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Law 21420 establishes modifications to the Chilean mining code, that mandates the regulatory agency for mining concessions, Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería de Chile (SERNAGEOMIN) to employ SIRGAS as a modern reference framework (RF) for the management of mining geospatial information in Chile, replacing PSAD56 (South American Provisional Datum 1956) and SAD69 (South American Datum 1969).In this project, the processing center and geodetic analysis USC develops the process to allow SERNAGEOMIN to migrate from a classic RF to a modern RF called REDGEOMIN (Red Geodésica para Minería), aligned to SIRGAS. REDGEOMIN is a kinematic RF with an associated deformation model called ADELA (Analysis of DEformation beyond Los Andes). To date, REDGEOMIN has four solutions aligned to IGS reference frame (REDGEOMIN 2019.00, 2020.00, 2021.00, and 2022.00) calculated with approximately 210 stations. From these stations, time series were calculated between the years 2009 to 2022, applying a joint model that contemplates the interseismic, coseismic, and post-seismic periods, where the latter describes the period after the telluric movement applying for their calculation combined logarithmic and exponential functions. In addition to time series, the Thin Plate Spline (TPS) method is used to interpolate what is happening between GNSS stations.The study consists of three phases: the first, the calculation of the REDGEOMIN-ADELA which is constantly updating the time series, the second, the calculation of the transformation parameters; this phase is finished and finally, the project culminates with the implementation of the REDGEOMIN-ADELA as the first kinematic reference frame that includes seismic events in Chile., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

This report summarizes the results of emission measurements that were carried out on two houses with finishing pigs, two houses with piglets, and one house with gestation sows in the period October 2018 – October 2020. The measurements were performed continuously using a measurement system equipped with sensors for ammonia, methane and carbon dioxide. Besides,reference measurements were performed every 2 months. Goal of the measurements was to determine the average methane emission (CH4) from pigs and the variation within and between farm and to explore the effect of different farm characteristics on the emission. Beside methane emissions also emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) have been measured. Based on reference measurements and a level of unoccupancy of the compartment of 9%, the average emission ± standard deviation between measurements (n=1) for piglets housed in a fully slatted floor was estimated to be 1.3 ± 1.0 kg CH4 per year per animal place, 0.40 ± 0.20 kg NH3 per year per animalplace and 33 ± 20 g N2O per year per animal place. For piglets in a compartment with partly slatted floor (n=1), the emissions were 6.4 ± 1.5 kg CH4 per year per animal place, 0.62 ± 0.11 kg NH3 per year per animal place and 34 ± 14 g N2O per year per animal place. For gestation sows in group housing (n=1), the emissions (± standard deviation between measurements and corrected by a leve of unoccupancy of 3%) were 18.5 ± 8.2 kg CH4 per year per animal place, 3.4 ± 1.1 kg NH3 per year per animal place and 50 ± 40 g N2O per year per animal location. For fattening pigs in a partly slatted floor (n=2), the emissions (± standard deviation between farms and corrected by a level of unoccupancy of 3%) were 16.4 ± 5.0 kg CH4 per year per animal place, 2.0 ± 0.3 kg NH3 per year per animal place and 41 ± 14 g N2O per year per animal place. No significant differences were found between the emissions determined by means of continuous measurements and based on the reference measurements. In dit rapport worden de resultaten gerapporteerd van de emissies van methaan, ammoniak en lachgas die in twee afdelingen met vleesvarkens, twee afdelingen met biggen, en één afdeling met dragende zeugen zijn uitgevoerd in de periode oktober 2018 – oktober 2020. De metingen zijn continu uitgevoerd (met behulp van een bedrijfsmonitoringssysteem met sensoren voor ammoniak, methaan en kooldioxide). Daarnaast zijn elke twee maanden referentiemetingen uitgevoerd. Doel van de metingen was de methaanemissie uit traditionele huisvestingssystemen voor varkens vast te stellen en zicht te krijgen op de variatie binnen en tussen bedrijven. Naast methaan zijn ook de emissies van ammoniak en lachgas gemeten. Op basis van referentiemetingen en een leegstand van 9% was de gemiddelde emissie ± standaarddeviatie tussen metingen (n=1) voor biggen gehuisvest in een volledig roostervloerstal 1,3 ± 1,0 kg CH4 per jaar per dierplaats, 0,40 ±0,20 kg NH3 per jaar per dierplaats en 33 ± 20 g N2O per jaar per dierplaats. Voor biggen in een gedeeltelijk roostervloerstal (n=1) waren de emissies 6,4 ± 1,5 kg CH4 per jaar per dierplaats, 0,62 ±0,11 kg NH3 per jaar per dierplaats en 34 ± 14 g N2O per jaar per dierplaats. Voor dragende zeugen in groepshuisvesting (n=1) waren de emissies (± standaarddeviatie tussen metingen, en gecorrigeerd voor een leegstand van 3%) 18,5 ± 8,2 kg CH4 per jaar per dierplaats, 3,4 ± 1,1 kg NH3 per jaar per dierplaats en 50 ± 40 g N2O per jaar per dierplaats. Voor vleesvarkens in een gedeeltelijk roostervloerstal (n=2) zijn de emissies ((± standaarddeviatie tussen bedrijven, en gecorrigeerd voor een leegstand van 3%) 16,4 ± 5,0 kg CH4 per jaar per dierplaats, 2,0 ± 0,3 kg NH3 per jaar per dierplaats en 41 ± 14 g N2O per jaar per dierplaats. Er zijn geen significante verschillen gevonden tussen de emissies die bepaald zijn door middel van continue metingen, en op basis van de referentiemetingen.

Between October 2018 and October 2020 measurements have taken place on 18 dairy farms in The Netherlands based on which their ammonia- (NH3) and methane (CH4) emissions were determined. With the measurement equipment, an emission estimation was made per day and compared with a reference measurement. The aim of this study was to determine the methane emissions and its variation from dairy houses in the Netherlands. Besides that, an aim was to find relations with farm management factors. Another aim was to investigate how such a measurement system could support farmers to apply measures in order to reduce ammonia- and methane emissions. The mean emission ± standard deviation was 13,8 ± 3,2 kg NH3 per animal place per year and 193 ± 56 kg CH4 per animal place per year based on the reference measurements. Based on thedaily averages (from the continuous measurements), the average ammonia emissions were 12,0 ±2,9 kg per animal place per year and the average methane emissions 184 ± 50 kg per animal place per year. Based on continuous measurements, the variation in methane emissions was 27% between farms and 29% within farms (i.e. the variation between days). The outside temperature is found to be a good predictor for the ammonia emissions pattern throughout the year. In addition to that, the CH4-CO 2 ratio at concentration level of house air can be used as a predictor for the total methane emission of a certain farm. Quantifying emission levels by a measurement system can help the farmer to implement farm specific measures. Tussen oktober 2018 en oktober 2020 is op 18 melkveebedrijven verdeeld over Nederland de ammoniak- (NH3) en methaan- (CH4) emissie bepaald. Hiervoor is een stalmeetsysteem toegepast waarbij emissies op dagbasis zijn bepaald en dit is vergeleken met 24-uurs metingen die als referentie dienen. Het doel van dit onderzoek was om de niveaus en variatie in methaanemissie vast te stellen, relaties met bedrijfsgegevens te achterhalen en aan te tonen hoe een stalmeetsysteem kan bijdragen aan de reductie van ammoniak- en methaanemissie via bedrijfsspecifieke maatregelen. De gemiddelde emissie ± standaarddeviatie is 13,8 ± 3,2 kg NH3 per dierplaats per jaar en 193 ± 56 kgCH4 per dierplaats per jaar op basis van de puntmetingen (referentie). Op basis van de continue sensoren is de gemiddelde ammoniakemissie 12,0 ± 2,9 kg per dierplaats per jaar en de gemiddelde methaanemissie 184 ± 50 kg per dierplaats per jaar. De spreiding in methaanemissie is 27% tussenbedrijven en 29% spreiding binnen een bedrijf (dat wil zeggen: tussen dagen) op basis van de continue metingen. De buitentemperatuur is een indicator voor het verloop van de ammoniakemissie door het jaar heen en de CH4-CO 2 concentratieverhouding van de stallucht is een indicator voor de methaanemissie op een bedrijf. Het inzicht in het verloop van de emissies via het stalmeetsysteem geeft handvatten voor de implementatie van bedrijfsspecifieke maatregelen en een verbetering van de meetmethodiek.

Dit rapport beschrijft de resultaten van metingen van de emissies van methaan, ammoniak en lachgas die op 2 bedrijven voor geiten zijn uitgevoerd in de periode van oktober 2018 t/m oktober 2020. De metingen zijn continue uitgevoerd (met behulp van een bedrijfsmonitoring systeem met sensoren voor ammoniak, methaan en kooldioxide). Daarnaast zijn elke twee maanden referentiemetingen (volgens de huidige meetprotocollen) uitgevoerd. Doel van de metingen was de emissies van methaan, ammoniak en lachgas uit traditionele huisvestingssystemen voor geiten vast te stellen. Op basis van referentiemetingen is de gemiddelde emissie ± standaarddeviatie tussen bedrijven (n=2) 27,7 ± 0,4 kg CH4 per jaar per dierplaats, 3,6 ± 0,1 kg NH3 per jaar per dierplaats en 61 ± 10 g N2O per jaar per dierplaats. Voor geiten wordt geen leegstand verrekend. Er zijn geen significante verschillen gevonden tussen de emissies die bepaald zijn door middel van continue metingen, en op basis van de referentiemetingen. De pot levert een grote bijdrage aan de totale CO2-productie in de stal is. De CO 2-productie uit de pot is, gemiddeld over de twee gemeten stallen, 50% van de CO 2-productie uit de dieren.---This report summarizes the results of emission measurements that were carried out on two goat farms in the period October 2018 – October 2020. The measurements were performed continuously using a measurement system equipped with sensors for ammonia, methane and carbondioxide. Besides, reference measurements (according to current measurement protocols) were performed every 2 months. Goal of the measurements was to determine the average methane emission (CH4) from goats. Beside methane emissions also emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) have been measured. Based on reference measurements, the average emission ± standard deviation between farms (n=2) was estimated to be 27.7 ± 0.4 kg CH4 per year per animal place, 3.6 ± 0.1 kg NH3 per year per animal place and 61 ± 10 g N2O per year per animal place. For goats, no correction for unoccupancy of the livestock building is applied. No significant differences were found between the emissions determined by means of continuous measurements and based on the reference measurements. The deep-litter has a major contribution to the total CO 2 production inside the livestock building. The CO 2 production from the deep-litter was, averaged over the two measured farms, 50% of the CO 2 production from the animals.

This report describes the results of ammonia, methane and nitrous oxide emission measurements on 2 farms for red meat veal calves between October 2018 and October 2020. The measurements were performed continuously using a measurement system equipped with sensors for ammonia, methane and carbon dioxide. Besides, reference measurements (ammonia, methane, nitrous oxide) according to current measurement protocols were performed every 2 months. Goal of the measurements was to determine the average emissions of methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) andnitrous oxide (N2O) from red meat veal calves. No significant differences were found between the emissions determined by means of continuous measurements and based on the reference measurements. Due to the limited number of farms that were measured (n=2, of which 1 for youngred meat veal calves and 1 for old red meat veal calves), it was not possible to determine the variation between farms. For young red meat veal calves was the average emission ± standard deviation between measurements (SD; for the protocol measurements) 65.3 ± 35.4 g CH4 per day per animal, 7.6 ± 1.9 g NH3 per day per animal and 0.31 ± 0.13 g N2O per day per animal during the rearing period, and 141.3 ± 60.3 g CH4 per day per animal, 6.9 ± 1.9 g NH3 per day per animal and 0.23 ± 0.14 g N2O per day per animal for the fattening period. For the continuous measurements was for the rearing period the average emission 70.2 ± 38.7 g CH4 per day per animal and 8.0 ± 2.5 g NH3 per day per animal. For the fattening period was the average emission 143.5 ± 65.8 g CH4 per day per animal and 7.5 ± 2.7 g NH3 per day per animal. For old red meat veal calves was for the protocol measurements the average emission ± standard deviation between measurements (SD) 114.0 ± 51.6g CH4 per day per animal, 7.3 ± 3.6 g NH3 per day per animal and 0.23 ± 0.08 g N2O per day per animal for the rearing period, and 275.5 ± 129.1 g CH4 per day per animal, 11.5 ± 4.4 g NH3 per day per animal and 0.81 ± 0.57 g N2O per day per animal for the fattening period. For the continuous measurements was for the rearing period the average emission 114.1 ± 60.7 g CH4 per day per animal and 6.5 ± 3.8 g NH3 per day per animal. For the fattening period was the average emission 304.5 ± 107.6 g CH4 per day per animal and 13.9 ± 6.0 g NH3 per day per animal. No significant differences were found between the emissions determined by means of continuous measurements and those based on protocol measurements. Dit rapport beschrijft de resultaten van metingen van de emissies van methaan, ammoniak en lachgas die op 2 bedrijven voor roséleeskalveren zijn uitgevoerd in de periode van oktober 2018 t/m oktober 2020. De metingen zijn continue uitgevoerd (met behulp van een bedrijfsmonitoring systeem met sensoren voor ammoniak, methaan en kooldioxide). Daarnaast zijn elke twee maanden referentiemetingen volgens de huidige meetprotocollen uitgevoerd. Doel van de metingen was de emissies van methaan, ammoniak en lachgas uit traditionele huisvestingssystemen voor rosévleeskalveren vast te stellen. Het betrof één stal met jong rosë- en één stal voor oud rosékalveren. Door het leeftijdsverschil van de kalveren was het niet mogelijk om inzicht te krijgen in de spreiding tussen bedrijven. Voor jong rosé was voor de protocollaire metingen de gemiddelde emissie ± standaarddeviatie tussen metingen (SD) in de opfokfase 65,3 ± 35,4 g CH4 per dag per dier, 7,6 ± 1,9 g NH3 per dag per dier en 0,31 ± 0,13 g N2O per dag per dier, en in de afmestfase141,3 ± 60,3 g CH4 per dag per dier, 6,9 ± 1,9 g NH3 per dag per dier en 0,23 ± 0,14 g N2O per dag per dier. Voor de continue metingen was in de opfokfase voor jong rosé de gemiddelde emissie 70,2 ±38,7 g CH4 per dag per dier en 8,0 ± 2,5 g NH3 per dag per dier. Voor de afmestfase was de gemiddelde emissie 143,5 ± 65,8 g CH4 per dag per dier en 7,5 ± 2,7 g NH3 per dag per dier. Voor oud rosé was voor de protocollaire metingen de gemiddelde emissie ± standaarddeviatie tussen metingen (SD) in de opfokfase 114,0 ± 51,6 g CH4 per dag per dier, 7,3 ± 3,6 g NH3 per dag per dieren 0,23 ± 0,08 g N2O per dag per dier, en in de afmestfase 275,5 ± 129,1 g CH4 per dag per dier,11,5 ± 4,4 g NH3 per dag per dier en 0,81 ± 0,57 g N2O per dag per dier. Voor de continue metingen was bij de opfokfase de gemiddelde emissie 114,1 ± 60,7 g CH4 per dag per dier en 6,5 ± 3,8 g NH3 per dag per dier. Voor de afmestfase was de gemiddelde emissie 304,5 ± 107,6 g CH4 per dag per dier en 13,9 ± 6,0 g NH3 per dag per dier. Er zijn geen significante verschillen gevonden tussen de emissies die bepaald zijn door middel van continue metingen, en op basis van de protocollaire metingen.

Background/Objectives Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are prevalent diseases. There is, however, a lack of understanding of the link between diet and IMIDs, how much dietary patterns vary between them and if there are food groups associated with a worsening of the disease. Subjects/Methods To answer these questions we analyzed a nation-wide cohort of n = 11,308 patients from six prevalent IMIDs and 2050 healthy controls. We compared their weekly intake of the major food categories, and used a Mendelian randomization approach to determine which dietary changes are caused by disease. Within each IMID, we analyzed the association between food frequency and disease severity. Results After quality control, n = 11,230 recruited individuals were used in this study. We found that diet is profoundly altered in all IMIDs: at least three food categories are significantly altered in each disease (P < 0.05). Inflammatory bowel diseases showed the largest differences compared to controls (n >= 8 categories, P < 0.05). Mendelian randomization analysis supported that some of these dietary changes, like vegetable reduction in Crohn's Disease (P = 2.5 x 10(-10), OR(95% CI) = 0.73(0.65, 0.80)), are caused by the disease. Except for Psoriatic Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, we have found >= 2 food groups significantly associated with disease severity in the other IMIDs (P < 0.05). Conclusions This cross-disease study demonstrates that prevalent IMIDs are associated to a significant change in the normal dietary patterns. This variation is highly disease-specific and, in some cases, it is caused by the disease itself. Severity in IMIDs is also associated with specific food groups. The results of this study underscore the importance of studying diet in IMIDs.