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We present 2 studies on being envied. Study 1 used an emotional narrative methodology. We asked 44 Spanish (23 women, 21 men) and 48 European American (36 women, 12 men) participants to tell us about a recent experience in which others envied them. We classified the antecedents, relationship context, markers of envy, coping strategies, and positive and negative implications of being envied. In Study 2, 174 Spanish (88 women, 86 men) and 205 European American (106 women, 99 men) participants responded to a situation in which they had something someone else wanted. We manipulated the object of desire (academic achievement or having 'a better life'). We measured individual differences in orientation to achievement (i.e., vertical individualism), cooperation and interpersonal harmony (i.e., horizontal collectivism), a zero-sum view of success, beliefs that success begets hostile coveting, fear of success, and dispositional envy. We also measured participants' appraisals, positive and negative emotions, and coping strategies. The findings from both studies indicate that being envied has both positive (e.g., increased self-confidence) and negative consequences (e.g., fear of ill will from others). Being envied had more positive and more negative psychological and relational consequences among those participants who were achievement oriented (European Americans) than among participants who were oriented to cooperation and interpersonal harmony (Spanish). Keywords: envy, being envied, individualism, collectivism DOI: 10.1037/a0020965

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01661.x Byline: Colin Wayne Leach (1), Patricia M. Rodriguez Mosquera (2), Michael L. W. Vliek (3), Emily Hirt (4) Abstract: In three studies, we showed that increased in-group identification after (perceived or actual) group devaluation is an assertion of a (preexisting) positive social identity that counters the negative social identity implied in societal devaluation. Two studies with real-world groups used order manipulations to show that the (perceived or actual) devaluation of an in-group led individuals to increase their identification with this in-group. Group devaluation most strongly and consistently increased individuals' satisfaction, rather than solidarity, centrality, or the other components of Leach et al.'s (2008) measure of identification. A third study showed that giving Black Britons the opportunity to identify with this in-group immediately after evidence of its societal devaluation reduced feelings of vulnerability (but not rejection). Although there was consistent evidence of the (perceived or actual) group devaluation [double right arrow] group identification link, the group identification [double right arrow] (perceived) group devaluation link was much stronger. Implications for theory and research are discussed. Author Affiliation: (1)University of Connecticut (2)Wesleyan University (3)University of Amsterdam (4)University of Sussex Article note: (*) Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Colin Wayne Leach, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Bousfield Psychology Building 172, 406 Babbidge Road, U-1020, Storrs, CT 06269-1020 [e-mail: colin.leach@uconn.edu].

The present study examined the relationship between Schwartz's cultural value orientations (2004) and self-reported emotional expression across seven emotions in 25 cultural groups using a multilevel random coefficient modeling technique. Two forms of self-reported emotional expression, i.e., non-verbal and verbal expression, were examined. No clear pattern of moderation by cultural value orientations on the relationships among the emotion variables and emotional expression was found. However, significant relationships were found between cultural value orientations of hierarchy, autonomy-embeddedness, and mastery, and cultural-level means of emotional expression. These findings were discussed in terms of the normative social agendas for cultural groups high on these value orientations. Keywords: emotional expression; cultural value orientations; ISEAR data; hierarchical linear modeling

The authors report two studies on notions of honor (i.e., the situations and behaviors associated with honor, its enhancement, and its loss) in a Mediterranean country (Spain) and a northern European country (the Netherlands). A total of 271 persons (140 Spanish, 131 Dutch) participated in Study 1, and a total of 327 persons (169 Spanish, 158 Dutch) participated in Study 2. The main aim of Study 1 was to characterize Spain and the Netherlands in terms of their value priorities. Study 2 consisted of an in-depth analysis of Spanish and Dutch participants' free descriptions of honor. The results indicated that Spanish and Dutch notions of honor are closely related to the values emphasized in these countries: Honor is more closely related to family and social interdependence in Spain than in the Netherlands, whereas honor is associated with self-achievement and autonomy to a greater extent in the Netherlands than in Spain.

We investigated how differences in self-related values affect the way in which members from different cultures describe emotion episodes. Spain and the Netherlands were selected for comparison, on the assumption that these countries differ with respect to the importance of individualistic versus honour-related values. This assumption was tested in Study 1. The results showed that honour-related values are indeed more important in Spain, whereas values relating to individualism are more important in the N etherlands. In the second, main study, we investigated whether these differences in values would be reflected in cultural prototypes of pride, shame and anger. Dutch and Spanish respondents completed questionnaires in which they described typical examples of specified components of these emotions. Content analysis of responses revealed systematic differences in the cultural prototypes of pride and shame; these differences can be seen as reflecting the influence of individualistic versus honour-based values on the way in which self-conscious emotions are conceptualised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]