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Objective: To analyse the implementation and identify and describe the community activities (CA) developed during 2018-2022, in the Primary Health Care (PHC) of the health area of Santiago de Compostela y Barbanza. In addition, the barriers and facilitators for its development will be determined., Design: Observational, cross-sectional study., Setting: The study was conducted in Galicia, an autonomous community located in northwestern Spain, covering the 74 health centres in the health area, which are part of the public network of the Spanish health system., Participants: All nursing coordinators were invited to participate, as well as heads of service and those PHC professionals with greater knowledge of the CA developed., Main Measurements: A hetero-administered questionnaire on the characteristics, barriers and facilitators of CA was completed by means of a telephone interview., Results: A total of 95 CA were identified. Most were one-time activities (72.6%), single-session (67.4%), with passive participation of the attendees (100%) and little cross-sectoral collaboration (9.5%). 76.8% of the CA were not evaluated and arose on the initiative of PHC professionals. The flexibility of PHC professionals' agendas was identified as a key factor in achieving the implementation of CA in PHC., Conclusions: In order to achieve an effective implementation of CA, greater institutional involvement is crucial to facilitate the flexibility of PHC agendas, the evaluation of CA, the incorporation of professionals with specific training in community care, as well as greater collaboration with community agents., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Publicado por Elsevier España S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Promoting health via a community approach is one of the most effective strategies for reducing the current incidence of chronic diseases. Primary care (PC), through the implementation of community activities (CA), has the potential to achieve this goal. Yet the implementation of CA at health centers is not standardized and is often thanks only to the voluntariness of health professionals., Objective: To ascertain the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of PC professionals regarding the implementation of CA., Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study by circulating a self-administered online questionnaire on CA, across the period December 2022 through June 2023 in Galicia (Spain). All health professionals working in the Galician Health Service PC setting were invited to participate., Results: A total of 521 health professionals participated in the study. They included all types of PC health professionals (physicians, general and specialist nurses -midwives, pediatrics, family and community, mental health- and social workers), including residents in training. Only 14.8% and 12.5% of professionals correctly identified CAs and social prescription (SPr) interventions, respectively. Furthermore, 93.9% recognized that the development of CA in health centers was deficient. Despite this, 76.5% showed a good attitude toward participation in CA., Conclusions: PC professionals find it difficult to identify CA and SPr interventions. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the training of these professionals in the implementation of CA with a view to enhancing population health, reducing the incidence of chronic diseases, and helping lessen the healthcare burden of the health system., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press.)

The WHO defines Primary Health Care as essential health care, based on practical, scientifically founded and socially acceptable methods and technologies, made available to all individuals and families in the community, through their full participation, and at a cost that the community and the country can bear, at each and every stage of their development, in a spirit of self-responsibility and self-determination. With the intention of fulfilling the basic objective of caring for and promoting health in all the groups that make up our current society, the need arises to focus on certain groups in which the actions of Primary Care are currently consensual or poorly protocolised, as is the case with the health care of transgender people., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Community health promotion activities are a useful tool for a proactive approach to healthy lifestyles. However, the implementation of these types of activities at health centers is not standardized. The aim of this review was to analyse the characteristics of community activities undertaken in the primary care setting and substantiate available evidence on their health impact. We conducted a bibliographic review until November 15th, 2023 in the TRIPDATABASE, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and DIALNET databases. We included original papers on interventions, community activities, and actions and/or social prescriptions which had been implemented in a Primary Care setting, included a group approach in at least one session, and described some type of evaluation of the intervention applied. Studies targeted at professionals and those without involvement of the primary care team were excluded. The search identified 1912 potential studies. We included a total of 30 studies, comprising 11 randomized clinical trials, 14 quasi-experimental studies, 1 cohort study, and 4 qualitative studies. The issues most frequently addressed in community activities were healthy habits, physical activity, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Community activities can improve the physical and psychological environment of their participants, as well as their level of knowledge about the issues addressed. That said, however, implementation of these types of interventions is not uniform. The existence of a professional community-activity liaison officer at health centers, who would help integrate the health system with the community sector, could serve to standardize implementation and maximize the health impact of these types of interventions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Low self-efficacy has been identified as one of the factors that could hinder the prescribing competence of nurses. No valid and reliable existing instruments assess Galician nurses' confidence to prescribe. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Galician version of the Nurse Prescribing Self-Efficacy Scale (G-NP-SES, 19 items). The study was conducted in two phases: the translation and adaptation to the Galician version of the NP-SES, and the assessment of its psychometric properties. G-NP-SES was sent to nurses working in primary healthcare centers in Galicia (Spain) between March and June of 2022. Its content, construct and discriminant validity, and internal consistency reliability were examined. A total of 193 people participated in the study. As the original scale, G-NP-SES also had three dimensions (% of cumulative variance = 80.82%). It showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) = 0.90, with each factor ranging from 0.86 to 0.89), high content validity (scale's content validity index = 0.92, with item-content validity index ranged from 0.87 to 1), and good discriminant validity. G-NP-SES is an instrument with good psychometric properties which could be used to accurately assess Galician nurses' self-efficacy to prescribe and consequently to improve their job performance.

Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is postulated as the most effective measure to control the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the use of other protection measures is necessary to efficiently combat the spread of the virus. The aim of the present study was to determine the attitudes and intentions toward COVID-19 vaccination among non-regular social media users in Spain and to analyze how these factors could condition the acceptance of other personal protective measures once an individual has received the COVID-19 vaccine. A cross-sectional design was used in this work. In total, 719 subjects, ≥18 years old and of both sexes, were recruited from primary public healthcare centers to self-complete a questionnaire between March and April 2021. The majority of participants had a positive attitude toward vaccination and showed high levels of intention to be vaccinated. Likewise, except those participants who considered the vaccine to be the most effective measure to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, the rest of the participants highlighted the importance of continuing to limit social interactions and/or wearing masks even after being vaccinated. Since vaccination can create a perception of total immunity against SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary that healthcare staff organize effective awareness campaigns on the importance of maintaining personal protective measures until vaccination coverage is greater.

Pregnancy can affect the mother's oral health, increasing their susceptibility to oral diseases that have been associated with harmful effects on the newborn. Despite the severity of oral diseases during pregnancy, the demand for dental care during the gestational period is low, which may improve with the participation of midwives in promoting oral health activities. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Spanish midwives and midwifery students regarding oral health in pregnant women; and (ii) to identify the barriers faced by these healthcare professionals in addressing oral health promotion during pregnancy. An observational cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. A total of 128 midwives and/or midwifery students ≥ 18 years old and of both sexes were invited to self-complete a questionnaire between January and April 2020. A total of 85 people participated in the study. Participants had a regular level of knowledge about oral health during pregnancy (overall knowledge score: 6.53), and although they were interested in activities that promote oral healthcare, their oral healthcare practices during pregnancy were limited. As midwives play an important role in promoting health, their training in oral healthcare could help to improve pregnant women's oral health.

Background: Refractory venous leg ulcers (VLUs) often require extended time to heal, and they carry a high risk of recurrence. This case study describes our experiences with a patient with a VLU refractory to multiple treatment strategies who was successfully treated with Manuka honey., Case: Mr S. was a 76-year-old man with multiple comorbid conditions and hypersensitivity to silver-based compounds, who developed 3 VLUs of his right lower extremity. He experienced 90 days of unsuccessful treatments using an iodized cadexomer ointment, hydrodetersive fiber dressings, hydrocolloid meshes, compression therapy, and antibiotic treatment without progression toward wound healing. We then initiated treatment with Manuka honey and continued compression therapy. His primary VLU was completely epithelialized within 38 days, and an adjacent VLU also showed progression toward healing. Mr S. reported clinically relevant improvement in wound-related pain at 17 days., Conclusion: The use of Manuka honey proved effective in this patient with a VLU refractory to other treatment strategies., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest and no source of funding., (Copyright © 2021 by the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Among the preventive approaches proposed to control this disease is pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), whose effectiveness depends on the medication adherence. The aim of the present study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes about PrEP among a sample of Spanish nursing students as well as their intentions of receiving it in case it was indicated. An observational cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out. A total of 570 nursing students from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain), ≥18 years old and of both sexes were invited to self-complete a questionnaire between February and March 2020. A total of 352 students decided to participate in the study. Participants had low knowledge [overall knowledge score 1(0-2)] and a neutral attitude towards PrEP. The intention of receiving PrEP improved significantly after the completion of the questionnaire and the administration of information about PrEP ( p = 0.039; before: 23.58% and after: 93.77%). Nursing staff play an important role in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, so their training in preventive strategies, such as PrEP, could help to reduce the incidence of new cases of HIV infection.

Human papillomavirus (HPV), which is linked to specific types of cancer, can be prevented by vaccination. This study aimed to determine the knowledge and attitudes of nursing students about HPV and its vaccine as well as their intentions towards personal vaccination. A total of 536 Spanish nursing students were invited to complete the Spanish version of the questionnaire "Knowledge, attitudes and intentions towards HPV". Overall, 367 surveys were completed (68.4% response rate). Data analysis included the calculation of three scores: the knowledge score, categorized into low (<33%), moderate (33%-66%), and good knowledge (>66%); the attitude score, sorted into positive (<2.5), neutral (2.5-3.5), and negative attitude (>3.5); and the intention score, categorized into not favorable (<4), neutral (4-7), and favorable intention (>7). Knowledge about HPV and its vaccine was moderate (54.34 ± 0.9%), and the attitude towards vaccination was positive (2.34 ± 0.03). The intention towards personal vaccination increased significantly after completing the questionnaire (before: 4.14 ± 0.27, after: 6.02 ± 0.28; p < 0.001). The present study highlights the need of training future nurses about HPV and its vaccine, considering the important role it plays in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.

Antibiotic resistance is an emerging worldwide concern with serious repercussions in terms of morbi-mortality. Bearing in mind that the inadequate use of antibiotics, by healthcare staff as well as by the general population, is one of its main causes, a multidisciplinary approach is required to try to combat it. The aim of the present study was to determine nursing students' knowledge and awareness of antibiotic use, resistance and stewardship. A cross-sectional design was used. A total of 578 nursing students from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain), ≥18 years old of both sexes were invited to complete the Spanish version of the questionnaire "Knowledge and awareness of the use, resistance and administration of antibiotics" between February and April 2019. Students had a low level of knowledge about antibiotics, 4.1 (CI95% = 3.4-4.8), especially in relation to antibiotic resistance. As the students were aware of this deficiency, the majority affirmed (>90%) that the current curriculum of nursing degree should have more training on antibiotics and infection control. Nursing staff play an important role in the rational use of antibiotics and as teachers of patients, so their training could be key in fighting antibiotic resistance.