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1. From We Ask to iASK: A Self-Reflection Strategy Enabling Students to Connect Assessment and Employability

Author

Spagnoli, Dino, Kinash, Shelley, Jorre de St Jorre, Trina, Male, Sally, Mouat, Clare M., and McDougall, Kevin

Abstract

Most students acknowledge shared responsibility, with the university, for their employability development. Many academics use assessments as the main driver for motivating students to learn. At the intersection between employability, assessment and learning, the emergent research question is -- what are the mechanisms by which course-based employability is fostered? Prior research reveals that although academics identified course-based assessment as the key employability mechanism, neither students nor employers registered this conceptualisation, and thus purpose of assessment. The aim of this research was to stimulate and communicate the direct connection between assessment and employability to students and interpret their response. Over 100 first-year students, across a metropolitan and regional Australian university, participated. Students were directed to use a simple reflective tool, dubbed iASK by the researchers, that probed employability elements of identity, Attributes, Skills, and Knowledge. The research revealed the resulting student view that regular course-based assessment can develop their employability skills in communication and independence, but not in critical thinking and global citizenship.

Published
2023

3. Networks of placental DNA methylation correlate with maternal serum PCB concentrations and child neurodevelopment

Author

Mouat, Julia S, Li, Xueshu, Neier, Kari, Zhu, Yihui, Mordaunt, Charles E, La Merrill, Michele A, Lehmler, Hans-Joachim, Jones, Michael P, Lein, Pamela J, Schmidt, Rebecca J, and LaSalle, Janine M

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Pediatric, Prevention, Autism, Maternal Health, Neurosciences, Women's Health, Conditions Affecting the Embryonic and Fetal Periods, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Brain Disorders, Pregnancy, Mental Health, Human Genome, Endocrine Disruptors, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Reproductive health and childbirth, Mental health, Animals, Mice, Humans, Child, Female, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Placenta, DNA Methylation, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Maternal Exposure, Polychlorinated biphenyls, DNA methylation, Autism spectrum disorders, WGCNA, Whole genome bisulfite sequencing, Chemical Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Toxicology, Biological sciences, Chemical sciences, Environmental sciences
Abstract

BackgroundGestational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with elevated risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Placental epigenetics may serve as a potential mechanism of risk or marker of altered placental function. Prior studies have associated differential placental DNA methylation with maternal PCB exposure or with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, sequencing-based placental methylomes have not previously been tested for simultaneous associations with maternal PCB levels and child neurodevelopmental outcomes.ObjectivesWe aimed to identify placental DNA methylation patterns associated with maternal PCB levels and child neurodevelopmental outcomes in the high-risk ASD MARBLES cohort.MethodsWe measured 209 PCB congeners in 104 maternal serum samples collected at delivery. We identified networks of DNA methylation from 147 placenta samples using the Comethyl R package, which performs weighted gene correlation network analysis for whole genome bisulfite sequencing data. We tested placental DNA methylation modules for association with maternal serum PCB levels, child neurodevelopment, and other participant traits.ResultsPCBs 153 + 168, 170, 180 + 193, and 187 were detected in over 50% of maternal serum samples and were highly correlated with one another. Consistent with previous findings, maternal age was the strongest predictor of serum PCB levels, alongside year of sample collection, pre-pregnancy BMI, and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. Twenty seven modules of placental DNA methylation were identified, including five which significantly correlated with one or more PCBs, and four which correlated with child neurodevelopment. Two modules associated with maternal PCB levels as well as child neurodevelopment, and mapped to CSMD1 and AUTS2, genes previously implicated in ASD and identified as differentially methylated regions in mouse brain and placenta following gestational PCB exposure.ConclusionsPlacental DNA co-methylation modules were associated with maternal PCBs and child neurodevelopment. Methylation of CSMD1 and AUTS2 could be markers of altered placental function and/or ASD risk following maternal PCB exposure.

Published
2023

4. Epigenomic signature of major congenital heart defects in newborns with Down syndrome

Author

Mouat, Julia S, Li, Shaobo, Myint, Swe Swe, Laufer, Benjamin I, Lupo, Philip J, Schraw, Jeremy M, Woodhouse, John P, de Smith, Adam J, and LaSalle, Janine M

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Rare Diseases, Congenital Structural Anomalies, Congenital Heart Disease, Prevention, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Pediatric, Cardiovascular, Heart Disease, Human Genome, Women's Health, Brain Disorders, Down Syndrome, Humans, Male, Infant, Newborn, Female, Epigenomics, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Heart Defects, Congenital, CpG Islands, Chromatin, Down syndrome, Congenital heart defect, Newborn dried blood spot, DNA methylation, Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, Epigenetics, Epigenome-wide association study, Differentially methylated regions, nRBC, Hypomethylation, Genetics & Heredity, Biochemistry and cell biology
Abstract

BackgroundCongenital heart defects (CHDs) affect approximately half of individuals with Down syndrome (DS), but the molecular reasons for incomplete penetrance are unknown. Previous studies have largely focused on identifying genetic risk factors associated with CHDs in individuals with DS, but comprehensive studies of the contribution of epigenetic marks are lacking. We aimed to identify and characterize DNA methylation differences from newborn dried blood spots (NDBS) of DS individuals with major CHDs compared to DS individuals without CHDs.MethodsWe used the Illumina EPIC array and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) to quantitate DNA methylation for 86 NDBS samples from the California Biobank Program: (1) 45 DS-CHD (27 female, 18 male) and (2) 41 DS non-CHD (27 female, 14 male). We analyzed global CpG methylation and identified differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in DS-CHD versus DS non-CHD comparisons (both sex-combined and sex-stratified) corrected for sex, age of blood collection, and cell-type proportions. CHD DMRs were analyzed for enrichment in CpG and genic contexts, chromatin states, and histone modifications by genomic coordinates and for gene ontology enrichment by gene mapping. DMRs were also tested in a replication dataset and compared to methylation levels in DS versus typical development (TD) WGBS NDBS samples.ResultsWe found global CpG hypomethylation in DS-CHD males compared to DS non-CHD males, which was attributable to elevated levels of nucleated red blood cells and not seen in females. At a regional level, we identified 58, 341, and 3938 CHD-associated DMRs in the Sex Combined, Females Only, and Males Only groups, respectively, and used machine learning algorithms to select 19 Males Only loci that could distinguish CHD from non-CHD. DMRs in all comparisons were enriched for gene exons, CpG islands, and bivalent chromatin and mapped to genes enriched for terms related to cardiac and immune functions. Lastly, a greater percentage of CHD-associated DMRs than background regions were differentially methylated in DS versus TD samples.ConclusionsA sex-specific signature of DNA methylation was detected in NDBS of DS-CHD compared to DS non-CHD individuals. This supports the hypothesis that epigenetics can reflect the variability of phenotypes in DS, particularly CHDs.

Published
2023

5. Incorporating Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Science: Lessons Learned from an Undergraduate Seminar

Author

Ramachandran, Aishwarya, Mouat, Isobel C., and Öberg, Gunilla

Abstract

Questions of equity, diversity, and inclusion in the sciences have taken center stage in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and Black Lives Matter movement of 2020. This paper focuses on the experiences of academics engaging in such work, particularly in their roles as educators, by sharing two of the authors' experiences introducing equity, diversity, and inclusion initiatives in a first-year science course at a Canadian university. Using critical research methodologies like narrative inquiry and memory work, we look at three separate instances where complex personal, institutional and course attributes fostered, allowed, or hindered efforts to bring these initiatives into the classroom. We consider how problematic incidents and obstacles relating to the organization of content on equity, diversity, and inclusion in science cropped up during the process, how they were perceived and handled in the moment, as well as the authors' reflections, takeaways, and lessons learned from the experience. These stories suggest that efforts to center discussions about equity, diversity, and inclusion in undergraduate science classrooms can be unpredictable and complex, particularly at the day-to-day level; this is especially the case when handling subtler microaggressions rather than clear instances of discrimination or harassment. Our study points to the importance of creating a more permanent institutional memory for initiatives that outlive those who initiated and organized them, so that they become embedded within the culture of a course or department.

Published
2023
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6. Comethyl: a network-based methylome approach to investigate the multivariate nature of health and disease

Author

Mordaunt, Charles E, Mouat, Julia S, Schmidt, Rebecca J, and LaSalle, Janine M

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Mental Health, Brain Disorders, Human Genome, Autism, Neurosciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Autism Spectrum Disorder, CpG Islands, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Epigenome, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, DNA methylation, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, epigenetics, epigenome, weighted gene correlation network analysis, systems biology, autism spectrum disorder, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Computation Theory and Mathematics, Other Information and Computing Sciences, Bioinformatics, Biochemistry and cell biology, Bioinformatics and computational biology
Abstract

Health outcomes are frequently shaped by difficult to dissect inter-relationships between biological, behavioral, social and environmental factors. DNA methylation patterns reflect such multivariate intersections, providing a rich source of novel biomarkers and insight into disease etiologies. Recent advances in whole-genome bisulfite sequencing enable investigation of DNA methylation over all genomic CpGs, but existing bioinformatic approaches lack accessible system-level tools. Here, we develop the R package Comethyl, for weighted gene correlation network analysis of user-defined genomic regions that generates modules of comethylated regions, which are then tested for correlations with multivariate sample traits. First, regions are defined by CpG genomic location or regulatory annotation and filtered based on CpG count, sequencing depth and variability. Next, correlation networks are used to find modules of interconnected nodes using methylation values within the selected regions. Each module containing multiple comethylated regions is reduced in complexity to a single eigennode value, which is then tested for correlations with experimental metadata. Comethyl has the ability to cover the noncoding regulatory regions of the genome with high relevance to interpretation of genome-wide association studies and integration with other types of epigenomic data. We demonstrate the utility of Comethyl on a dataset of male cord blood samples from newborns later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) versus typical development. Comethyl successfully identified an ASD-associated module containing regions mapped to genes enriched for brain glial functions. Comethyl is expected to be useful in uncovering the multivariate nature of health disparities for a variety of common disorders. Comethyl is available at github.com/cemordaunt/comethyl with complete documentation and example analyses.

Published
2022

7. The Promise of DNA Methylation in Understanding Multigenerational Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author

Mouat, Julia S and LaSalle, Janine M

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Pediatric, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Brain Disorders, Human Genome, Prevention, Autism, Behavioral and Social Science, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Mental Health, Neurosciences, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, 2.3 Psychological, social and economic factors, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Mental health, autism spectrum disorder, DNA methylation, multigenerational, transgenerational, epigenetics, metabolism, neurodevelopment, precision medicine, Clinical Sciences, Law
Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social reciprocity and communication, restrictive interests, and repetitive behaviors. Most cases of ASD arise from a confluence of genetic susceptibility and environmental risk factors, whose interactions can be studied through epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation. While various parental factors are known to increase risk for ASD, several studies have indicated that grandparental and great-grandparental factors may also contribute. In animal studies, gestational exposure to certain environmental factors, such as insecticides, medications, and social stress, increases risk for altered behavioral phenotypes in multiple subsequent generations. Changes in DNA methylation, gene expression, and chromatin accessibility often accompany these altered behavioral phenotypes, with changes often appearing in genes that are important for neurodevelopment or have been previously implicated in ASD. One hypothesized mechanism for these phenotypic and methylation changes includes the transmission of DNA methylation marks at individual chromosomal loci from parent to offspring and beyond, called multigenerational epigenetic inheritance. Alternatively, intermediate metabolic phenotypes in the parental generation may confer risk from the original grandparental exposure to risk for ASD in grandchildren, mediated by DNA methylation. While hypothesized mechanisms require further research, the potential for multigenerational epigenetics assessments of ASD risk has implications for precision medicine as the field attempts to address the variable etiology and clinical signs of ASD by incorporating genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. In this review, we discuss the promise of multigenerational DNA methylation investigations in understanding the complex etiology of ASD.

Published
2022

8. Placental methylome reveals a 22q13.33 brain regulatory gene locus associated with autism

Author

Zhu, Yihui, Gomez, J Antonio, Laufer, Benjamin I, Mordaunt, Charles E, Mouat, Julia S, Soto, Daniela C, Dennis, Megan Y, Benke, Kelly S, Bakulski, Kelly M, Dou, John, Marathe, Ria, Jianu, Julia M, Williams, Logan A, Gutierrez Fugón, Orangel J, Walker, Cheryl K, Ozonoff, Sally, Daniels, Jason, Grosvenor, Luke P, Volk, Heather E, Feinberg, Jason I, Fallin, M Daniele, Hertz-Picciotto, Irva, Schmidt, Rebecca J, Yasui, Dag H, and LaSalle, Janine M

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Genetics, Prevention, Biotechnology, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Autism, Neurosciences, Pediatric, Women's Health, Human Genome, Stem Cell Research, Mental Health, Perinatal Period - Conditions Originating in Perinatal Period, Brain Disorders, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Reproductive health and childbirth, Neurological, Mental health, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autistic Disorder, Brain, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Epigenome, Female, Genes, Regulator, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Placenta, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Autism spectrum disorder, Epigenomics, Human genetics, Structural variants, DNA methylation, Prospective study, Hypoxia, Neurodevelopment, Postmortem brain, Environmental Sciences, Information and Computing Sciences, Bioinformatics
Abstract

BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) involves complex genetics interacting with the perinatal environment, complicating the discovery of common genetic risk. The epigenetic layer of DNA methylation shows dynamic developmental changes and molecular memory of in utero experiences, particularly in placenta, a fetal tissue discarded at birth. However, current array-based methods to identify novel ASD risk genes lack coverage of the most structurally and epigenetically variable regions of the human genome.ResultsWe use whole genome bisulfite sequencing in placenta samples from prospective ASD studies to discover a previously uncharacterized ASD risk gene, LOC105373085, renamed NHIP. Out of 134 differentially methylated regions associated with ASD in placental samples, a cluster at 22q13.33 corresponds to a 118-kb hypomethylated block that replicates in two additional cohorts. Within this locus, NHIP is functionally characterized as a nuclear peptide-encoding transcript with high expression in brain, and increased expression following neuronal differentiation or hypoxia, but decreased expression in ASD placenta and brain. NHIP overexpression increases cellular proliferation and alters expression of genes regulating synapses and neurogenesis, overlapping significantly with known ASD risk genes and NHIP-associated genes in ASD brain. A common structural variant disrupting the proximity of NHIP to a fetal brain enhancer is associated with NHIP expression and methylation levels and ASD risk, demonstrating a common genetic influence.ConclusionsTogether, these results identify and initially characterize a novel environmentally responsive ASD risk gene relevant to brain development in a hitherto under-characterized region of the human genome.

Published
2022

9. Teaching Science as a Process, Not a Set of Facts: A Case-Study of a First-Year Science Seminar

Author

Öberg, Gunilla, Campbell, Alice, Fox, Joanne, Graves, Marcia, Ivanochko, Tara, Matsuchi, Linda, Mouat, Isobel, and Welsh, Ashley

Abstract

The widespread misperception of science as a deliverer of irrefutable facts, rather than a deliberative process, is undermining public trust in science. Science education therefore needs to better support students' understanding of the central role that disputes play in the scientific process. Successfully incorporating scientific disputes into science education is, however, challenging. The aim of this paper is to identify course components and design features that develop undergraduate students' abilities to write a logically coherent argument that is supported by evidence. First, we assessed student essays from a course that had gone through a major revision aimed at strengthening students' reasoning skills. When comparing pre- and post-revision essays, we found substantial, and significant, improvements across the assessment criteria. We then elicited oral and written feedback from instructors who taught the course pre- and post-revision. We identified several changes that instructors felt most impacted students' reasoning skills, most importantly: streamlining of learning outcomes and course content emphasizing argumentation skills; stronger scaffolding and better utilized peer review; and more detailed rubrics that specifically reference learning outcomes and course content. The study illustrates the power of iterative course revisions that incorporate findings from published research and instructors' reflections on teaching practices as a way to strengthen student learning.

Published
2022
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10. Tuning contact line dynamics and deposition patterns in volatile liquid mixtures

Author

Mouat, Asher P., Wood, Clay E., Pye, Justin E., and Burton, Justin C.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, Physics - Chemical Physics, Physics - Fluid Dynamics
Abstract

The spreading of a pure, volatile liquid on a wettable substrate has been studied in extensive detail. Here we show that the addition of a miscible, non-volatile liquid can strongly alter the contact line dynamics and the final liquid deposition pattern. We observe two distinct regimes of behavior depending on the relative strength of solutal Marangoni forces and surface wetting. Finger-like instabilities precede the deposition of a sub-micron thick film for large Marangoni forces and small solute contact angles, whereas isolated, pearl-like drops emerge and are deposited in quasi-crystalline patterns for small Marangoni forces and large solute contact angles. This behavior can be tuned by directly varying the contact angle of the solute liquid on the solid substrate., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, supplemental information, and supplemental videos can be found on the Burtonlab youtube page: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtBs-PlmusRjpb8XsMqxd4Q

Published
2019
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11. Perinatal Epigenomic Signatures in Down Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author

Mouat, Julia S

Subjects
Genetics, Epidemiology, Toxicology, Autism spectrum disorders, DNA methylation, Down syndrome, Epigenetics, Newborn blood, Placenta
Abstract

DNA methylation is a metastable epigenetic mark that reflects genetic and environmental influences on health and disease. As the epigenome is established during the perinatal period, environmental exposures experienced during this time have the greatest impact on the methylome, as well as resulting changes in gene expression and phenotype. This unique ability of DNA methylation to reflect both etiology and phenotypes of disease makes it an attractive clinical biomarker, particularly if assayed from perinatal tissues such as placenta and newborn blood. In this dissertation, we assay DNA methylation of perinatal tissues to gain etiological insights and identify potential biomarkers of congenital heart defects (CHDs) in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). DS is a genetic disorder caused by trisomy 21 that results in developmental and intellectual delays. CHDs affect approximately 50% of individuals with DS, though the molecular reasons behind this incomplete penetrance is unknown. We investigated an epigenomic signature of DS-CHD using whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) in newborn blood from DS patients with and without CHDs. We identified sex-specific differentially methylated regions (DMRs), which were enriched for terms related to cardiac and immune functions. Machine learning algorithms selected 19 DMRs identified in males that could distinguish CHD from non-CHD. This study showed a sex-specific signature of DS-CHD and showed that the newborn blood methylome can reflect the variability in phenotypes in DS.ASD is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that arise from a poorly understood combination of genetic factors, environmental factors, and gene-environment interactions. To improve our understanding of the combinatorial effects of potential risk and/or protective factors for ASD, we identified co-methylation networks from WGBS of placental and newborn blood samples and identified modules that were significantly associated with ASD diagnosis in the child. In both tissues, these ASD co-methylation modules mapped to genes previously implicated in neurodevelopment, including CSMD1, AUTS2, and GALC from placenta, and RANBP17, TLX3, PTPRJ and TRIM49B from newborn blood. These ASD modules also associated with potential risk factors for ASD, including polychlorinated biphenyl levels in maternal serum and maternal hypertension (placental modules) and grandparental cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and advanced age when their child was born (newborn blood modules). These network analyses showed that dysregulated DNA methylation at particular loci may provide a biological connection between ASD diagnosis and multivariate factors in the parents and grandparents. We also identified a pan-tissue epigenomic signature of ASD through DMR analysis of newborn blood, placenta, cord blood, and post-mortem cortex from ASD and TD individuals. We found that the epigenomic signature of ASD was stronger in females than males, with DMRs from all four tissues showing greater overlap in females and enrichment for gene ontology terms related to neurodevelopment. In females, one or more DMRs from all four tissues mapped to BCOR, GALNT9, and OPCML, making these interesting targets for future ASD studies. The findings in this dissertation increase our understanding of the etiological basis of DS-CHD and ASD and provide evidence for the utility of perinatal methylation signatures in the development of clinical biomarkers. This work benefitted from access to perinatal tissue samples and robust participant data from multiple cohorts; methylation sequencing over the entire genome; and bioinformatic tools for DMR and co-methylation network analysis. Overall, these studies help us move towards earlier interventions for patients with DS-CHD or ASD by improving our understanding of risk factors and biomarkers for these conditions.

Published
2024

17. A Response to Rushton's 'Race Differences in Behaviour.'

Author

Mouat, Thomas W., IV

Abstract

Refutes Rushton's claims regarding heritable race differences in intelligence, criminal capacity, brain weight, and his racial ordering of human evolution. Cites major studies with opposite results. Analyses the causal chain governing explicit theory and unstated assumptions; documents inadequate, spurious, and misapplied data sources; and demonstrates Rushton's scientifically unacceptable methodology. (DMM)

Published
1992

35. A Rural Community Hospital’s Perioperative Surgical Home Model Compared to a Traditional Surgical System

Author

Sridhar, Srinivasan, Carnegie, Nicole, Mouat-Hunter, Amy, and McCrory, Bernadette

Abstract

Background:The Perioperative Surgical Home (PSH) was designed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) to improve perioperative care through more coordinated and communicative decision-making. PSH has proven success in large urban health centers by reducing surgery cancellation, operating room time, length of stay (LOS), and readmission rates. Yet, only limited studies have assessed the impact of PSH on surgical outcomes in rural areas. Thus, this study compared surgical outcomes – LOS, discharge disposition, and 90-day readmission – at a rural hospital from cohorts before and after the implementation of PSH. Method:An initial model of a PSH system was initiated in a local rural hospital. This newly created clinical team and outpatient clinic retrospectively assessed total joint surgeries occurring from November 2017 to April 2018 (before PSH, n = 324) as well as from November 2018 to April 2019 (after PSH, n = 326). General linear models were used to understand the impact of PSH on rural surgical outcomes. Results:Implementing PSH had a positive impact on LOS (P-value < 0.01), discharge disposition (P-value < 0.01), and readmission (P-value = 0.03).Conclusion:Implementation of the PSH system in a rural, community hospital reduced LOS, 90-day readmission, and increased direct to home discharge. Increased clinical management standardization across internal and external stakeholders was achieved because the PSH clinic enabled a centralized navigation point for clinicians, patients, and their families to better communicate and coordinate care.

Published
2022
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37. Impact of Heatwaves and Declining NOxon Nocturnal Monoterpene Oxidation in the Urban Southeastern United States

Author

Desai, N. S., Moore, A. C., Mouat, A. P., Liang, Y., Xu, T., Takeuchi, M., Pye, H. O. T., Murphy, B., Bash, J., Pollack, I. B., Peischl, J., Ng, N. L., and Kaiser, J.

Abstract

Nighttime oxidation of monoterpenes (MT) via the nitrate radical (NO3) and ozone (O3) contributes to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). This study uses observations in Atlanta, Georgia from 2011 to 2022 to quantify trends in nighttime production of NO3(PNO3) and O3concentrations and compare to model outputs from the EPA's Air QUAlity TimE Series Project (EQUATES). We present urban‐suburban gradients in nighttime NO3and O3concentrations and quantify their fractional importance (F) for MT oxidation. Both observations and EQUATES show a decline in PNO3, with modeled PNO3declining faster than observations. Despite decreasing PNO3, we find that NO3continues to dominate nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) MT oxidation (FNO3= 60%) in 2017, 2021, and 2022, which is consistent with EQUATES (FNO3= 80%) from 2013 to 2019. This contrasts an anticipated decline in FNO3based on prior observations in the nighttime residual layer, where O3is the dominant oxidant. Using two case studies of heatwaves in summer 2022, we show that extreme heat events can increase NO3concentrations and FNO3, leading to short MT lifetimes (<1 hr) and high gas‐phase organic nitrate production. Regardless of the presence of heatwaves, our findings suggest sustained organic nitrate aerosol formation in the urban SE US under declining NOxemissions, and highlight the need for improved representation of extreme heat events in chemistry‐transport models and additional observations along urban to rural gradients. Monoterpenes are important precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which influence air quality and climate. At night, they react with the nitrate radical (NO3) and ozone (O3). Trends in these two oxidants and their role on air quality in the southeastern United Sates (SE US) is partially dictated by changes in nitrogen oxide (NOx= NO + NO2) emissions which have declined in recent years. We find that NO3dominates present‐day monoterpene loss in the summer, and may continue to do so even as NOxconcentrations decrease in the future. We show that heatwaves in the SE US further elevate both O3and NO3concentrations at night, with a larger relative importance for NO3. We compare observations to a regional air quality model, and find the model overpredicts both oxidant concentrations. This overprediction may impact model‐based studies of future nighttime chemistry. Nitrate radical (NO3) continues to control nocturnal boundary layer monoterpene oxidation in the urban SE USRegional model overpredicts oxidant concentrations and fractional NO3contribution to monoterpene lossExtreme heat events increase nighttime NO3concentrations, monoterpene oxidation rates, and gas‐phase organic nitrate production Nitrate radical (NO3) continues to control nocturnal boundary layer monoterpene oxidation in the urban SE US Regional model overpredicts oxidant concentrations and fractional NO3contribution to monoterpene loss Extreme heat events increase nighttime NO3concentrations, monoterpene oxidation rates, and gas‐phase organic nitrate production

Published
2024
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39. (Un)earthly governance: beyond functional frameworks to flourishing spacescapes

Author

Mouat, Clare M., Techera, Erika Jane Edith, Notebaert, Lies, Blake, Meredith, and Barker, Renae

Abstract

Purpose: Humanity has a weakness in how we approach the “challenge” of using outer space. This paper aims to show how the global and national frameworks that address our planetary activities and crises are inadequate for the opportunities and challenges of life in outer space. Design/methodology/approach: The authors draw on multidisciplinary perspectives to refine an organising governance framework that better showcases the challenges and pathways needed for living and thriving in space-age. The authors prioritise two key pillars and overview the practical and social implications that space-age humanity must address. Findings: Social sciences and humanities are vital to problematising post-war colonial legacies of governance by distinguishing the unique and overlooked challenges for thriving and working offworld and identifying progressive research agendas. Research limitations/implications: The highlighted agenda has implications for collaborative research institutes and project design. As the vital basis for continuous learning, university-based research institutes span bodies of knowledge, experience, convention and imagination that can support vibrant and overdue debate on good governance that is out of this world. Practical implications: This expansive approach has practical implications for the decision-making processes and subjects of spacescape, from reconciling the space commons with prospecting and human occupation to potential governance regimes that capitalise on the zeal for moving beyond merely “existing” off-world. Social implications: Examining the governance deficit as we pursue developing spacescape frontiers is an enriching (not reductionist) agenda that deliberately troubles the existing and emerging regime for governing our scientific and imagined off-world society. Originality/value: This framework appeals to humanity’s highest evolution in co-producing a fair and flourishing off-world governance framework (beyond replicating planetary regimes).

Published
2021
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43. Abstracts

Author

Frankenfeld John W., Schulz Wolfgang, McMurty George J., Petersen Gary W., May G. A., Hering F. S., Schwartz J. I., Heywood J. B., Chigier N. A., Grohse E. W., Walker J. D., Colwell R. R., Petrakis L., Pergament H. S., Thorpe R. D., Schoepf Richard W., Krzyczkowski Roman, Henneman Suzanne S., Hudson Charles L., Putnam Evelyn S., Thiesen Donna J., Parks G. A., McCarty Perry L., Leckie J. O., Schrumpf Barry J., Simonson G. H., Paine D. P., Lawrence R. D., Pyott W. T., Leh M., Elders W., Combs J., Caplen T., Harrison F. L., Wong K. M., Heft. R. E., Charnell Robert L., Lehmann Edward J., Mallon Lawrence G., Hatfield Cecile, Adams Gerald H., Johanning James, Talvitie Antti, Noll Kenneth E., Miller Terry, Smiarowski Joseph F., Willis Cleve E., Foster John H., Schlesinger Benjamin, Daetz Douglas, Lear Donald U., Smith Mona F., Hundemann Audrey S., Crockett Pernell W., Werner Kirk G., Carroll Thomas E., Maase David L., Genco Joseph E., Ifeadi Christopher N., Lowman F. G., Christensen S. W., Van Winkle W., Mattice J. S., Harrison Elizabeth A., Barker James C., Chesness Jerry L., Smith Ralph E., Shaheeen Donald G., Raney R. Keith, Borton T., Wezernak C. T., Raney R. K., Sherwani Jabbor K., Moreau David H., Eisenberg Norman A., Lynch Cornelius J., Breeding Roger J., Johnson J. D., Foster K. E., Mouat D. A., Clark R., Hyden John William, Owen, Wilfred, Bayfield, Neil G., Barrow, Graham C., Stolz, Stephanie B., Wienckowski, Louis A., Brown, Betram S., Keyfitz, Nathan, Wilson, W. L., Newman, Peter W. G., Bammi, Deepak, Bammi, Dalip, Goddard, James E., Chisholm, Tony, Walsh, Cliff, Brennan, Geoffrey, Thompson, K. S., Richardson, R., Jensen, Clayton E., Brown, Dail W., Mirabito, John A., Cowing, Thomas G., Binghamton, Suny, Siehl, George H., Albrecht, O. W., Alexander, Ariel, Barde, Jean -Philippe, Darby, William P., McMichael, Francis Clay, Dunlap, Robert W., Muckleston, Keith W., Frankenhoff, Charles A., Giulini, Lorenzo T., Wyatt, T., Black, Peter E., Keating, William Thomas, Leonard, M. E., Fisher, E. L., Brunelle, M. F., Dickinson, J. E., Pethig, Rudiger, Clapham, Jr., W. B., Boserup, Ester, James, Jr., Franklin J., Parenteau, Patrick A., Catz, Robert S., Seneca, Joseph J., Davis, Robert K., Sievering, H., Sinopoli, J., Gamble, Hays B., Bevins, Malcolm I., Cole, Gerald L., Donald, Donn Derr, Tobey, M., Domokos, Mikklos, Weber, Jean, Duckstein, Lucien, Knudson, Douglas M., Barron, J. C., Dickinson, T. E., Schwartz, S. I., Hansen, D. E., Myrup, L. O., Rogers, D. L., Bodege, R., Braatz, U., Heger, H., McConnell, K. E., Duff, Virginia A., Adede, A. O., Zeckhauser, Richard, Kolbye, A. C., Schussel, George, Pisano, Mark A., Bartolotta, R. J., Budnitz, Robert J., Holdren, John P., Wills, Richard H., Sen, P. K., Ghoshal, S. N., Wonders, William C., Bartolotta, Robert J., Leich, Harold H., Gwvnne, P., Miller, S. S., Picardi, Anthony C., Seifer, William W., Bowbrick, P., Hunt, S. E., Keays, J. L., Fisher, Anthony C., Peterson, Frederick M., Cesario, F. J., Knetsch, J. L., Wood, C., Lee, N., Puechl, Karl H., Robert, J., Hansen, David E., Foin, T. C., Wolpert, Julian, Moskow, Michael H., Phillips, Joseph A., Hicks, Jesse L., Nobbs, Christopher L., Pearce, David W., Schoenbau, Thomas J., Rosenberg, Ronald H., Ravenholt, R. T., Kim, K. D., Groves, David L., McCart, Gerald D., Ewald, Jr., W. R., Dando, W. A., Gebelein, C. A., Martin, W. H., Mason, S., Ostrovskii, A. A., Currie, David P., Payne, P. R., Rosentraub, Mark S., Warren, Robert, Irland, Lloyd C., Booth, A., Kolb, Kenneth H., Caldwell, Lynton K., Johnson, W. H., Brewer, Max C., Bowden, Gerald, Haney, Paul D., Logue, D. E., Sweeney, R. J., Egbuniwe, Nnamdi, Heron, N., Franssen, H. T., Wranglen, G., Fairfax, Sally K., Pinhey, Thoma K., Paterson, Karen W., Sitterlev, John H., Connaughton, Charles A., De Viedman, M. G., Leon, F., Coronado, R., Myers, John G., Nakamura, Leonard I., Madrid, Norman R., Bar-Shalom, Y., Cohen, A. J., Seldman, Neil N., Hardy, Jr., William E., Grissom, Curtis L., Quarles, Jr., John R., Gee, Edwin A., Chaudhri, D. P., Infanger, Craig L., Bordeauz, Jr., A. Frank, Dougal, Merwin D., Ganotis, C. G., Hopper, R. E., Boyd, J., Woodard, Kim, Haedrich, R. L., Thompson, R. G., Lievano, R. J., Stoneburner, D. L., Smock, L. A., Eichhorn, H. C., Montalvo, J. G., Lee, C. G., von Jeszensky, T., Dunn, I. J., Wilson, M. J., Swindle, Jr., D. W., Runove, T. G., Pearson, T. H., Rosenberg, R., Sharp, Jr., John M., Greist, David A., Kinard, J. T., Tisdale, J., Alexander, E., Stone, Ralph, Willis, Robert, Anderson, Donald R., Dracup, John A., Rogers, C. J., Hunter, John M., Cassola, Fabio, Lovari, Sandro, Tew, R. W., Egdorf, S. S., Deacon, J. E., Sly, George R., Brandvold, D. K., Popp, C. J., Brierley, J. A., Zeidler, Ryszard B., Gonzalez, R. H., Lapage, S. P., Cornish, Edward S., Ryerson, Foresman, D. K., Walejko, R. N., Paulson, W. H., Pendleton, J. W., Fowler, Bruce A., Minckler, Leon S., Wallis, I. G., Nebel, C., Gottschling, R. D., Unangst, P. C., O'Neill, H. J., Zintel, G. V., Reid, F., Ricci, L. J., Odum, Eugene P., Johnson, J. H., Sturino, E. E., Bourne, S., Richerson, Jim V., Cameron, E. Alan, Brown, Elizabeth A., Stopford, W., Goldwater, L. J., Gray, John, Jorgensen, S. E., Santhirasegaram, K., Chapman, J. D., Skelton, Thomas E., Stahl, D., Herzog, Jr., Henry W., Matsunaka, S., Kuwatsuka, S., Tatsukawa, R., Wakimoto, T., Moyle, Peter B., Kornilov, B. A., Timoshkina, V. A., Johnstone, Peter A., McMinn, James W., Hewlett, John D., Cunha, T. J., Cameron, Guy N., Blais, J. R., Macgregor, Alan, Martin, G. D., Mulholland, R. J., Thornton, K. W., Spano, L. A., Medeiros, J., Ostarhild, H., Minnick, D. R., Hayden, Bruce P., Dolan, Robert, Rendel, J., Lee, J. A., Leistra, M., Frye, R. D., Ramse, David, Safferman, R. S., Morris, Mary -Ellen, Lisella, Frank S., Johnson, Wilma, Lewis, Claudia, Kutt, E. C., Martin, D. F., Prakash, A., Kunkle, S. H., Mrak, E. M., Bruce, R. R., Harper, L. A., Leonard, R. A., Snyder, W. M., Thomas, A. W., Eckholm, Erik P., Snelling, John C., Veblen, Thomas T., Buckhouse, J. C., Gifford, G. F., Fosberg, F. R., Naveh, Z., Kelcey, J. G., Scanlon, John W., Lijinsky, W., Elias, Thomas S., Philip, M. S., Kverno, Nelson B., Mitchell, G. Clay, Gysin, H., Morita, M., Mimura, S., Ohi, G., Yagyu, H., Nishizawa, T., Worcester, B. K., Brun, L. J., Doering, E. J., Hiatt, V., Huff, J. E., Pfeffer, J. T., Liebman, J. C., Ray, William, Ramamurthy, V. C., Black, A. H., Coty, A., Kassler, H., Dixon, R. L., Trout, Thomas J., Smith, James L., McWhorter, David B., Rowe, M. C., Quinlan, A. V., Paynter, H. M., Born, D., Roth, D., Wall, G., Schindler, D. W., Frost, P. G. H., Siegfried, W. R., Cooper, J., MacDonald, S., Mason, C. F., Bar, F., Moore, G., Coldrick, John, Selman, P. H., Dempster, J. P., King, M. L., Lakhani, K. H., Evans, G. Clifford, Coote, D. R., Haith, D. A., Zwerman, P. J., Herricks, Edwin E., Shanholtz, Vernon O., Smith, V. K., Johnson, D. Gale, Mitsch, W. J., Fried, Maurice, Tanji, Kenneth K., Van De Pol, Ronald M., Dawson, Allan, Smith, Malcolm, McLaren, Neil, Cooley, James L., Moran, J. W., Witter, L. D., Tomlinson, E. J., Cheremisinoff, Paul N., Holcomb, William F., Hall, J. M., Kerut, E. G., Irico, J., Bower, L. C., Duggan, J. B., Cleasby, J. L., Klein, David H., Andren, Anders W., Bolton, Newell E., Joshi, Ramesh C., Duncan, Donald M., McMaster, Howard M., Russell, George A., Hochstein, Anatoly B., Elgohary, F. A., Brooks, D. J., Brainard, F. S., Ott, W. R., Thorn, G. C., Panicker, N. N., Middleton, A. C., Lawrence, A. W., Hannigan, John T., Post, R. F., Hall, D. G., White, K. E., Shaw, E. M., Sidwick, J. M., Preston, J. R., Nichol, Janet E., Maxwell, Bruce, Watson, M. B., Kammer, W. A., Langley, N. P., Selzer, L. A., Beck, R. L., Munn, Harold C., Peirano, Lawrence E., Cooper, Charles F., Kruger, Paul, Zebroski, E., Levenson, M., Mason, B. J., Rehberger, Glenn W., Field, A. A., Jones, John F., Penner, S. S., Black, Francis M., High, Larry E., Sigsby, John E., Janssens, M., Darns, R., Giebel, J., Dilaj, Michael, Lenard, John F., Beran, D. W., Linden, H. R., Bodle, W. W., Lee, B. S., Vyas, K. C., Golueke, Clarence G., McCurdy, P. H., Hines, W. G., Rickert, D. A., McKenzie, S. W., Bennett, J. P., Goldstein, Elliot, Ragaini, Richard C., Pearl, Richard Howard, Turner, Norma, Miller, Terry L., Noll, Kenneth E., Etzel, James E., Bell, John M., Lindermann, Eckhart G., Lancelot, Charles J., Lane, Dennis D., Stukel, James J., Lee, G. F., Morse, Frederick H., Simmons, Melvin K., Alpert, S. B., Lundberg, R. M., Schmidt, Richard A., Hill, George R., Anspaugh, Lynn R., Harem, F. E., Bielman, K. O., Worth, J. E., Kuester, J. L., Lutes, L., Henten, M. Patricia, Tazieff, Haroun, Patrick, P. K., Baker, Ralph N., Kalhammer, Fritz R., Schneider, Thomas R., Landwehr, J. Maciunas, Deininger, R. A., Rattien, Stephen, Eaton, David, Dezeeuw, R. E., Haney, E. B., Wong, R. B., De Planque Burke, Gail, Siegrist, Robert, Witt, Michael, Boyle, William C., Rickert, David A., Hines, Walter G., McKenzie, Stuart W., Brutsaert, W., Gross, G. W., McGehee, R. M., Hyzer, William G., Mohr, Adolph W., Wildman, S. V., Goldsmith, T. J., Sargent, Frederick O., Brande, Justin H., Work, Jr., Edgar A., Gilmer, David S., Hord, B. Michael, Brooner, William, Baraby, Frank, Snodgrass, W. J., O'Melia, C. R., Rollier, M. A., Kunz, R. G., Giannelli, J. F., Stensel, H. D., Moyer, W. W., Osman, F. P., Campbell, W. J., Wilson, E. M., Freeman, H. M., Hogan, B. J., Dick, R. I., Tangborn, Wendell V., Rasmussen, Lowell A., Ruff, James F., Skinner, Morris M., Winkley, Brian R., Simons, Daryl B., Dorratcague, Dennis E., Lanterman, B. A., Staudenmire, J. H., Fritz, Norman L., Williams, Richard D., Wood, Richard, Huillet, F. D., Muzyka, Ann, Fantasia, John F., Goodman, Joseph M., Anderl, Bernhard, Attmanspacher, Walter, Singh, Vijay P., Peleg, H., Scavia, D., Park, R. A., Niemann, Jr., Bernard J., Bonilla, Xavier A., Bruno, S. Richards, Rose, Richard A., Meyer, Charles F., Tempo, G E, Klumb, D., Maddock, Jr., Thomas, Chermisinoff, Paul N., Bethea, Robert M., Hellman, Thomas M., Laren, Oscar Bud, Leenheer, J. A., Malcolm, R. L., White, W. R., McNamara, John R., Windheim, L. S., Wodder, R. R., Smith, D. D., Mallan, G. M., Titlow, E. I., Peleg, M., Greco, I. R., Gregory, D. P., Pangborn, J. B., Somers, Edward V., Berg, Daniel, Fickett, Arnold P., Larsen, R. I., Heck, W. W., Cochran, Neal P., Ulaby, Fawwaz T., Bush, Thomas F., Cunningham, Ernest R., Nakada, M., Wyndham, H. B., Schulte, Harry F., Serpa, Douglas P., Young, R. L., Spell, J. E., Slu, H. M., Philip, R. H., Jones, E. R., Sprowl, James A., Kohout, Ladislav J., Gaines, Brian R., McCoy, K., Mejer, H., Reutlinger, Shlomo, Lieberman, M. A., LaNier, R., Crampton, C. B., Sabadell, J. Eleonora, Axtmann, Robert C., Josephson, J., Gutierrez, A. P., Regev, U., Summers, C. G., Daniels, A., Bach, W., Mairs, John W., Bengtsson, L., Oleckno, William A., Wildman, W. E., Neja, R. A., Clark, J. K., Larson, Don, Wagner, Frederick W., Durabb, Edwin J., Barnes, H. M., Homolya, J. B., Jacoby, Neil H., Kispert, R. G., Sadek, S. E., Wise, D. L., Nihoul, J. C. J., Foyster, A. M., Gessaman, Paul H., Sisler, Daniel G., Pinkham, C. F. A., Pearson, J. G., MacAdam, W. K., Gribbin, John, Schwartz, Seymour I., Green, F. H. W., Viscomi, B. V., Gray, S. L., McKean, J. R., Usher, M. B., Svestka, Milan, Eckholm, E. P., Johnston, H., Mausel, Paul W., Leivo, Carl Eric, Lewellen, Michael T., Nilles, Jack M., Gray, Paul, Campbell, Thomas C., Wogman, N. A., Bockris, John M., Jenne, E. A., Avotins, Peter, Nelson, D. W., Sommers, L. E., Scott, Frank M., Benz, L. C., Sandoval, F. M., Willis, W. O., Chapman, Peter F., MacDougall, E. B., Peakall, David B., Office of Technology Assessment, and Office of Science and Technology

Published
1977
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50. Medical miscellany

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M’Clintock, Browne’s, Corry’s, Friedberg, Hermann, Virchow, Rud, Luc-chetti, Francesco, Posta, Giuseppe, Pelikan, E., Petersburgh, Luschka, H., Mattei, Raffaello, and Mouat, F. J.

Published
1857
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