalline massif is unique in the subcrop of the Pannonian Basin and may be a local feature triggered by a mafic intrusion in the lower crust.

The Moslavačka Gora Massif (MGM) in Croatia, located about 50 km east-south-east of Zagreb, is a major exposure of crystalline basement within the Tertiary sediments of the Pannonian Basin. The central part of the massif is built up of a finegrained, two-mica S-type granite. The peripheral parts are formed by a metamorphic complex which includes mainly felsic anatexites and orthogneisses of granitic composition, some metapelites (paragneisses and micaschists) and rare amphibolites. In terms of the Alpine plate tectonic framework, the MGM has been considered as a part of the Tisia block. Recently, the MGM has been related to the so-called “Sava Zone”, which is believed to host the suture between Tisia and the Dinarides. Reliable information concerning the geological evolution of the massif was as yet hardly available, so that any correlation with neighboring basement units remained largely speculative. For a long time it was a common belief that the MGM represents Variscan crystalline basement. However, our new geochronological data indicate that this massif is a Cretaceous high-temperature/low-pressure metamorphic dome that was intruded in its center by a Cretaceous granite pluton. The age of the LP/HT metamorphism is estimated at ca. 90–100 Ma using the method of electron microprobe based Th-U-Pb dating on monazites. U-Pb dating of zircons by means of LA-SF-ICP-MS method for the Central Granite gave a concordant age of 82 ± 1 Ma. Zircons from three different samples of metagranites were dated at 486 ± 6 Ma, 483 ± 6 Ma and 491 ± 1 Ma, suggesting that most of the metamorphic complex of the MGM represents an Early Ordovician granitic series. In order to better characterize the different metagranites of the MGM, a geochemical study was carried out. The volumetrically dominant Jelen grad type defines a coarse grained, K-feldspar phyric, S-type granite suite. Fine grained metagranites (Garić-grad type) show the characteristics of A-type magma. The metamorphic evolution of the MGM was studied on metapelites. From the observed peak paragenesis (Crd-Grt-Kfs) and electron microprobe data it can be concluded that the Cretaceous metamorphism was of the low-pressure type reaching granulite facies conditions of ca. 750 °C and 3–4 kbar. A retrograde metamorphic event, mainly caused by heat and fluid input from the Central Granite, occurred at lower amphibolites facies conditions (500–600 °C, 1–2 kbar). As yet there are no clear evidences for a Variscan tectonothermal event in the MGM. However, Permian magmatism or anatexis in the lower crust is indicated by inherited Permian zircons in the Central Granite. Relics of Permian monazite found in one sample of metapelite document a Permian phase of metamorphism in the metamorphic series of the MGM. The high heat flow regime of Cretaceous age is unique in the basement of the Pannonian Basin and may be a local feature triggered by a mafic intrusion in the lower crust.

The Moslavačka Gora (MG), together with the surrounding basement, is mainly made up of crystalline rocks showing mostly Cretaceous age which can be divided into three groups: (1) granitoids, (2) migmatites, and (3) amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks. The granitoid pluton itself comprises about 110 km2 of the exposed crystalline hosting several types of granitic rocks, as inferred from field, petrographic and geochemical studies. All types of granites show similar chemical signatures defining them as S-type granites. On the basis of trace element distribution (especially REE’s) a clear distinction has been made between the two most abundant granite types: two-mica (predominantly biotite) granite, and two subtypes of leucogranites. The first type, two-mica granite regularly hosts different types of enclaves. The two subtypes of pegmatitic and aplitic leucogranites both penetrate two-mica granite and are not devoid of enclaves, although they are less abundant than in the previous type. “Foreign” enclaves are characterized by the composition and origin that is not related to that of their host rock. Various types of xenoliths, representing mostly parts of the MG metamorphic complex, have been ascribed to this category: surmicaceous and/or biotite-rich xenoliths, gneissic xenoliths, cordierite xenoliths, amphibolite xenoliths and quartz xenoliths/xenocrysts. Contrarily, “enclaves homoéogènes” or “cognate” enclaves show evidence of mineralogical or genetic links to their host rock. They resulted from the processes that took place in the magmatic body itself i.e. granitoid pluton. These are, for example, dark granular enclaves called mafic microgranular / microgranitoid / magmatic enclaves (MME) and tourmaline nodules. Another feature can be also regarded as a type of “cognate” enclaves – miaroles. Inside the MG magmatic system there are also numerous “inhomogenities” like pegmatitic and aplitic bodies, tourmaline “suns” and K-feldspar megacrysts. From their characteristics, it is evident that “foreign”enclaves (xenoliths) give information on the undoubted continental crust contribution to the studied magmatic system, mode of emplacement of granitoid magmas, nature of country rocks and the relative age of the granitoid pluton. Preliminary geochemical model for production of melts inside MG magmatic system indicates muscovite dehydration melting at low aH2O of a (meta)pelitic source which is, at least partly, consistent with field evidence and observations made on enclaves. “Cognate” enclaves, on the other hand, hold a different type of information – primarily that concerning the evolution of the MG igneous body. Being found inside the host granite, they support a scenario according to which magma escaped from the plutonic depths, reached shallow level, where it stalled in a low-pressure crustal setting. This was already inferred from the field occurrences of miarolitic cavities and the presence of magmatic andalusite inside the host granite. P-T conditions at the crystallization level of the host granite have been obtained from the zircon saturation temperature and REE thermometry (ca. 720–730°C). From these temperatures, pressure values have been estimated to 70–270 MPa (on average ~ 5 km depth) and water content of the melt up to 4.2 wt%. Decreasing pressure and related cooling were major factors controlling the melt differentiation, liquid immiscibility, fluid behaviour, partitioning of elements and the crystallization path of the two-mica granite as an integral part of the main plutonic body. Present geological relations inside the Moslavačka Gora crystalline reflect a complex history of the metamorphic and igneous evolution during multiple, closely related, Cretaceous events. Metamorphic evolution that preceded igneous events remained recorded in the metamorphic part of the complex that became the source for the “foreign” enclaves encapsulated inside the intruding granite magma. The granite body itself shows evidence of at least two subsequent igneous events – their signature was left behind in the form of various types of “cognate” enclaves, rock textures and relation among known rock types, their mineral assemblages and geochemical features.

Fluid inclusion data and 40Ar/30Ar dating have revealed the evolution and age of the Srednja Rijeka pegmatite, Moslavačka gora Mts., Croatia

In the southwestern part of the Pannonian Basin huge quantities of sand detritus was deposited during the Late Miocene. There are two different opinions regarding the provenance of these sand deposits which associate the detritus either with a local source or with a universal regional source located outside of the study area. The first opinion is based on the modal composition of the sands and a correlation to the composition of nearby hills and mountains, build up mainly of granites and metamorphites (i.e. Blašković, 1982 ; Krkalo, 1998). However, Šimunić & Šimunić (1987) and Kovačić & Grizelj (2007) point out a uniformity in modal composition and textural maturity of sands from the wider area and connect their origin to the weathering processes of older sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in distant sources. Paleogeographic reconstructions of the Pannonian Basin evolution (i.e. Magyar et al., 1999) together with paleotransport measurements (Kovačić & Grizelj, 2007) suggest transport of material from the north. Moslavačka Gora is located in the SW part of Pannonian Basin and its crystalline core is composed of granite and metamorphic rocks (Korolija et al., 1986). That core is enveloped with Neogene and Quaternary sediments. Late Miocene white colored sand deposits up to 70 m thick can be found near the village Vrtlinska on the western slope of Moslavačka Gora (Krkalo, 1985). Modal composition of these sands shows predominance of quartz and feldspars as well as dominance of epidote, garnet, staurolite, kyanite, tourmaline and zircon in the heavy mineral association. A mineralogical peculiarity of the heavy mineral association from the Vrtlinska sands is the presence of andalusite. In comparison with other sands from the SW Pannonian Basin Vrtlinska sands contain non-weathered feldspars and increased quantities of zircons. Weathering of granitic rocks can produce a huge quantity of feldspars, which in circumstances of short transport may remain fresh, even in the warm and humid Late Miocene climate. Also, the peraluminous granites of Moslavačka Gora contain andalusite, tourmaline and zircon (Pamić et al., 1984 ; Pamić, 1990). So, it is a reasonable assumption that the Moslavačka Gora granites represented the source rocks for these sands. Comparison of zircon typology reveals a striking similarity and further strengthens the connection. However, occurrences of kyanite and staurolite in the Vrtlinska heavy mineral association can not be connected with a local source. These minerals are present in all Late Miocene sands in the SW Pannonian Basin and point to the uniform regional source (Kovačić & Grizelj, 2007). Modal and zircon typology analyses show that Late Miocene sands from the Vrtlinska locality on Moslavačka Gora contain combined detritus of local and regional source. Presence of local detritus implies that Moslavačka Gora was above Pannonian Lake water levels in the Late Miocene.

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The Moslavaèka Gora Massif is located about 50 km east-south-east of Zagreb and represents one of the major outcrops ofcrystalline basement within the Tertiary sediments of thePannonian basin (PAMIC et al. 2002). The central part of the massifis built up of fine grained, mostly undeformed granite (Pleteracgranite). The peripheral parts are dominated by metamorphicrocks. They include coarse and fine grained migmatitic metagranites(Jelen-grad, Gariæ-grad metagranite) as well as minor occurrencesof amphibolites and metapelites.The Moslavaèka Gora Massif has been considered as a majoroutcrop of Variscan crystalline basement of the south Tisia block.However, electron-microprobe-based Th-U-Pb dating onmonazites from the granitic as well as the metamorphic rocksprovide almost exclusively Cretaceous ages. Just in one sampleof a metapelite, relics of monazites with a Permian age werefound (STARIJAŠ et al. 2006). LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zirconsgave Lower Ordovician formation ages for the metagranitic rocks(Gariæ-grad metagranite: 486 ± 6 Ma, 483 ± 6 Ma ; Jelen-gradmetagranite: 491 ± 2 Ma). For the Pleterac granite, a Cretaceousformation age of 82 ± 1 Ma was obtained.The Cretaceous metamorphism in the Moslavacka Gora Massifwas of the low-pressure type and reached, at least in places, granulite facies conditions (700-750°C, 3-4 kbar). According tothe available monazite ages, high-grade metamorphism occurredin the mid Cretaceous. A retrograde metamorphic event, whichmay be related to the intrusion of the Pleterac granite, occurredunder conditions of ca. 550°C and 3 kbar.Based on the new geochronological data, a correlation of theMoslavaèka Gora Massif with the Banatite magmatic belt of south-eastern Europe may be possible. According to NEUBAUER (2002)the Banatite belt may have formed as a consequence of post-collisional slab break-off, representing a long but narrow zonewith increased heat input from the asthenospheric mantle. Thehigh T/ low P metamorphism recorded within the MoslavaèkaGora Massif would be compatible with such a model. Chemicaldata indicate that the Pleterac granite is most likely derived froma crustal source and not from a mantle source, as most magmas of the Banatite belt are. However, the Pleterac granite may haveformed as secondary magma in the contact aureole of hot maficmantle melts ponding at the base of the crust.

Na temelju pregleda brojne literature objavljene tijekom dugog niza godina (1852. - 2008.) o pojavama minerala i stijena na Moslavačkoj gori, napravljen je popis svih do sada pronađenih mineralnih vrsta s brojnim lokalitetima tog područja. Moslavačka gora je od davnina proučavana te je jedna od najbogatije petrološki istraživanih područja Republike Hrvatske. Prema prikupljenim podatcima iz literature napravljena je tablica 1 sa popisom 81 minerala i njihovih lokaliteta (63) pronađenih na Moslavačkoj gori koji su označeni na karti u prilogu. U svrhu izrade diplomskog rada obavljeno je terensko istraživanje pojedinih lokaliteta te su na prikupljenim uzorcima napravljena istraživanja polarizacijskim mikroskopom te metodom rentgenske difrakcijske analize (XRD).

Porijeklo turmalinskih nodula i njihovih neobičnih struktura nađenih u rubnim dijelovima granitnog plutona Moslavačke gore vezano je uz izdvajanje volatilne faze iz kristalizirajuće granitne magme u kasnom stadiju njene evolucije. Temeljem terenskih, mineraloških i strukturnih opažanja došlo se do zaključka da su turmalinske nodule nastale u završnom stadiju evolucije granitne magme, kada je borom nezasićena magma intrudirala u vršne dijelove kore, pri čemu je došlo do zasićenja borom i izdvajanja fluidima bogatih volumena u vidu mjehurića, budućih nodula.

Field and petrographic studies reveal several types of granitoid rocks which occur in the SW part of Pannonian Basin crystalline basement outcropping in the narrow area on northern part of Moslavacka Gora, Croatia. Geochemical study offers further insight into the generally complex interaction between mingling and mixing of mantle/lower crust material with a crustal material during Cretaceous time. On the basis of trace element distribution (especially REE) a clear distinction has been made between A. two-mica (predominantly biotite) granite, and B. two subgroups of leucogranites. The first group, fine-grained two-mica granite (quartz, feldspar, biotite, muscovite) hosts tourmaline nodules, K-feldspar megacrysts and metapelitic xenoliths. Geochemical analyses yield 72.33-74.29 wt.% SiO2, 13.69-14.67 wt.% Al2O3, low concentrations of Fe2O3 (0.18-1.76 wt.%), MgO (0.07-0.65 wt%), CaO (0.48-1.22 wt.%) and TiO2 (0.12-0.27 wt.%), and relatively high K2O (3.65-6.01 wt.%) and Na2O (2.71-3.85 wt.%). Strong peraluminosity (ASI=1.1-1.2) and high SiO2 content are coupled with low concentrations of ferromagnesian elements together with high LIL trace elements Ba (332-495 ppm), Sr (69-161 ppm), Cs (12-26 ppm), Rb (184-277 ppm), Zr (70-138 ppm). The granite is characterized with moderately flat and fractionated REE chondrite normalized patterns, slight enrichment in the LREE and strongly negative Eu anomaly ((La/Yb)N = 4.62-9.67 ; Eu/Eu* = 0.41-0.81 ; low Σ REE=54.53-121.38 ppm). These rocks show the highest REE abundances among all three groups (La=10.3-26.4, Ce=22.0-52.4, Nd=8.4-20.3 ppm). The two subgroups of pegmatitic and aplitic leucogranites (quartz, albite, K-feldspar, muscovite, biotite, tourmaline, garnet, andalusite) both penetrate two-mica granite and are more difficult to distinguish solely on the basis of trace element data, but show clear differences in REE chondrite normalized patterns. They both exhibit a very high silica content (74.8-76.5 ; 74.7-74.8 wt.%) and a strong peraluminous signature (ASI=1.1-1.6 ; 1.1-1.2), very low contents of TiO2 (0.04-0.05 ; 0.05-0.06 wt.%), Fe2O3 (0.55-0.77 ; 0.62-0.68 wt.%), MgO (0.06-0.07 ; 0.04-0.05 wt.%) and CaO (0.42-0.52 ; 0.19-0.39 wt.%) leading to the absence of mafic minerals (except disseminated tourmaline) and hence a leucocratic appearance. Their trace element distribution is characterized by high Rb (229-244 ; 288-365 ppm), coupled with low Ba (4-11 ; 1-4 ppm), Sr (4-12 ; 2-3 ppm), Cs (11-16 ; 13-15 ppm), Zr (34-35 ; 11-18 ppm), Be, Ta and Th. REE chondrite-normalized patterns are flat ((La/Yb)N=1.9-2.3 ; 2.1-2.4 ; Eu/Eu* = 0.05-0.11 ; 0.01-0.13 ; low Σ REE=21.7-22.5 ; 8.4-9.2 ppm), less fractionated and bear a strong Eu negative anomaly. REE are lower than in the previous group (La=3.2-3.7 ; 1.4-1.6, Ce=6.8-7.7, 2.4-2.9, Nd =3.4 ; 1.2-1.3 ppm). Preliminary model for production of melts indicates muscovite dehydration melting of a (meta)pelitic source combined with differences in formation and emplacement levels.

Tourmaline nodule occurrences around the world have been described by authors as “ bizarre” , “ ” spherical entities” and under different and vague names like clots, clusters, spots, coca(r)des, ovoids and orbic(u)les. Although descriptions mutually differ in age, origin and occurrence of host rocks, features of nodule itself are quite unique and significant for genesis. The aim of this contribution is to rouse the discussion about genetic importance of tourmaline nodule occurrence for Moslavačka Gora granite. Tourmaline nodules are typically spherical, usually 1 to 10 cm in diameter, consisting of tourmaline and quartz (&plusmn ; feldspar) core surrounded by a leucocratic rim (also called bleached zone or halo comprising quartz and feldspar &plusmn ; muscovite). The core and rim of the nodule are placed inside the Cretaceous peraluminous biotite granite (quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, and muscovite) characterized with relatively flat REE chondrite normalized patterns, slight enrichment in the LREE and Eu negative anomaly. Moving towards the top of the granite body number and size of nodules appear to rise. They are often found in the inhomogeneous randomly distributed swarms aligned along streamlines defined by chaotic magmatic flow field. Voids and/or miarolitic cavities are occasionally present inside the nodule cores. Beside the nodules, biotite granite comprise metapelitic xenoliths (biotite, quartz, feldspar, sillimanite &plusmn ; andalusite) and K-feldspar megacrysts up to 10 cm in size. From a morphological point of view, nodules display variable typically spherical morphologies corroborating a magmatic origin. Textural features like rounded shape, physical separation from the groundmass, occurrence of grabbed phenocrysts inside the nodules, differences in grain size and texture, lack of (micro)vein network connecting the nodules indicates that the nodules once formed, behaved as an almost closed system in the course of their crystallization. A plausible genetic model can be summarized as follows: magma is transferred from source (anatectic melting of pelitic source?) to shallow emplacement level as inferred from magmatic andalusite and miarolitic cavities ; decompression along path induces a liquidus undercooling of the granite system and promotes nucleation of K-feldspar phenocrysts together with exsolution of fluid phase ; crystallization of volatile-free minerals further leads to a rise of volatile concentration (B, H2O, ...) in melt and to formation of boiling bubbles. Newly formed boron-rich silicate melt bubbles, due to lower density, start to rise in magmatic column and to accrete into sphere as preferred shape for pockets of immiscible boron-rich fluids to decrease surface tension. With reaching of solidus temperature crystallization of bubble, which did not manage to escape from coexisting host granite magma, while it was still behaving as a melt, produces tourmaline nodule with characteristic morphology.

The Mt. Moslavacka Gora represents crystalline crust exposed over an area of 180 km2 in the southwestern part of the Pannonian Basin. It consists of a S-type granitoid pluton surrounded by migmatites and metamorphic rocks of amphibolite to granulite facies grade. Geochronological data indicate a Cretaceous emplacement of the pluton and contemporaneous metamorphism in the country rocks (Lanphere & Pamic, 1992 ; Garasic, 1993 ; Balen, 1999 ; Balen et al., 2001 ; Starijas et al., 2004). The investigated leucogranite of Srednja Rijeka is located in the northern part of Mt. Moslavacka Gora. It forms dikes within a peraluminous two-mica granite, suggesting an extensional regime during its emplacement. Mafic enclaves are missing in the leucogranite whereas they are present in the two-mica granite. The leucogranite is characterized by subequal proportions of quartz, K-feldspar (microcline and orthoclas) and plagioclase (Ab93-95) with variable contents of muscovite, biotite, garnet, andalusite and tourmaline. Four types of muscovite (A-, B-, C- and D-typ) were recognized on the basis of textural and chemical characteristics. Consistently high AlIV (2.65-2.90 apfu) in biotite (annite) indicates its equilibration with an Al-rich phase. Garnet occurs as anhedral, interstitial grains. It is chemically homogeneous (XFe=0.6 ; XMn=0.4). The Fe3+ content in andalusite decreases from the pinkish core (0.011 apfu) to the colourless rim (0.007 apfu). Tourmaline (schorl-foitite) shows chemical zonation too, with Na+ and F- contents increasing from core (0.488 ; 0.287 apfu) to rim (0.623 ; 0.389 apfu). The leucogranite is strongly peraluminous (ASI = 1, 25), contains 75 wt.% SiO2 and low concentrations of Fe2O3 (0.71-0.79 wt.%), MgO (0.06-0.08 wt.%), CaO (0.45-0.55 wt.%) and TiO2 (0.03-0.05 wt.%). It has also low contents of Ba (7-50 ppm) and Sr (4-21 ppm) and a low Sr/Ba (0, 4-0, 5) ratio. The high Rb content (209-234 ppm) as well as high Rb/Ba (4-36) and Rb/Sr (10-67) ratios pointing to K-feldspar rich melting residue and muscovite dehydration melting at low aH2O. Additionally, the leucogranite shows low concentrations of Zr (31-44 ppm) and REE, which are usually explained by zircon and monazite retention in the residue. The chondrite normalized REE patterns are not fractionated [(La/Yb)N = 2.02] and have a prominent negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.09). Field relations, mineral assemblage and chemistry of the investigated rocks are consistent with MPG type granitoids and indicate its formation by melting of continental crust in a collisional environment.

Analiziran je neuobičajeni teksturni tip amfibolita Moslavačke gore iz kamenoloma Pleterac sa sinkinematski boranom folijacijom. Stijena je metamorfozirana u visokom odijeljku amfibolitnog facijesa pri 550 do 600 i °C i tlaku između 0, 4 i 0, 5 GPa. Način metamorfoze stijene odgovara Abukuma tipu, tj. metamorfozi protolita Barrow tipa metamorfoze u uvjetima povišenog geotermičkog gradijenta. Prema podacima K-Ar izotopne analize na separatu primarnog amfibola metamorfoza se odigrala na granici krede i tercijara pred 65 ± ; 6 milijuna godina u tektonomagmatskom činu kojim je završno formiran kristalinski kompleks Moslavačke gore. Tragovi retrogradne metamorfoze u analizirnom amfibolitu su zanemarivi i ukazuju na izuzetno brzo uzdizanje granitometamorfnog kompleksa Moslavačke gore.

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The Moslavačka Gora Massif is located about 50 km east-south-east of Zagreb. It covers an area of about 180 km2 and represents one of the major surface exposures of crystalline basement within the Tertiary sediments of the Pannonian Basin (PAMIĆ, 1990 ; PAMIĆ et al., 2002). The central part of the massif is made up of different types of granites: the fine-grained undeformed Pleterac type and the slightly deformed Garić-grad type. The peripheral parts are mainly built up by migmatites and various types of metamorphic rocks (gneisses, amphibolites, metapelites). Geochemistry of the granitoids The Pleterac type (PT) granites are slightly more peraluminous than the Garić-grad type (GGT) granites, whereas the later have on average a slightly higher SiO2 (70-75 vs 73-76 wt.%). Clear chemical differences exist in the Ba, Y and Zr contents. The GGT granites are probably derived from metaigneous lower crustal sources. With reference to their high barium (543-788 ppm) and yttrium (44-94 ppm) contents, they resemble fractionated I-type granites (CHAPPELL, 1999). The PT granites correspond chemically rather to S-type than to I-type granites. They show A/CNK ratios slightly above 1.1 and much lower yttrium (15-30 ppm) and barium (201-444 ppm) at higher rubidium concentrations (184-323 ppm). The PT and the GGT granites can also be distinguished by their zircon morphologies (see STARIJAŠ et al., 2005, this volume). Geochronology For a long time the Moslavačka Gora Massif has been considered as a major outcrop of Variscan crystalline basement of the South Tisia unit, like the Slavonian Mountains (Papuk, Psunj and Krndija). However, BALEN et al. (2001, 2003) reported Ar-Ar mica and amphibole cooling age < 90 Ma for various rocks of the massif. Also, a systematic electron-microprobe-based dating campaign on monazites from the granitic and the metamorphic rocks, which was carried out recently at Salzburg University, provided almost exclusively Cretaceous ages. Just in one sample of a metapelite, relics of monazites with a Permian age were found (STARIJAŠ et al., 2004). Metamorphic evolution The Cretaceous metamorphism in the Moslavačka Gora Massif was of the low-pressure type and reached, at least in places, granulite facies grade (ca. 700-750 °C, 3-4 kb), with the formation of the paragenesis garnet + cordierite + K-feldspar + An-rich plagioclase + quartz (± ; sillimanite, ± ; biotite) in metapelitic lithologies. For a retrograde metamorphic event, which involves the growth of biotite at the expense of garnet, the replacement of cordierite by muscovite and biotite intergrowths, the replacement of sillimanite through muscovite + quartz symplectites, the growth of andalusite and the formation of a new, less calcic plagioclase, the thermobarometric estimates are ca. 550 °C and 3 kb. This retrograde overprint may be related to the intrusion of the Pleterac granite. Due to the large error of the electron-microprobe-based monazite dating method (ca. ± ; 20 Ma), the precise timing of the different Cretaceous events (prograde low-P/high-T metamorphism, retrograde overprint, granitic plutonism) could not be resolved yet. Ar-Ar plateau ages of muscovites from a pegmatite and a deformed granite of around 75 Ma (BALEN et al., 2001) provide a lower age limit for the Cretaceous high-T metamorphism and the intrusion of the Moslavačka Gora granites, respectively. In amphibolitic lithologies, mineral relics of a (possibly pre-Mesozoic?) Barrovian type metamorphosis are preserved but are not yet dated. A possible relationship with the Banatite magmatic belt? Due to the newly discovered Cretaceous formation ages of the granitic rocks, a correlation of the Moslavačka Gora Massif with the Banatite magmatic belt of southeastern Europe may be possible. According to NEUBAUER (2002) the Banatite belt may have formed as a consequence of post-collisional slab break-off, representing a long but narrow zone, with increased heat input from the astenospheric mantle. The high-T/low-P metamorphism recorded in the Moslavačka Gora Massif indicates a position within a Late Cretaceous high-heat-flow zone, and thus would be compatible with such a model. Chemical data indicate that the Moslavačka Gora granites are most likely derived from crustal sources, representing mainly slightly peraluminous, felsic granites (s.s.) to granodiorites. They may have formed as secondary magmas in the contact aureole of hot mafic mantle melts ponding at the base of the crust. References BALEN, D., SCHUSTER, R., GARAŠIĆ, V. (2001): A new contribution to the geochronology of Mt. Moslavačka Gora (Croatia).- PANCARDI 2001Abstracts, DP-2, Sopron. BALEN, D., SCHUSTER, R., GARAŠIĆ, V., MAJER, V. (2003): The Kamenjača olivine gabbro from Moslavačka Gora (South Tisia, Croatia). Rad HAZU, 486, 27, 57-76. CHAPPELL, B. (1999): Aluminium saturation in I- and S-type granites and the characterization of fractionated haplogranites. Lithos, Volume 46, Issue 3, 535-551. NEUBAUER, F. (2002): Contrasting Late Cretaceous with Neogene ore provinces in the Alpine-Balkan-Carpathian-Dinaride collision belt. Geological Society Special Publications No. 204, 81-102. PAMIĆ, J. (1990): Alpine granites, migmatites and metamorphic rocks from Mt. Moslavačka Gora and the surrounding basement of the Pannonian Basin (Northern Croatia, Yugoslavia).- Rad JAZU 10, 7-121, Zagreb. PAMIĆ J., BALEN D., TIBLJAŠ D. (2002): Petrology and geochemistry of orthoamphibolite from the Variscan metamorphic sequences of the South Tisia in Croatia – an overview with geodynamic implications. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 91, 787-798. STARIJAŠ, B., BALEN, D., TIBLJAŠ, D., SCHUSTER, R., HUMER, B., FINGER, F. (2004): The Moslavačka Gora Massif in Croatia: part of a Late Cretaceous high-heat-flow zone in the Alpine-Balkan-Carpathian-Dinaride collision belt. Ber. Inst. Erdwiss. K.-F.-Univ. Graz, Band 9 Anhang, 453-454, Graz, Austria, 24.-26. September 2004.

Oko 1, 2 km sjevernije od sela Podgarić, 1, 8 km jugozapadno od sela Šimljanik otkriveno je visinsko gradište Podgarić – Gornja Josipovača, do sada nepoznato arheološkoj i ostaloj stručnoj javnosti. Gradište je podignuto na nadmorskoj visini od 251 m i kontrolira oko 300 m istočniju udolinu kojom teče potok Gornja Josipovača. Obrambenu cjelinu gradišta čini strmo glavno, odnosno središnje uzvišenje branjeno jarkom i bedemom te dodatna dva uzvišenja prirodnog brijega koja su uklopljena u fortifikacijski sustav te su vjerojatno bila povezana drvenim mostovima. Ovalno središnje uzvišenje (mjere zaravni: 18 x 24 m) nadvisuje jarak za 15 m. Pretpostavljamo da je čitavo gradište predstavljalo drveno-zemljanu utvrdu čija je svrha mogla biti branjeno sjedište nekog plemića ili isključivo vojne posade. Bez arheoloških iskopavanja ostaje otvoreno pitanje vremena podizanja gradišta. Moglo je biti podignuto već sredinom 13. st., kada je na području kontinentalne Hrvatske započela intenzivna gradnja obrambene arhitekture, ili pak u 15. st. u vrijeme prodora Turaka. Vjerojatno je gradište bilo uklopljeno u fortifikacijski sustav moslavačkih utvrda protiv Turaka, u vrijeme njihovih najintenzivnijih osvajanja u drugoj polovici 15. st.

The mineral zircon is extremely variable both in terms of external morphology and internal textures. These features reflect the geologic history of the mineral crystallization and depend on many geological factors such as temperature and pressure of crystallization, chemistry, etc. Zircon has become one of the most widely used minerals for the extraction of information on the history and genesis of magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. One of the major advantages of zircon is its ability to survive magmatic, metamorphic and erosional processes that destroy most other common minerals (CORFU et al., 2003). Systematic examination of zircon typology has led to the establishment of the widely used “ Pupin diagram” in which zircon crystals are classified according to the relative development of the {; ; 100}; ; vs. {; ; 110}; ; prismatic forms and the {; ; 211}; ; vs. {; ; 101}; ; pyramidal crystal forms (PUPIN, 1980). The typologic study of zircon populations from granitic rocks lead to the proposition of a genetic classification with following divisions: (1) zircon grains from granites of mantle or mainly mantle origin (relatively dry alkaline and tholeiitic series granites) tend to be dominated by {; ; 100}; ; and {; ; 101}; ; forms ; (2) granites of crustal or mainly crustal origin (aluminous to calc-alkaline rocks exhibit various combinations of forms with a prominent presence of {; ; 211}; ; form ; (3) and those from water-rich granites and pegmatites tend to have {; ; 110}; ; and {; ; 101}; ; as their dominant forms (PUPIN, 1980). Here we describe zircons from the Moslavačka Gora granitoids, whose magmatic affinity has already been determined by petrological and geochemical studies (PAMIĆ, 1990). Recently, STARIJAŠ et al. (2004) distinguished two different groups of Cretaceous age fine-grained biotite-granites (biotite contents 4-10 vol.%), i.e. the Pleterac type and the Garić-grad type. The Pleterac type (PT) granites are mostly undeformed, chemically correspond to peraluminous S-type granite and comprise muscovite (2-4 vol.%). The Garić-grad type (GGT) granites often show a slight foliation and their chemistry point to igneous lower crustal sources. Zircon from the two granite types (7 samples, each from different locality) was separated by conventional heavy-mineral separation technique (rock crushing, sieving, wet shaking table, bromoform separation, hand picking) from ca. 2 kg per sample. Zircon grains were analyzed with standard polarizing microscope (transmitted light) and additionally representative grains were analyzed with Tescan SEM. Figure 1. shows the main populations that have been recognized in the samples studied. The euhedral prismatic PT zircons, with euhedral to subhedral mineral and fluid inclusions, are clear without evidence for the presence of older cores. The ratio length/width vary from ~ 1.5 – 3.5. The long-prismatic zircons show length/width ratio 6 - 7. Length of zircons varies from 50 – 100 µ ; m to up to 300 µ ; m for long-prismatic ones. The PT granites show unusual zircon morphology patterns with two maxima, one in the right upper corner of the Pupin diagram {; ; 101}; ; combined with {; ; 110}; ; i.e. I-type morphology, the other one showing steep {; ; 211}; ; pyramides combined with the {; ; 110}; ; prism. Such bimodal patterns may be indicative for felsic I-type granite melts that were chemically modified and driven towards S-type compositions through assimilation of meta-sedimentary material (HUMER et al., 2002). The GGT granites have zircons with large {; ; 100}; ; prisms and a dominant {; ; 101}; ; pyramide, in accordance with their chemical I-type signatures. The zircon occurs as clear, unzoned, euhedral, sometimes fractured and unmetamict crystals with no overgrowth, their homogeneous morphology suggest a monogenic, igneous origin. Tiny and elongate inclusions of apatite are abundant. The GGT zircons have a length/width ratio of ~ 2.5 and a crystal size of ~ 100 μ m. They appear to be of primary, igneous origin, with no evidence of metamorphic reworking. References CORFU, F., HANCHAR, J.M., HOSKIN, P.W.O., KINNY, P. (2003): Atlas of Zircon Textures.- Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 53, 469-500. HUMER, B., GERDES, A., FINGER, F. (2002): The Weitra Granite in north-western Lower Austria - a late-stage high-level I-Type intrusion associated with greisen in the Variscan South Bohemian Batolith.- Zbl. Geol. Palaeont. Teil I, 3/4, 213-235, Stuttgart. PAMIĆ, J. (1990): Alpine granites, migmatites and metamorphic rocks from Mt. Moslavačka Gora and the surrounding basement of the Pannonian Basin (Northern Croatia, Yugoslavia).- Rad JAZU 10, 7-121, Zagreb. PUPIN, J.P. (1980): Zircon and Granite Petrology.- Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 73, 207-220. STARIJAŠ, B., BALEN, D., TIBLJAŠ, D., SCHUSTER, R., HUMER, B., FINGER, F. (2004): The Moslavačka Gora Massif in Croatia: part of a Late Cretaceous high-heat-flow zone in the Alpine-Balkan-Carpathian-Dinaride collision belt.- Ber. Inst. Erdwiss. K.-F.-Univ. Graz, 9, 453-454, Graz.

The Moslavačka Gora Massif is located about 50 km east-south-east from Zagreb. It covers an area of about 180 km2 and represents one of the major surface exposures of crystalline basement within the Tertiary sediments of the Pannonian Basin. The central part of the massif is made up of undeformed to slightly deformed, fine-grained granite. The peripheral parts are mainly built up by migmatites and various types of metamorphic rocks (paragneisses, amphibolites, metapelites). The whole complex shows the structural signatures of a dome with a granitic core and a metamorphic mantle (Pamić 1990, Pamić et al. 2002). For a long time the Moslavačka Gora Massif has been considered as a major outcrop of Variscan crystalline basement of the South Tisia unit, like the Slavonian Mountains (Papuk, Psunj and Krndija). However, recent electron-microprobe-based monazite dating, carried out at Salzburg University, has shown that the core granite has a Cretaceous formation age (90&plusmn ; 20 Ma), and that much of the metamorphic mantle records a high-grade metamorphism of Cretaceous age as well. This metamorphism was of the low-pressure type and reached, at least in places, granulite facies grade, with the formation of the paragenesis Crd-Grt-Kfsp in metapelitic lithologies. It is not yet resolved, if this low-P, high-T metamorphism occurred contemporaneously with the emplacement of the granitic magmas or slightly before. Both, the granites and the high-T metamorphic rocks show sometimes a younger deformation and retrogression at upper greenschist/lower amphibolite facies conditions. In amphibolitic lithologies mineral relics of a (possibly Variscan?) Barrovian type metamorphosis are preserved, which is not yet dated by geochronological methods. A search for Variscan monazite relics in the metapelitic rocks remained unsuccessful until now. The monazites in these rocks are generally of Cretaceous age except for in one sample, where relics of monazites with a Permian age were found. Due to the large error of electron-microprobe-based monazite dating of ca. &plusmn ; 20 Ma, the precise timing of the Cretaceous events (prograde low-P, high-T metamorphism, plutonism, retrograde overprint) could not be resolved by that method. Ar-Ar amphibole dating on amphibolites yielded cooling ages of slightly above 80 Ma, whereas Ar-Ar plateau ages of muscovites from a pegmatite and a deformed granite were both slightly younger (around 75 Ma) (Balen et al. 2001). These ages provide a lower age limit for the Cretaceous high-T metamorphism and the intrusion of the Moslavačka Gora granite, respectively. Due to the newly discovered Cretaceous formation ages of the granitic rocks, a correlation of the Moslavačka Gora Massif with the Banatite magmatic belt of southeastern Europe may be possible. According to Neubauer (2002) the Banatite belt may have formed as a consequence of post-collisional slab break-off, representing a long but narrow, Late Cretaceous zone with increased heat input from the astenospheric mantle. The high-T, low-P metamorphism recorded in the Moslavačka Gora Massif indicates a position within a Late Cretaceous high-heat-flow zone, and thus would be compatible with such a model. Geochemical data indicate that the Moslavačka Gora granites are most likely derived from crustal sources, representing mainly slightly peraluminous, felsic I-type granites (s.s.) to granodiorites. They may have formed as secondary magmas in the contact aureole of hot mafic mantle melts pounding at the base of the crust.