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Crianças com dificuldades na realização de tarefas rotineiras que requerem habilidades motoras podem ter problemas específicos de coordenação motora, atualmente denominados Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação (TDC). No Brasil esse diagnóstico ainda é pouco comum, embora seja muito utilizado na literatura internacional. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a percepção de mães brasileiras sobre o desempenho nas atividades diárias de crianças com transtorno da coordenação motora. Foram realizadas cinco entrevistas, seguidas por análise de conteúdo. Os relatos evidenciaram que todas as informantes percebem alguma dificuldade de seus filhos na realização de atividades cotidianas e na relação com os colegas, sendo essas dificuldades acentuadas principalmente pela entrada na escola. Os relatos também destacaram o desconhecimento sobre os problemas de coordenação motora e possibilidades de auxílio existentes, apontando para a necessidade de mais informação e maior valorização das percepções maternas Children who have difficulty doing daily tasks that require motor skills may have specific motor coordination problems, known nowadays as Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). In Brazil, this diagnosis is used very seldom although it is much used in the international literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of Brazilian mothers concerning the daily performance of children with motor coordination disorder. Five interviews were conducted and submitted to content analysis. The narratives showed that all informants perceive difficulties in the performance of daily activities in their children and in the relationship with peers, and these difficulties are more evident with the entrance in school. These findings highlight the unawareness about motor coordination problems and opportunities for getting help, as well as reinforce the need for more information and to value mother's perceptions. Niños con dificultades en el desempeño de las tareas rutinarias que requieren habilidades motoras pueden tener problemas específicos de coordinación, actualmente conocidos como trastorno de desarrollo de la coordinación (TDC). En Brasil este diagnóstico es infrecuente, aunque se usa ampliamente en la literatura internacional. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la percepción de las madres brasileñas en el desempeño diario de niños con trastorno de la coordinación motora. Cinco entrevistas se llevaron a cabo, seguido de análisis de contenido. Los informes muestran que los encuestados perciben cierta dificultad a sus hijos en la realización de las actividades diarias y las relaciones con los colegas, y estas dificultades acentuadas principalmente por la entrada de la escuela. Los informes también destacó la falta de conocimiento acerca de los problemas de coordinación y las posibilidades de ayuda existentes, apuntando la necesidad de más información y una mayor apreciación de las percepciones maternas.

By focusing on mothers' feelings of difficulty, mothers' responses(extracted from the interviews) were grouped intofour categories: 1) primary infants after operation; 2) primary infants undergoing follow-up with drug therapy; 3) maleinfants undergoing follow-up with drug therapy; and 4) female infants under follow-up with drug therapy who areindependent in urination. Each category is discussed from the viewpoint of nursing intervention., 排尿時膀胱尿道造影検査(以下VCUGとする)を繰り返し受ける幼児の母親のVCUGおよび疾患に対しての認識・思い,子どもへの認識・思いと関わり,それらに影響する要因を明らかにし看護援助を考察することを目的に,VCUGを繰り返し受ける幼児の母親8名への半構造化面接を行い質的に分析した。その結果以下の結論を得た。母親のVCUGおよび疾患に対しての認識・思いは,【VCUGを子どもが受けること自体への不安は少なく病状に対する不安が大きい】【感染しやすい幼児の尿路感染症予防を重視し困難感をもつ】,VCUGを受ける子どもへの認識・思いと関わりは,【母子分離不安があり検査を良く理解できない幼児に検査を受けさせる困難感をもつ】【子どもはまだ検査を理解できないが今後も続く検査の説明の仕方が分からない】【成長に伴い子どもが検査を嫌がるようになったことに困難を感じる】【排尿が自立した幼児(男児・女児)特有の検査の困難に気づく】【つらい検査を受ける子どもに検査前後はできる限りのことをする】ことが明らかとなった。母親の認識・思い,関わりには,子どもの認知発達段階,子どもの排尿の自立の状態,子どもの性別,子どもの疾患の経過が影響していた。これらと母親の困難感に焦点をあて,①手術後の幼児前期の子ども ②内服治療により経過観察中の幼児前期の子ども ③乳児期から内服治療により経過観察中の幼児中期の男児 ④内服治療により経過観察中の排尿が自立した女児の4つのケースに分けられ,それぞれの看護援助の視点が導かれた。, In order to establish nursing interventions for maintaining the good mental and physical condition of infantsundergoing voiding cystourethrography( VCUG), the present study aimed to clarify mothers' perceptions of VCUG and their mental and physical connections with infants undergoing repeated VCUG, as well as to identify factors thatinfluence these phenomena.Interviews were conducted with eight mothers whose infants were receiving repeated VCUG. Analysis of theinterview contents revealed the following.Mothers' perceptions of VCUG:“VCUG itself is not so stressful, but she feels anxiety about the infant's condition"“,she considers it important to prevent urinary tract infection, but feels that it is difficult to do so."Mental and physical connections with the infant“: she is anxious about being separated from her infant due tothe fact that the infant cannot understand what is going on during VCUG", “she wonders how to explain the fact thatVCUG will continue for a while to the infant, but it is hard for the child to understand", “she is worried that the infantwill come to hate VCUG more and more as the child grows older", “she is particularly worried about the increaseddifficulty of VCUG when the child( male or female) becomes independent in urination", “before and after VCUG, shetries to encourage the infant, who is undergoing a tough procedure".Mothers' perceptions of VCUG and mental and physical connections with their infants were affected by the child'sprogress in cognitive development, status of independence in urination, gender, and history of disease.

In Bangladesh, the prevalence of diarrhoea is the highest among children aged 6-23 months and the outbreaks are common among slum-dwellers of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. A qualitative explorative research was undertaken among slum-dwellers to explore the feeding practices and care-seeking behaviours of mothers with children with diarrhoeal diseases aged less than two years. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus-group discussions and observation checklist with mothers and elder family members. Breastmilk was blamed for causing diarrhoea among predominantly or exclusively breastfed children. The blameworthiness leads to withholding of breastfeeding during diarrhoeal episodes especially with recurrent and persistent diarrhoea. Teething, eating protein diet by children and eating leafy vegetables by mothers were believed to be responsible for diarrhoea among the older children. Hand-washing before preparing foods and before feeding children was virtually not practised. Usual complementary foods were not offered to the children with diarrhoea. Almost all of the children were offered oral rehydration salt solution and other fluids at home. A common healthcare-seeking behaviour of the mothers was to give medicines from local drug stores. Some mothers performed some rituals for the purification of their breastmilk. As the mother’s diet was believed to be responsible for the child’s diarrhoea, some foods, especially leafy-vegetables, some types of fish, and meat, were restricted to the mothers. The study concludes that perceptions of mothers regarding the causes of children’s diarrhoea direct to inappropriate feeding practices and care-seeking behaviours of under-two children with diarrhoeal diseases.

Background Teenagers are a priority intervention group in sexual education. Objectives To promote a model of training intervention based on the debate and critical reflection about sexuality in the context of the classroom, to test its efficiency and characterize teenagers in the sexual context. Methods It is a field experimental study with a non probabilistic sample of 56 teenagers (28 in the control and experimental group, respectively) with an average of 15 years of age (sd = 1.191). The evaluation protocol is the questionnaire which allows characterizing social demographic and sexual. It includes the scale of attitudes concerning sexuality, 1 attitudes concerning the birth control pill and condom, 2 scale of knowledge about family planning, 3 scale of knowledge about sexual transmitted infections 4 and scale of motivation to have or not to have sex. 5 Results Teenagers are an older experimental group, mostly of the male gender and live in a town. They have a dating relationship 39.3% mostly lasting between six months and one year, 35.7% has had sexual intercourse, 21.4% has sexual intercourse in their current dating relationship, 44.4% uses the birth control pill and 55.6% the condom, 67,9% has done emergency contraception and 92.9% considers to be important the use of condom. The training intervention was effective in the attitudes concerning the condom (p = 0.045). Conclusion Educating to a conscious sexual life is the responsibility of everyone. The reflexive methodologies must be privileged, allowing the integration of knowledge and the change of attitudes, where the students’ part is of maximum importance, being up to them, under supervision of the trainer, to post their doubts and collaborate in the pursuit of answers.

Children’s food behaviors have been expressed in a various ways because of recent changes in their family environment. Thus, this study was performed to investigate in-depth qualitative research on the mother’s perception on children’s food behaviors by focused group interview. This study was designed in four steps of planning, collection of participants, process, and analysis. Participants for the focus group interview were recruited and sampled from households with elementary school students in the Seoul and Gyeonggido areas. Groups were divided by total income and education expense levels. 1) High income household: It is better to improve currently existing web sites for nutrition education. 2) Mid income household: Easy, practical, and inexpensive off-line cooking class/nutrition education classes for mothers are needed. Nutrition programs for children should be developed through mass media and be promoted in the broadcasting circle. 3) Low income household: Motivation is required for mothers' education and the serious nutritional problems of children should be informed through mass media and home correspondence from school. And interesting educational materials should be developed for children to read whenever they want.

By focusing on mothers' feelings of difficulty, mothers' responses(extracted from the interviews) were grouped intofour categories: 1) primary infants after operation; 2) primary infants undergoing follow-up with drug therapy; 3) maleinfants undergoing follow-up with drug therapy; and 4) female infants under follow-up with drug therapy who areindependent in urination. Each category is discussed from the viewpoint of nursing intervention., In order to establish nursing interventions for maintaining the good mental and physical condition of infantsundergoing voiding cystourethrography( VCUG), the present study aimed to clarify mothers' perceptions of VCUG and their mental and physical connections with infants undergoing repeated VCUG, as well as to identify factors thatinfluence these phenomena.Interviews were conducted with eight mothers whose infants were receiving repeated VCUG. Analysis of theinterview contents revealed the following.Mothers' perceptions of VCUG:“VCUG itself is not so stressful, but she feels anxiety about the infant's condition"“,she considers it important to prevent urinary tract infection, but feels that it is difficult to do so."Mental and physical connections with the infant“: she is anxious about being separated from her infant due tothe fact that the infant cannot understand what is going on during VCUG", “she wonders how to explain the fact thatVCUG will continue for a while to the infant, but it is hard for the child to understand", “she is worried that the infantwill come to hate VCUG more and more as the child grows older", “she is particularly worried about the increaseddifficulty of VCUG when the child( male or female) becomes independent in urination", “before and after VCUG, shetries to encourage the infant, who is undergoing a tough procedure".Mothers' perceptions of VCUG and mental and physical connections with their infants were affected by the child'sprogress in cognitive development, status of independence in urination, gender, and history of disease.

Background Studies in several countries indicate that parents show little concern and aren’t much aware of the nutritional status of their children, and have the tendency to underestimate the overweight which may present a difficulty when promoting healthier life styles. The aim of this study was to identify maternal body image perceptions in preschool children and analyze its relationship with nutritional status and family social demographic variables. Methods A transversal and descriptive study was developed in a sample of 1424 preschool children and their mothers living in several parts of Portugal. The children were weighted and measured by trained personnel, the BMI was calculated and the nutritional status was classified according to the NCHS referential (CDC, 2000). 1 Mother's real and ideal body image perception from their children was evaluated according to Collins’ body image silhouettes (1991). 2 Results The ideal and real perception was translated in a negative index on both children's genders, however 67.2% of the mothers revealed accuracy of perception, while 22.3% had a negative and 12.8% a positive discrepancy, being this significant concerning gender and age of the children. Children's actual weight status (ie, 60.2% normal weight, 16.9% overweight, 17.4% obese and 5.5% underweight) was significantly different from their parents’ perceptions (ie, 52.3% normal weight, 27.5% overweight 0,6% obesity and 19.6% underweight) explaining in 25.9% the variability of this perception. Globally 42.3% has no discrepancy but 44.3% thinks that children were thin and 13.4% heavier. This difference is significant concerning the age and scholarship of the mothers but has no relation with the income and residence. Conclusion Despite signs of a positive trend, mothers continue to show difficulty in recognizing the children's nutritional status, so effective public health strategies to increase parents’ awareness could be the first step in an effort to prevent childhood obesity.

Background: Studies in several countries indicate that parents show little concern and aren’t much aware of the nutritional status of their children, and have the tendency to underestimate the overweight which may present a difficulty when promoting healthier life styles. The aim of this study was to identify maternal body image perceptions in preschool children and analyze its relationship with nutritional status and family social demographic variables. Methods: A transversal and descriptive study was developed in a sample of 1424 preschool children and their mothers living in several parts of Portugal. The children were weighted and measured by trained personnel, the BMI was calculated and the nutritional status was classified according to the NCHS referential (CDC, 2000).1 Mother’s real and ideal body image perception from their children was evaluated according to Collins’ body image silhouettes (1991).2 Results: The ideal and real perception was translated in a negative index on both children’s genders, however 67.2% of the mothers revealed accuracy of perception, while 22.3% had a negative and 12.8% a positive discrepancy, being this significant concerning gender and age of the children. Children’s actual weight status (ie, 60.2% normal weight, 16.9% overweight, 17.4% obese and 5.5% underweight) was significantly different from their parents’ perceptions (ie, 52.3% normal weight, 27.5% overweight 0.6% obesity and 19.6% underweight) explaining in 25.9% the variability of this perception. Globally 42.3% has no discrepancy but 44.3% thinks that children were thin and 13.4% heavier. This difference is significant concerning the age and scholarship of the mothers but has no relation with the income and residence. Conclusion: Despite signs of a positive trend, mothers continue to show difficulty in recognizing the children’s nutritional status, so effective public health strategies to increase parents’ awareness could be the first step in an effort to prevent childhood obesity.

L’objectif de cet article est de documenter le point de vue des mères sur l’expérience d’intégration en classe ordinaire de leur enfant présentant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme. À partir des dix-huit entretiens réalisés avec des mères d’enfant ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme intégré en classe ordinaire, nous avons fait une analyse qualitative thématique telle que proposée par Braun et Clark. Les résultats présentés dans cet article abordent plus précisément le point de vue des mères à propos de l’accessibilité des services et de l’environnement scolaire en contexte d’intégration scolaire en classe ordinaire. Les résultats obtenus font ressortir que les mères perçoivent que leur enfant a besoin d’avoir un accès rapide aux services de soutien spécialisé (évaluation et intervention), et ce, dès le préscolaire. Elles croient également que l’environnement scolaire doit être adapté aux besoins uniques de leur enfant. Ces résultats nous portent donc à croire que le système d’éducation n’a peut-être pas su adapter ses offres de services aux besoins des enfants présentant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme., The objective of this paper is to document the mothers’ perspective on the school integration experience in ordinary classes of their children with autism spectrum disorder. With regards to the eighteen interviews by mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder integrated in regular classes, we did a thematic qualitative analysis proposed by Braun and Clark. The results presented in this article specifically address the mothers’ perspective of the accessibility of services and the school environment in the school integration context.The results show that mothers perceive their children’s needs to get access to specialized services (assessment and intervention), which should start at preschool. They also believe that the school’s environment must be tailored to the unique needs of their children. These results lead us to believe that the education system cannot adapt his services offered to the children in need with autism spectrum disorder., El objetivo de este artículo consiste en documentar el punto de vista de las madres sobre la experiencia de integración escolar en clase regular de sus hijos afectados por alguna deficiencia del espectro del autismo. A partir de dieciocho entrevistas realizadas con madres de niños con una deficiencia del espectro del autismo e integrado en clase regular, realizamos un análisis cualitativo temático tal como lo proponen Braun y Clark. Los resultados presentados en este artículo abordan más precisamente el punto de vista de las madres sobre la accesibilidad de los servicios y el entorno escolar en contexto de integración escolar en clase regular. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las madres perciben que sus hijos necesitan de un acceso rápido a los servicios de apoyo especializado (evaluación e intervención) y esto, desde la educación preescolar. También creen que el entorno escolar debe ser adaptado a las necesidades únicas de sus hijos. Estos resultados nos llevan entonces a pensar que el sistema educativo no ha sabido, posiblemente, adaptar sus ofertas de servicios a las necesidades de los niños que tienen una deficiencia del espectro del autismo.