Search

A malária országon belüli elterjedtségével az 1930-as évektől kezdtek el foglalkozni Magyarországon. A betegség endémiás előfordulása különösen a délnyugati és az északkeleti területeket érintette. Emiatt több maláriaállomást hoztak létre, a második világháború évei alatt Kárpátalján két ilyen állomás működött Ungvár és Beregszász városokban. A feladatuk a kutatásra, a gyógyításra, a tanácsadásra, a védekezésre és a kísérleti munkára terjedt ki. A beregszászi állomás 1939-ben kezdte meg a tevékenységét, melynek során helyi sikereket értek el a szúnyoghálózás, a szúnyog tenyészőhelyek megszűntetése és a betegek gyógykezelése terén.

In this study, the effect of physicochemical parameters as determinants for the abundance and distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes was examined. Physicochemical variables such as pH, temperature, DO, TDS, flow velocity, salinity and electrical conductivity were determined using standard procedures. Three communities in Ukwani LGA, Delta State were mapped out and sampled. Immature stages of Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from potential breeding sites using 350 ml dip ladles and scooping spoon. The physicochemical parameters showed that air, and water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were higher in Umutu compared to the other sampled communities (Obiaruku and Umukwata). Salinity, conductivity, total dissolved solids and flow velocity were higher in Obiaruku and Umukwata compared to Umutu. Various levels of significance (p

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a dengue virus infection transmitted by Aedes spp. Climate has a profound influence on mosquito breeding. Palembang has the highest rate of DHF in South Sumatra. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the components of climate factors and the incidence of DHF in Palembang. This study was cross-sectional, with an observational analytic approach. The Palembang City Health Office compiled data on DHF incidence rates from 2016 to 2020. Climatic factor data (rainfall, number of rainy days, temperature, humidity, wind speed, sun irradiance) were collected from the Climatology Station Class I Palembang - BMKG Station and Task Force that same year. The Spearman test was used to conduct the correlation test. Between 2016 and 2020, there were 3,398 DHF patients. From January to May, DHF increased. There was a significant correlation between rainfall (r = 0.320; p = 0.005), number of rainy days (r = 0.295; p = 0.020), temperature (r = 0.371; p = 0.040), and humidity (r = 0.221; p = 0.024), wind speed (r= 0.76; p = 0.492), and sunlight (r = 0.008; p = 0.865). Rainfall, the number of rainy days, and temperature were three climatic factors determining the increase in dengue incidence in Palembang.

In the late 1920s, Guatemala embarked on environmental drainage projects aimed at eradicating mosquito breeding grounds. Designed to improve people’s lives, these efforts sometimes inadvert...

Investigations on knowledge, attitude and practices of the human activities related to the breeding of mosquito vectors in Ikeduru L.G.A, Imo State, Nigeria were carried out. Descriptive survey method was used for the study. The towns were sampled using simple random sampling technique. Questionnaire and interviews were used to generate data. The binomial logistic regression method was applied in testing relationships between parameters. The findings revealed that increasing age was associated with an increased likelihood of having both knowledge and positive attitude associated with human activities on mosquito species. Results further indicated that increase in age was associated with decreased likelihood of participants practicing human activities that contribute to breeding of mosquito species. Findings also revealed that males were 7.026 times more likely to have knowledge associated with human activities on mosquito breeding than their female counterparts. Females were more likely to exhibit positive attitude associated with human activities on mosquito species than male counterpart. Males were more likely to practice the human activities that contribute to breeding of mosquito than females. It was recommended that indiscriminate dumping of refuse should be discouraged. Educating the masses on the activities that favor rapid breeding of mosquitoes in the area should be encouraged. Planting of mosquito repellant herbs near human habitation should be encouraged. Vulcanizers should be enlightened on the dangers of storing water in unused tires. Cassava and Maize Processors should disinfect their environment at least once in two weeks.

Background Dengue fever (DF) is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that has threatened tropical and subtropical regions in recent decades. An early and targeted warning of a dengue epidemic is important for vector control. Current studies have primarily determined weather conditions to be the main factor for dengue forecasting, thereby neglecting that environmental suitability for mosquito breeding is also an important factor, especially in fine-grained intra-urban settings. Considering that street-view images are promising for depicting physical environments, this study proposes a framework for facilitating fine-grained intra-urban dengue forecasting by integrating the urban environments measured from street-view images. Methods The dengue epidemic that occurred in 167 townships of Guangzhou City, China, between 2015 and 2019 was taken as a study case. First, feature vectors of street-view images acquired inside each township were extracted by a pre-trained convolutional neural network, and then aggregated as an environmental feature vector of the township. Thus, townships with similar physical settings would exhibit similar environmental features. Second, the environmental feature vector is combined with commonly used features (e.g., temperature, rainfall, and past case count) as inputs to machine-learning models for weekly dengue forecasting. Results The performance of machine-learning forecasting models (i.e., MLP and SVM) integrated with and without environmental features were compared. This indicates that models integrating environmental features can identify high-risk urban units across the city more precisely than those using common features alone. In addition, the top 30% of high-risk townships predicted by our proposed methods can capture approximately 50–60% of dengue cases across the city. Conclusions Incorporating local environments measured from street view images is effective in facilitating fine-grained intra-urban dengue forecasting, which is beneficial for conducting spatially precise dengue prevention and control.

Background India is endemic for dengue. The present formative study reports awareness and practices of people regarding dengue and its prevention, personal protection behaviours and peoples’ exposure to dengue-related health promotion activities. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of 1194 households randomly selected from 20 slum clusters in Delhi. Data were collected from an adult member of the household through an interviewer-administered, pre-tested questionnaire. An observation checklist was used to identify potential breeding sources. Results People were aware that dengue is transmitted through mosquitoes and sources of breeding (clean, stagnant water -60.1%, domestic water containers -18.7%, coolers -15.0%). Each house had at least one potential source of mosquito breeding. Using mosquito repellents (83.3%) was the most common personal protection behaviour. Peoples’ participation is limited in the mosquito prevention and health promotion activities carried out by the local municipality. Still, participation resulted in positive behavioural change. Conclusions While people were aware of dengue transmission, preventive measures against mosquito breeding were not satisfactory. People could not relate their existing knowledge on dengue to their household surroundings, and their awareness had not been translated to behavioural change. Community participation is limited, but is significant in the prevention and control of dengue.

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the parasitic plasmodium protozoan parasite. This disease is transmitted through female Anopheles sp mosquito bites. Anopheles mosquito breeding sites can be in the form of fresh water or salt water, ponds that are overgrown with aquatic plants or those that do not plant, rice fields, river mouths where the flow is not swift and small pools filled with rainwater. Maukeli Village is a village that has a lot of rice fields. The purpose of this study was to determine the density of Anopheles mosquito larvae at various breeding places in Maukeli Village, Mauponggo District in 2018. This type of research design was a descriptive survey with a population of all Anopheles sp. existing in the breeding places and breeding places of mosquito larvae Anopheles sp. The samples in this study were all Anopheles mosquito larvae from the results of abduction at breeding places in Maukeli Village. Sampling was carried out accidentally (ie Anopheles mosquito larvae which happened to be available or available to be sampled. The results showed that there were 4 breeding places, namely paddy fields with average density of Anopheles mosquito larvae (12 tail/ cut), river mouths with average density of Anopheles mosquito larvae (8 tail/ cud), pools with average density of mosquito larvae Anopheles (3 tail/ cud) and the lagoon with average density of Anopheles mosquito larvae (5 tail/ cud) while permanent breeding sites are river mouths and temporary breeding sites, such as river mouths, pools and lagoon.

Desde que dio inicio el nuevo siglo, varios estudios sobre la culicidofauna de la Hispaniola han elevado el conocimiento de este grupo de artrópodos, muy relevantes desde el punto de vista médico y veterinario. En relación a la diversidad de la familia Culicidae, los hallazgos más recientes se han realizado en el municipio de Jarabacoa, República Dominicana. Con el objetivo de profundizar en la diversidad de los culícidos presentes en esta localidad montañosa de El Cibao, se procedió a la búsqueda de criaderos de mosquitos, sobre todo de origen natural, desde enero de 2018 hasta junio de 2019. La identificación de los especímenes se realizó mediante la utilización de lupa binocular y microscopio, con la ayuda de claves taxonómicas. Se reportan seis nuevas especies para Jarabacoa, sumando un total de 22 para el municipio, sobre las cuales se analizan cuestiones como su bioecología y su papel en la transmisión de agentes patógenos, entre otras. Destaca la presencia de Culex interrogator Dyar y Knab, 1906, especie que se reporta por primera vez en la Hispaniola, y por segunda en el Caribe insular. A pesar de que este culícido no está implicado hasta la fecha en la transmisión de patógenos al ser humano, otras especies encontradas en este estudio como Anopheles crucians Wiedemann, 1828, Aedes scapularis (Rondani, 1848) y Psorophora confinnis (Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891) deben ser tenidas en cuenta en los programas de vigilancia y control, a tenor de su relevancia médica.

Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes are the principal transmitters of dengue and other vector-borne infections. This species is closely associated with human habitation, due to its blood-feeding habits and the presence of breeding sites widely available around households. In this paper, we introduce a mathematical model for the life cycle of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes comprising two stages, aerial and aquatic, that reflects seasonal changes in the mosquito abundance. This model is further amended by three season-dependent control actions. Two coercive actions are introduced during the hot seasons characterized by higher abundance and enhanced growth rates of mosquitoes. They consist in the application of two chemical substances, insecticide and larvicide, acting upon the aerial and aquatic mosquito stages, respectively. During the cool seasons, characterized by the slower growth rates of mosquitoes and abundance of quiescent unhatched eggs, we introduce a preventive vector control measure consisting in mechanical elimination of mosquito breeding sites. Using the framework of optimal control in combination with the cost-benefit approach and epidemiological assessment, we identify the most efficient strategy capable of essentially reducing the population of adult and immature mosquitoes during both seasons and provide a sketch for its modus operandi.

Background/Objectives: Breeding habitat can influence the biological features of the mosquitoes and can be utilized to improve the implementation of the vector control. The major objective of this study was to evaluate the Water Quality Index of various breeding sites. Methods/Statistical analysis: Community Development Blocks (n=9) of the Kanyakumari district were selected as the main research site to study the water quality characteristics of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes\' breeding sites. The physicochemical parameters in the mosquito breeding containers were analyzed. Findings: Sixteen types of breeding sites were analyzed, among them nine breeding sites had good quality of water and remaining seven breeding sites contained slightly polluted water. Novelty/Applications: The awareness of water quality parameters of mosquito breeding sites can be used in the adoption of preventive methods. Keywords: Community development blocks; Physico-chemical parameters; Aedes aegypti; Breeding sites

Background: Anopheles stephensi is an emerging exotic invasive urban vector of malaria in East Africa. The World Health Organization recently announced an initiative to take concerted actions to limit this vector's expansion by strengthening surveillance and control in invaded and potentially receptive territories in Africa. This study sought to determine the geographic distribution of An. stephensi in southern Ethiopia., Methods: A targeted entomological survey, both larvae and adult, was conducted in Hawassa city, Southern Ethiopia between November 2022 and February 2023. Anopheles Larvae were reared to adults for species identification. CDC light traps and BG Pro traps were used overnight both indoor and outdoor at selected houses to collect adult mosquitoes in the study area. Prokopack Aspirator was employed to sample indoor resting mosquitoes in the morning. Adults of An. stephensi was identified using morphological keys, and then confirmed by PCR., Results: Larvae of An. stephensi were found in 28 (16.6%) of the 169 potential mosquito breeding sites surveyed. Out of 548 adult female Anopheles mosquitoes reared from larvae, 234 (42.7%) were identified to be An. stephensi morphologically. A total of 449 female anophelines were caught, of which 53 (12.0%) were An. stephensi . Other anopheline species collected in the study area included An. gambiae (s.l.), An. pharoensis , An. coustani , and An. demeilloni., Conclusion: The study, for the first time, confirmed the presence of An. stephensi in southern Ethiopia. The presence of both larval and adult stages of this mosquito attest that this species established a sympatric colonization with native vector species such as An. gambiae (s.l.) in Southern Ethiopia. The findings warrant further investigation on the ecology, behavior, population genetics, and role of An. stephensi in malaria transmission in Ethiopia., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

A drone and its flight accessories are called Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS - Remotely Piloted Aircraft System), being a tool with a wide range of applications in several areas. The research explored new possibilities for the use of RPAS with a focus on the diagnosis and monitoring of breeding sites for Aedes aegypti. For this, objects considered as potential breeding grounds for mosquito larvae were distributed in environments that allowed greater or lesser visual detection of targets (packages / containers) in four environments: soil covered with dry grass, exposed soil, soil covered with low grass. and soil covered with tall grass. We use RPAS, Phantom 4 Pro with an Ipad Mini 4 mobile device and the DJI GO program for flights. We fly over targets for photographic recording at four heights from the ground (20m, 30m, 60m and 80m). The visual detection of the targets was carried out by a group of 10 people called a jury. The Jury assessed the greater or lesser probability of target detection, depending on three variables: type of target, type of environment and height of aerial photography. Photographs taken at a height of 30 meters represented the largest number of targets identified (30% of the targets). The most identified targets were tires, pet bottles, cans of beer and cans of paint. The least identified were colored plastic canisters and beer bottles. The research helped to improve operational procedures for controlling and combating endemics and epidemics, which may identify possible mosquito breeding sites through RPA, monitoring areas of difficult access that pose a risk to people's physical integrity., Um drone e seus complementos de voo são denominados Sistema de Aeronave Remotamente Pilotada (RPAS - Remotely Piloted Aircraft System), sendo uma ferramenta com ampla gama de aplicações em diversas áreas. A pesquisa prospectou novas possibilidades de uso de RPAS com enfoque no diagnóstico e monitoramento de locais de reprodução de Aedes aegypti. Para isso, objetos considerados como potenciais criadouros de larvas de mosquito foram distribuídos em ambientes que permitiam maior ou menor detecção visual dos alvos (embalagens/recipientes) em quatro ambientes: solo coberto com gramínea seca, solo exposto, solo coberto com gramínea de porte baixo e solo coberto com gramínea de porte alto. Foi utilizado RPAS, Phantom 4 Pro com dispositivo móvel e o programa nativo da RPA para os voos. Sobrevoamos alvos para registro fotográfico em quatro alturas do solo (20m, 30m, 60m e 80m). A detecção visual dos alvos foi realizada por um grupo de 10 pessoas denominado júri. O Júri aferiu a maior ou menor probabilidade de detecção de alvos, em função de três variáveis: tipo de alvo, tipo de ambiente e altura de tomada da fotografia aérea. Fotografias obtidas a 30 metros de altura representaram o maior número de alvos identificados (30% dos alvos). Os alvos mais identificados foram pneu, garrafa PET, latas de cerveja e latas de tinta. Os menos identificados foram vasilhas plásticas coloridas e garrafas de cerveja. A pesquisa colaborou para o aperfeiçoamento de procedimentos operacionais de controle e combate a endemias e epidemias, que poderão identificar possíveis criadouros do mosquito por meio de RPA, monitorando áreas de difícil acesso que ofereçam risco a integridade física das pessoas. Palavras-chave: drone; geotecnologias; arboviroses; dengue. Identification of reproduction sites of Aedes aegypti with remote pilot aircraft (ARP) ABSTRACT: A drone and its flight accessories are called Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS - Remotely Piloted Aircraft System), being a tool with a wide range of applications in several areas. The research explored new possibilities for the use of RPAS with a focus on the diagnosis and monitoring of breeding sites for Aedes aegypti. For this, objects considered as potential breeding grounds for mosquito larvae were distributed in environments that allowed greater or lesser visual detection of targets (packages / containers) in four environments: soil covered with dry grass, exposed soil, soil covered with low grass. and soil covered with tall grass. Was used RPAS, Phantom 4 Pro with an Ipad Mini 4 mobile device and the DJI GO program for flights. We fly over targets for photographic recording at four heights from the ground (20m, 30m, 60m and 80m). The visual detection of the targets was carried out by a group of 10 people called a jury. The Jury assessed the greater or lesser probability of target detection, depending on three variables: type of target, type of environment and height of aerial photography. Photographs taken at a height of 30 meters represented the largest number of targets identified (30% of the targets). The most identified targets were tires, pet bottles, cans of beer and cans of paint. The least identified were colored plastic canisters and beer bottles. The research helped to improve operational procedures for controlling and combating endemics and epidemics, which may identify possible mosquito breeding sites through RPA, monitoring areas of difficult access that pose a risk to people's physical integrity. Keywords: drone; geotecnologies; arbovírus; dengue.

Cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are still a threat in Indonesia, especially entering the rainy season, the number of sufferers usually tends to increase, this occurs due to the proliferation of Aedes aegypti mosquito breeding breed. Prevention and eradication of dengue fever must be the responsibility of all communities. Efforts that can be done by the community are to be able to play an active role in monitoring mosquito larvae. This study aims to identify the knowledge and attitudes of the community in the prevention and eradication of dengue mosquito larvae. The head of the family in Jayaraga Garut, 103 kk, the amount of total populations, the study time was October 2018. Aspect Research Results Respondents' knowledge of participation in prevention and eradication of dengue vector still had 8 respondents whose knowledge was lacking. Attitude, there are still 9 responses whose attitude is not good. Participation in doing 3M most of the people of Jayaraga have prevented the breeding of the Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae even though there are still respondents who did nothing. The conclusion is that there are still some respondents whose knowledge, attitudes and actions are not good or not good.

Incidence rate Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Bali Province ranks first in Indonesia in 2011-2015. DHF is caused by dengue virus transmitted by Aedes spp. The risk of DBD transmission is measured by density figure. This research was conducted in Jembrana, Karangasem and Badung Districts of Bali in 2017 with the aim to know the entomology’s index in those districts. Larvae of Aedes spp. collected from 100 homes in each location in the area. The results of mosquito larvae were calculated by indicator of larvae index of House Index (HI), Container Index (CI) and Breateu Index (BI). The result of HI in Jembrana, Karangasem and Badung’s districts are 19%, 27% and 45%. The result of CI in Jembrana, Karangasem and Badung’s districts are 9,25%; 17,37% and 24,41%. The result of BI in Jembrana, Karangasem and Badung’s districts are 25%, 41% dan 62%. The types of mosquito breeding places in Jembrana and Karangasem are mostly found in buckets, while in Badung regency were found in bathtube. The potential for DHF transmission is still ongoing in these three kabupates. The efforts of larvasidation, eradication of mosquito nests and extension should be done by these three districts.

Despite many efforts to prevent dengue, vector control still promising specially through integrated vector management. This effort requires community participation. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors that are associated with the willingness of communities in high prevalence areas to participate in mosquito breeding eradication program. This study explored factors associated with the willingness of community members in Bandung to participate in the mosquito breeding eradication program initiated by Indonesian's government, called One House One Larvae Monitor. A community-based cross-sectional study was carried randomly at sub-district level in Bandung from January-November 2018. Interviews using a set of validated questionnaires were conducted to collect data on demography, socioeconomic status, knowledge, attitude and practice regarding implementation of the program. Among 210 participants, the proportion of low-to-middle knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) index is more prevalent. Yet, for attaining high-score on KAP, there are three main predictors observed; by being female, at least had attend undergraduate level of education, and being an entrepreneur. A good score in the attitude section does not necessarily translate to good score in the practice section. The results reflect the need for better tools for changing the behavior of society, and it should not be limited to enhancement of society’s knowledge.

Hamaidia K, Soltani N. 2021. Short communication: New report of Aedes albopictus in Souk Ahras, Northeast Algeria. Biodiversitas 22: 2901-2906. The present paper reports the occurrence of Aedes albopictus (Skuse), an aggressive Asian tiger mosquito in the city of Souk-Ahras (Northeast of Algeria). A “26 April” estate’ inhabitants (Souk-Ahras province) have reported unusual daytime bites by a striped mosquito. On early September 2020, an intensive field inspection was carried out for potential mosquito breeding sites in the locations around the city. A total of 105 specimens (8 larvae, 24 pupae and 73 adults) of Ae. albopictus were collected in a pile of old tyres in a residential garden. After previous records of this species in Algeria, this is the first evidence of its presence in Souk-Ahras province, and the findings enhance combined public participation with professional validation in surveillance of vector borne-diseases programs with emphasis on the need for sensitising citizens about controlling this important vector.

A system of two first order nonlinear ordinary differential equations is used to model and theoretically investigate the dynamics of the formation of mosquito breeding sites in a uniform environment. The model captures the dynamic interplay between community action, climatic factors and the availability of mosquito breeding sites by interpreting the possible pathways and environmental processes leading to the formation of these breeding sites. The developed model is analysed using standard methods in nonlinear dynamical systems' theory. Our results show that it is possible to attempt the problem of the dynamics of formation of breeding sites by taking into consideration the level of human consciousness as measured through human response to community action. Different feedback response functions are used to excite the breeding site removal and community action. For the case where the response functionals are both constants, we identify an indicator function whose size can indicate whether in the long run, community action can lead to the removal and elimination of breeding sites near human habitats. Using a predictor-corrector procedure that fits real climatic data to a continuous periodic function, we demonstrate how climatic variables can be included in the model and how models for the time variation of temperature and precipitation in a given area can be constructed just by appropriately choosing the parameters of a sinusoidal function and then correcting the output using nonlinear least squares analysis. Numerical simulation results are used to complement our analytical results.

Little is known regarding the comparative source–sink relationships between primary mosquito breeding sites (source) and neighboring (sink) environments in heterogeneous landscapes. An exploration of those relationships may provide unique insights into the utility of open-space buffer zone mitigation strategies currently being considered by urban planners to reduce contact between mosquitoes and humans. We investigated the source–sink relationships between a highly productive mosquito habitat and adjacent residential (developed) and rural (undeveloped) coastal environments. Our results suggest that source–sink relationships are unaffected by environment. This conclusion is supported by the high level of synchronicity in daily saltmarsh mosquito abundance observed among all surveyed environments (β = 0.67–0.79, P < 0.001). This synchronicity occurred despite the uniqueness of each surveyed environment and the considerable distances of open water and land (2.2–2.6 km) between them. Trap catches, which we interpret as expected mosquito biting nuisance, were high in both residential and rural coastal landscapes (309.4 ± 52.84 and 405.3 ± 62.41 mosquitoes/day, respectively). These observations suggest that existing and planned open-space buffer zones will do little to reduce the biting burden caused by highly vagile saltmarsh mosquitoes. This strengthens the need for empirically informed planning guidelines that alert urban planners to the real risks of human residential encroachment on land that is close to highly vagile mosquito habitat.

West Nile Virus (WNV) is now endemic in many European countries, causing hundreds of human cases every year, with a high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Previous studies have suggested that spring temperature might play a key role at shaping WNV transmission. Specifically, warmer temperatures in April-May might amplify WNV circulation, thus increasing the risk for human transmission later in the year. To test this hypothesis, we collated publicly available data on the number of human infections recorded in Europe between 2011 and 2019. We then applied generalized linear models to quantify the relationship between human cases and spring temperature, considering both average conditions (over years 2003-2010) and deviations from the average for subsequent years (2011-2019). We found a significant positive association both spatial (average conditions) and temporal (deviations). The former indicates that WNV circulation is higher in usually warmer regions while the latter implies a predictive value of spring conditions over the coming season. We also found a positive association with WNV detection during the previous year, which can be interpreted as an indication of the reliability of the surveillance system but also of WNV overwintering capacity. Weather anomalies at the beginning of the mosquito breeding season might act as an early warning signal for public health authorities, enabling them to strengthen in advance ongoing surveillance and prevention strategies.

The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic is a challenge for scientists and health professionals due to the large spread of mosquitoes. This work aimed to describe the main control strategies of ZIKV when using pesticides. The methodology consisted of a literature review on the use of pesticides in potential mosquito breeding sites. Pyriproxyfen (PPF) stood out in the control of Aedes aegypti L. (species of mosquito that causes ZIKV) with dissemination in its particles through the ultra low volume technique. Its use was satisfactory since the PPF does not pose a risk to humans. However, an effective control of the epidemic requires integration with mechanical, biological, and chemical control to eliminate or reduce the mosquito population. For this, studies are essential to validate the proposed strategies, as well as financial investments for the continuity of control actions and implementation of government health campaigns.

Background: DHF still become health problem in Indonesia. In Central Java, especially Sukoharjo district, Angka Bebas Jentik (ABJ) is still under national standard. Some factors that influence the existence of larvae are the level of income and knowledge about PSN. Consumerism triggered escalation amount of mosquito breeding sites due to ownership of non-degradable goods like plastic containers, paper cups, and so on. Consumerism is related to income. Objective: To determine corelation between income levels and knowledge about PSN with existence of Aedes aegypti larvae in Karangtengah Village. Method: Designed with cross-sectional approach. The population were residences that has Family Card in Karangtengah Village with a total of 1660 households taken 65 households. The independent variable is the level of income and knowledge about PSN. Dependent variable is existence of larvae. Data analysis used Chi-Square test and contingency coefficient (C). Results: This study showed income with the existence of larvae (container index) (p = 0.009, C = 0.308) and PSN knowledge in the presence of larvae (container index) (p = 0.005, C = 0.332). The results of data analysis show that there is a correlation between income and knowledge about PSN with the existence of larvae. Conclusion: This study showed there is a relationship between income and knowledge about PSN with the existence of larvae.

The history of wastewater treatment ponds in California is directly linked to the state and federal Clean Water Grant Program. Two approaches will avoid mosquito problems in wastewater treatment ponds. One is to create conditions in the pond that are not attractive to mosquitoes or are not conducive to larval development as in original guidelines for oxidation pond design. The other approach is mosquito larvae control using chemical or biological methods after they have become established. Most treatment facilities will probably need to have a tailored program for mosquito prevention and control. When chemical or biological control agents do not adversely affect mosquito pathogens and predators, season-long mosquito control may be possible after only one or two treatments. Despite the challenges, mosquitoes can be controlled with careful planning and management of wastewater facilities. Mosquito breeding management must be included in the earliest planning stages and must be included in operating procedures after plants have come on-line.

Nowadays, the presence of the latest technologies like Artificial Intelligence and lenses that can capture the micro-living being like larva have been used in our surrounding environment. Deep Learning technologies which are a subset of Artificial Intelligence have been implemented in used for processing the image. As before this, there is a study to detect the possible place of Aedes mosquito breeding place with the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to detect the humidity of certain places and relate it to the possibility of Aedes mosquito breeding present. To support the study and have verification of the place is the breeding place of Aedes mosquito, a study to classify the larva and detect it has been proposed. The Aedes Larvae Classification and Detection (ALCD) System by using Deep learning is a system that uses deep learning technologies to detect the pattern of the larva and classify it according to its type. The proposed developed system ALCD because Malaysia is having a rapid increase in dengue cases throughout the year. While there are many approaches from the government and non-government organizations (NGOs) to help combat the dengue virus outbreak, this study is focusing on preventing the virus from spreading in the early stages. The life cycle of an Aedes mosquito is starting from the egg to larva to pupa and lastly became an adult mosquito. The early stages of Aedes mosquito that can be used to differentiate between Aedes and Non-Aedes were at the larva stages. This study is meant to do a background study on using the latest technology of deep learning subset of Artificial Intelligence technology to find the pattern of the Aedes and Non-Aedes on the larva. After the pattern of the larva type is recognized, the process to classify it between the Aedes larvae and Non-Aedes larvae can be continued for classification. Real-time classification testing will be conducted to test the accuracy and efficiency of the ALCD system.

Dengue is one of the most rapidly spreading diseases in Asia. It is transmitted by the bite of a female Aedes mosquito. Aedes mosquitoes breed in places with stagnant water. Unfortunately, some of these places are not often directly accessible to humans. However, drones can easily reach such locations from above ground. In this paper, we present a drone-based mosquito control system that is capable of identifying possible mosquito breeding grounds with the assistance of drones and taking suitable measures to prevent the growth of mosquito population. We also propose two algorithms to identify small-scale standing water bodies. Field tests and experimental evaluation show that our approach is highly effective in identification and neutralisation of those water bodies conducive to the survival of Aedes mosquitoes.

The easiest, inexpensive and most environment-friendly method to control malaria is by preventing themosquito from laying eggs in stagnated water. Source reduction of mosquito breeding is effective measurefor prevention of mosquito borne diseases especially dengue and malaria. The purpose of this study is toidentify the source of breeding, pinning of precise locations and immediate implementation of remedialmeasures for removal of source of mosquito breeding sites.Utilising the most popular messenger app (WhatsApp) with combination of Web mapping app (Googlemaps) as a tool for public health measure became very user friendly irrespective of the level of skill andinexpensive comparatively to GIS. This study has been carried under project name called “Vector Hunt”.

Despite the use of several effective control interventions in the central western Senegal, residual malaria transmission still occurring in some hotspots. In order to better understand the factors associated with this situation to better tailor targeted control actions, it is critical to unravel environmental and geographical factors underlying the persistence of the disease in study hotspot villages. Hotspots villages were defined as those reporting more than six indigenous malaria cases during the previous year. A total of ten villages, including seven hotspots and three non-hotspots, were surveyed. All potential mosquito breeding sites identified in and around the tenth study villages were regularly monitored between 2013 and 2017. This monitoring concerned the presence of anophelines larvae and the collection of epidemiological, hydrogeological, topographical and biogeographical data. Throughout the study area, the number of larval breeding sites inventoried and monitored over the study period ranged from 50 to 62. They were higher, with no significant difference, in hotspot sites than in non-hotspot sites for each year of monitoring with 62.3% (56/62) in 2013, 90.9% (50/55) in 2014, 90.3% (56/62) in 2015 and 86% (43/50) in 2017 (Fisher’s exact test; p = 1). The Hotspot villages were mostly characterized by saline or moderately saline hydro-morphic and halomorphic soils allowing water retention and a suitable presence of potential larval breeding sites. Whereas non-hotspot villages are characterized mainly by a high proportion of extremely permeable sandy-textured soils due to their porosity, which reduces water retention. The annual number of confirmed malaria cases was corelated relatively with the frequency and extent of breeding sites. Malaria cases were much more higher in the hamlets located near to the breeding sites of An. gambiae s.l then gradually decreases with their remoteness. This study has shown that the dynamics of larval breeding sites by their longevity, stability, proximity to houses and their positiveness rate for the presence of Anopheles larvae could be a determining factor in the persistence of malaria hotspots in central western Senegal. The results of this study shed more light on the environmental factors underlying the residual transmission and should make it possible to better organize vector control interventions for malaria elimination in west-central Senegal.

Mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases have always been a great threat to human health. Mosquito control based on sustainable vector management strategy is particularly important. In Zhejiang Province, exemplary villages of sustainable mosquito control (“mosquito-free villages”) have been successful operated, providing a new model of mosquito control in rural areas based on local conditions. The construction of “mosquito-free village” will apply environmentally-friendly and appropriate technologies to eliminate and transform mosquito breeding sites and to establish mechanisms of cultivating villagers’ health literacy of scientific mosquito control and voluntary participation in control activities to keep mosquito density low long-term.

Dengue virus (DENV) has become a major health threat worldwide accounting for 50-100 million infections every year and keeping 2.5 billion people at a risk of the infection. Seriousness of the viral infection can be attributed to its lethality when not treated in time and potential to cause health complications post infection. Currently there are only preventive strategies and development of vaccination is still in its infancy of research. It is therefore highly necessary to discover newer drugs and therapies for this deadly virus. In this paper we report important insights we have obtained through a computational analysis of small molecules of Neem (Azadirachta indica) against dengue viral proteins and its required proteins in human. Our study involves identification of the effect of specific small molecules of Neem on proteins of human and virus corresponding to different pathways using simulated molecular binding analyses. We report here Gedunin and Pongamol contained in naturally occurring Neem as potential drugs against the Dengue virus.Significance StatementWe report important ligands in Neem that have potential antiviral activity against Dengue. Our selection of Neem for testing for antiviral properties has been inspired from Ayurveda. Due to unhygienic living conditions that facilitate mosquito breeding, Dengue is a major threat in developing countries causing millions of deaths. Despite the severity of the infection, no specific antiviral drug is available. The results obtained, in terms of newer potential ligands against Dengue are significant as this provides a basis for experimentally verifying and extending the same to develop a cure.We hope that this study would would spur scientific curiosity and undertaking of further elaborate experimental studies.

Industrial activities have produced profound changes in the natural environment, including the mass removal of trees, fragmentation of habitats, and creation of larval mosquito breeding sites, that have allowed the vectors of disease pathogens to thrive. We conducted a review of the literature to assess the impact of industrial activities on vector-borne disease transmission. Our study shows that industrial activities may be coupled with significant changes to human demographics that can potentially increase contact between pathogens, vectors and hosts, and produce a shift of parasites and susceptible populations between low and high disease endemic areas. Indeed, where vector-borne diseases and industrial activities intersect, large numbers of potentially immunologically naïve people may be exposed to infection and lack the knowledge and means to protect themselves from infection. Such areas are typically associated with inadequate access to quality health care, thus allowing industrial development and production sites to become important foci of transmission. The altered local vector ecologies, and the changes in disease dynamics that changes affect, create challenges for under-resourced health care and vector-control systems.

Malaria is a disease which is transmitted through the bite of Anopheles mosquito. This study aimed to analyse the difference of type of Anopheles larva breeding places between low malaria case area, namely Mandor Village, and high malaria case area, namely North Amboyo Village, both in Landak Regency, West Kalimantan Province. The samples of Anopheles mosquito breeding places was acquired through accidental sampling from all Anopheles larva breeding places and spatial mapping of breeding place points. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test and Mann-whitney test. This study found 70 breeding place points which consisted of 8 types of place, namely dig well, drilled well, Illegal Gold Mining (PETI) well, puddle, fish pond, sewer, swamp, and rice field. The lowest larva density in Mandor Village was at PETI well (0.48/dip) and the highest was at dig well (0.75/dip). In North Amboyo Village, the lowest density was at number 3 dig well (0.2/dip) and the highest was at rice field (2.3/dip). It can be concluded that there was a significant difference of Anopheles breeding places between low and high malaria case areas.

The presence of potential breeding places can be used to measure the risk of DHF transmission in Klaten. This result can be used by the community to eridication of mosquito breeding place on terget and can improve to early warning system through effective methods for vector control. Type of study was analytic with cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in 104 households with simple random sampling technique. Data analysis used three stages: univariate, bivariate (Chi-square, Kolmogorov Smirnov, Spearman rank) and multivariate test with α=5%. The density of larvae based on the value of CI, HI, and BI amounted to 1.6%, 19.2%, 27.9%. The potential place for larvae breed based on Maya Index of 76%. Containers of open wells with groundwater sources, the volume of water is more than 1 liter and the material from cement can be the preferred place for mosquitoes to breed. Multivariate analysis shows that open wells are strongly related and has a risk of 1,556 (CI: 1,199-2,019) increasing the density of larvae compared with other variables.The density of larvae based on BI is a high category, HI is a moderate category and CI is a low category. This condition is influenced by the presence of open wells made of cement and can hold water in large quantities. Improve to early warning system of DHF transmission through identification of the presence of potential breading places in this area are to close the wells at the household level and conduct regular monitoring on the Controllable Sites.

Bacgkround: Efforts in the eradication of mosquito breeding have been done, but have not shown maximum results due to lack of community participation caused by several factors, such as lack of knowledge, attitude and practice that are considered to play important role in reducing the incidence of vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. This study aimed was to determine the relationship of knowledge, attitude and practice of cleaning services with the amount of mosquito larvae at water container around Bhayangkara Hospital Palembang. Populations in this study were 25 cleaning services in Bhayangkara Hospital Palembang. Methods: Samples in this study were all populations taken by using total sampling technique. Data included the number and types of water containers, the number and species of mosquito larvae found in the water containers, and data of knowledge, attitude and practice of cleaning services. The results were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis statistic test. Results: There were 75 water containers, 63 water containers were indoors, one of them contains larvae, and 12 water containers were outdoors, the type of two outdoors water containers that contained larvae were plastic buckets. Total larvae that found were 16 larvae of Aedes aegypti. Based on Kruskal-Wallis statistic test, there was no average difference between the number of mosquito larvae based on knowledge with p>alpha± (0.072>0.05), and there was an average difference between the number of mosquito larvae based on attitudewith p0.05) and practice with p

A longitudinal study in under constructing Manholes (considered as mosquito breeding trap of the study area) in a newly constructing road in the ward number 35 was conducted in the post monsoon period of 2016. Four species of mosquito population were available in the stagnant water of temporary breeding sites. Among them Cx. quinquefasciatus was the dominant species (98.6%) followed by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (0.5%), Ar. subalbatus (0.5%) and Cx. fuscocephala (0.4%). Though the breeding sites were temporary and stayed until finishing the construction, yet the results indicated the abundant population of available mosquitoes including status of key species in the urban area of the city corporation.Bangladesh J. Zool. 45(2): 139-148, 2017

Health issues induced by mosquito illnesses highlight the need for effective control. Here, we developed an efficient carbon-dot-silver nanohybrid to control Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito species. The nanohybrid was synthesized using a thermal method without addition of any toxic-reducing agent. Monohybrids are found within the ranges of 2–6 nm for carbon-dot and 10–35 nm for silver nanoparticles with uniform distribution. The uniformly dispersed nanohybrid solutions show excellent larvicidal activity within the concentration range of 0.5–1.0 ppm. Morphological studies evidence the presence of strong bonds between nanohybrid and sulphur- or phosphorus-containing compounds such as proteins and DNA present in the larval body. This explains tissue damage at very low concentrations of nanohybrid. Therefore, this nanoweapon has high potential for field applications.

Dengue fever occurrences are still problematic in Nanggulan district, Kulon Progo regency, which is in each year, the number of cases varies in each village. This research used ‘cross sectional’ design which samples of this research were taken from all the houses in Wijimulyo village as endemic village, and Banyuroto village as non-endemic village. The number of samples used in this research of 94 respondents. The instrument that used in obtaining data were questionnaires and observation check list. The result of Chi Square test in endemic village with influential factor dengue mosquito brending eradication was respondent attitude (p = 0,009) Contingency coefficient (p = 0,391), corelation is adequate, and action (p = 0,009) contingency coeficcient (p = 0,391) corelation is adequate . The result of Chi Square test in non endemic village with influential factor mosquito brending eradication was action (p = 0,011) Contingency coefficient (p = 0,422) corelation is adequate and action (p = 0,040) Contingency coefficient (p = 0,365) corealtion is adeqaute and it is found the fact that it’s better in non endemic village than in endemic village. Variable which influenced respondent attitude and existance of wiggler were not draining the tub over a week, used bucket, used can, used tire, not covering the tub, having fishless fond, so that the public health departement through Puskesmas suggest to conduct counseling of dengue mosquito breeding eridication, fond village monitoring by village officer and health officer to be drained in harvest season until planting season, changing permanent tub with impermanent one or big bucket in order to be easy to be cleaned.Keywords:Dengue Fever, Mosquito Breedin

From 1997 until 2014 we carried out a GIS-based systematic mapping of mosquito breeding sites on a 2,690 km2 area in the important touristic regions of Hungary. During the process of data collection of the mosquito fauna, 42,547 adults of 26 species and 34,409 larvae of 28 species were collected. The ecological characteristics of the breeding sites were recorded by means of 4,543 samples. We have specified 13,808 breeding sites playing important role in mosquito harm for the human population with an overall area of 7,967 hectares in topologically correct digital maps. We have established that approximately 1% of the administrative area of mosquito affected lands and 10% of wetlands can be considered as target areas for biological control taking human viewpoints into account. According to the results of our research, the most environment-friendly (affecting about 10% of the wetland areas routinely treated), economical and effective mosquito control can be carried out by BTI treatments based on GIS mappings.

Malaria research requires large-scale breeding and production conditions for mosquitoes (Anopheles spp.) in captivity. The sustainable and reliable production of mosquitoes is currently inhibited by the supply of fresh vertebrate blood. Alternatives to blood are required to promote efficient control strategies for malaria and other vector borne diseases that are transmitted by blood feeding insects. With this in mind, artificial liquid diets were formulated as substitutes for fresh vertebrate blood. Herein we report a blood-free artificial liquid diet that delivers feeding rates similar to blood and mimics the physiological effects of a fresh vertebrate blood meal. The diet induces ovarian and egg maturation of Anopheles mosquitoes and also produces good larval survival and development of functional adults. The formulated blood-free liquid diet is an important advance towards sustainable mosquito breeding in captivity and will reduce the maintenance costs of mosquito colonies and eliminate the need for fresh vertebrate blood. Fundaçãopara a Ciência e Tecnologia (CEECIND/00450/2017). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion