22 results on '"Mouksassi, Samer"'
Search Results
2. Understanding Drug Exposure and Trichuris trichiura Cure Rates: A Pharmacometric Approach for Albendazole-Ivermectin Co-medication in Tanzania and Côte d’Ivoire
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Pillay-Fuentes Lorente, Veshni, Nwogu-Attah, Jacinta N., Steffens, Britta, Bräm, Dominic, Sprecher, Viviane, Hofmann, Daniela, Buettcher, Michael, Pillai, Goonaseelan, Mouksassi, Samer, Coulibaly, Jean, Pfister, Marc, and Keiser, Jennifer
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- 2024
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3. Machine-Learning Assisted Screening of Correlated Covariates: Application to Clinical Data of Desipramine
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Asiimwe, Innocent Gerald, S’fiso Ndzamba, Bonginkosi, Mouksassi, Samer, Pillai, Goonaseelan (Colin), Lombard, Aurelie, and Lang, Jennifer
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- 2024
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4. Multiplexed immunohistochemical evaluation of small bowel inflammatory and epithelial parameters in environmental enteric dysfunction
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Ahmed, Kumail, Ahmed, Sheraz, Alam, Md Ashraful, Das, Subhasish, Denson, Lee A, Fahim, Shah Mohammad, Gazi, Md Amran, Haberman, Yael, Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hossain, Md Shabab, Hotwani, Aneeta, Iqbal, Junaid, Iqbal, Najeeha Talat, Jakhro, Sadaf, Kabir, Furqan, Liu, Ta-Chiang, Mann, Barbara J, Marie, Chelsea, Mazumder, Ramendra Nath, Mudenda, Victor, Mulenga, Chola, Qureshi, Abdul Khalique, Rahman, Masudur, Rahman, Najeeb, Sadiq, Kamran, Tearney, Guillermo J, Umrani, Fayaz, Yilmaz, Omer H, VanBuskirk, Kelley, Mweetwa, Monica, Kolterman, Tad, Raghavan, Shyam, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Ali, S Asad, Nahar Begum, SM Khodeza, Besa, Ellen, Denno, Donna M, Jamil, Zehra, Kelly, Paul, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Moore, Sean R, Mouksassi, Samer, Petri, William A, Jr., Tarr, Phillip I, Sullivan, Peter B, and Moskaluk, Christopher A
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- 2024
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5. Histopathology underlying environmental enteric dysfunction in a cohort study of undernourished children in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Zambia compared with United States children
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Ahmed, Kumail, Ahmed, Sheraz, Alam, Md. Ashraful, Begum, S.M. Khodeza Nahar, Besa, Ellen, Chandwe, Kanta, Chipunza, Miyoba, Das, Subhasish, Denson, Lee A., Fahim, Shah Mohammad, Gazi, Md. Amran, Hasan, Md. Mehedi, Hotwani, Aneeta, Iqbal, Junaid, Iqbal, Najeeha Talat, Jakhro, Sadaf, Kabir, Furqan, Lawrence, Sarah, Mann, Barbara J., Mazumder, Ramendra Nath, Memon, Waheeda, Morgan, Brooks, Mudenda, Victor, Mulenga, Chola, Mweetwa, Monica, Qureshi, Abdul Khalique, Rahman, Masudur, Rahman, Najeeb, Sadiq, Kamran, Sarker, Shafiqul Alam, Umrani, Fayaz, Zyambo, Kanekwa, Kelly, Paul, VanBuskirk, Kelley, Coomes, David, Mouksassi, Samer, Smith, Gerald, Jamil, Zehra, Hossain, Md Shabab, Syed, Sana, Marie, Chelsea, Tarr, Phillip I, Sullivan, Peter B, Petri, William A, Jr, Denno, Donna M, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Ali, S Asad, Moore, Sean R, Ndao, I Malick, Tearney, Guillermo J, Ömer H Yilmaz, Raghavan, Shyam S, Moskaluk, Christopher A, and Liu, Ta-Chiang
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- 2024
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6. Anthropometry relationship with duodenal histologic features of children with environmental enteric dysfunction: a multicenter cross-sectional study
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Ahmed, Kumail, Ahmed, Sheraz, Alam, Md. Ashraful, Amadi, Beatrice, Banda, Rosemary, Dars, Shareef, Das, Subhasish, Denson, Lee A., Hossain, Md. Shabab, Hotwani, Aneeta, Iqbal, Junaid, Iqbal, Najeeha Talat, Jakhro, Sadaf, Kabir, Furqan, Kazhila, Lydia, Liu, Ta-Chiang, Mann, Barbara J., Memon, Waheeda, Moskaluk, Christopher A, Qureshi, Abdul Khalique, Ragahavan, Shyam S, Rahman, Masudur, Rahman, Najeeb, Sadiq, Kamran, Sarker, Shafiqul Alam, Sullivan, Peter B., Tarr, Phillip I., Tearney, Guillermo J., Umrani, Fayaz, Yilmaz, Omer H., Jamil, Zehra, VanBuskirk, Kelley, Mweetwa, Monica, Mouksassi, Samer, Smith, Gerald, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Chandwe, Kanta, Denno, Donna M, Fahim, S Mohammad, Kelly, Paul, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Mallawaarachchi, Indika, Marie, Chelsea, Moore, Sean R, Petri, William A, Jr., and Ali, S Asad
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- 2024
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7. Peak plasma concentration of total and free bupivacaine after erector spinae plane and pectointercostal fascial plane blocks
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Maximos, Sarah, Vaillancourt-Jean, Éric, Mouksassi, Samer, De Cassai, Alessandro, Ayoub, Sophie, Ruel, Monique, Desroches, Julie, Hétu, Pierre-Oliver, Moore, Alex, and Williams, Stephan
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- 2022
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8. Advancing pharmacometrics in Africa—Transition from capacity development toward job creation.
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Pillai, Goonaseelan (Colin), Mouksassi, Samer, Asiimwe, Innocent G., Rayner, Craig R., Kern, Steven, Sinxadi, Phumla, Denti, Paolo, Decloedt, Eric, Waitt, Catriona, Ogutu, Bernhards R., and Greef, Rik
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MEDICAL scientists , *JOB creation , *RESEARCH teams , *CAPACITY building , *OFFICES - Abstract
Trained pharmacometricians remain scarce in Africa due to limited training opportunities, lack of a pharmaceutical product development ecosystem, and emigration to high‐income countries. The Applied Pharmacometrics Training (APT) fellowship program was established to address these gaps and specifically foster job creation for talent retention. We review the APT program's progress over 3 years and encourage collaboration to enhance local clinical data analysis in Africa. Initiated in 2021 by Pharmacometrics Africa, a non‐profit educational entity, with support from partners including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Certara, the APT program targets African doctoral‐level scientists and clinicians. This 6‐month program is jointly managed by partners, with Pharmacometrics Africa handling logistics and sponsor liaison. Job creation initiatives include inviting fellows to join consulting teams or local research centers. Over the 3 year reporting period, 177 applications were received, with 27 individuals (41% female, median age 35 years) from nine African countries selected into and completing the full program. The fellows worked on 13 data analysis projects, with six so far being presented at international conferences and/or submitted for publication in peer‐reviewed journals. Nine fellows have joined consulting teams or research centers working from offices in Africa. Currently, in the 3rd year, the APT program has demonstrated success in skills development, job creation, and fostering a critical mass of African pharmacometricians. Collaboration is essential for the sustainable advancement of model‐informed drug development in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Multiplexed immunohistochemical evaluation of small bowel inflammatory and epithelial parameters in environmental enteric dysfunction
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VanBuskirk, Kelley, Mweetwa, Monica, Kolterman, Tad, Raghavan, Shyam, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Ali, S Asad, Nahar Begum, SM Khodeza, Besa, Ellen, Denno, Donna M, Jamil, Zehra, Kelly, Paul, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Moore, Sean R, Mouksassi, Samer, Petri, William A, Tarr, Phillip I, Sullivan, Peter B, Moskaluk, Christopher A, Ahmed, Kumail, Ahmed, Sheraz, Alam, Md Ashraful, Das, Subhasish, Denson, Lee A, Fahim, Shah Mohammad, Gazi, Md Amran, Haberman, Yael, Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hossain, Md Shabab, Hotwani, Aneeta, Iqbal, Junaid, Iqbal, Najeeha Talat, Jakhro, Sadaf, Kabir, Furqan, Liu, Ta-Chiang, Mann, Barbara J, Marie, Chelsea, Mazumder, Ramendra Nath, Mudenda, Victor, Mulenga, Chola, Qureshi, Abdul Khalique, Rahman, Masudur, Rahman, Najeeb, Sadiq, Kamran, Tearney, Guillermo J, Umrani, Fayaz, and Yilmaz, Omer H
- Abstract
Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is characterized by reduced absorptive capacity and barrier function of the small intestine, leading to poor ponderal and linear childhood growth.
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- 2024
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10. Histopathology underlying environmental enteric dysfunction in a cohort study of undernourished children in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Zambia compared with United States children
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Kelly, Paul, VanBuskirk, Kelley, Coomes, David, Mouksassi, Samer, Smith, Gerald, Jamil, Zehra, Hossain, Md Shabab, Syed, Sana, Marie, Chelsea, Tarr, Phillip I, Sullivan, Peter B, Petri, William A, Denno, Donna M, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Ali, S Asad, Moore, Sean R, Ndao, I Malick, Tearney, Guillermo J, Yilmaz, Ömer H, Raghavan, Shyam S, Moskaluk, Christopher A, Liu, Ta-Chiang, Ahmed, Kumail, Ahmed, Sheraz, Alam, Md. Ashraful, Begum, S.M. Khodeza Nahar, Besa, Ellen, Chandwe, Kanta, Chipunza, Miyoba, Das, Subhasish, Denson, Lee A., Fahim, Shah Mohammad, Gazi, Md. Amran, Hasan, Md. Mehedi, Hotwani, Aneeta, Iqbal, Junaid, Iqbal, Najeeha Talat, Jakhro, Sadaf, Kabir, Furqan, Lawrence, Sarah, Mann, Barbara J., Mazumder, Ramendra Nath, Memon, Waheeda, Morgan, Brooks, Mudenda, Victor, Mulenga, Chola, Mweetwa, Monica, Qureshi, Abdul Khalique, Rahman, Masudur, Rahman, Najeeb, Sadiq, Kamran, Sarker, Shafiqul Alam, Umrani, Fayaz, and Zyambo, Kanekwa
- Abstract
Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is an asymptomatic intestinal disorder associated with growth impairment, delayed neurocognitive development, and impaired oral vaccine responses.
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- 2024
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11. Anthropometry relationship with duodenal histologic features of children with environmental enteric dysfunction: a multicenter cross-sectional study
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Jamil, Zehra, VanBuskirk, Kelley, Mweetwa, Monica, Mouksassi, Samer, Smith, Gerald, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Chandwe, Kanta, Denno, Donna M, Fahim, S Mohammad, Kelly, Paul, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Mallawaarachchi, Indika, Marie, Chelsea, Moore, Sean R, Petri, William A, Ali, S Asad, Ahmed, Kumail, Ahmed, Sheraz, Alam, Md. Ashraful, Amadi, Beatrice, Banda, Rosemary, Dars, Shareef, Das, Subhasish, Denson, Lee A., Hossain, Md. Shabab, Hotwani, Aneeta, Iqbal, Junaid, Iqbal, Najeeha Talat, Jakhro, Sadaf, Kabir, Furqan, Kazhila, Lydia, Liu, Ta-Chiang, Mann, Barbara J., Memon, Waheeda, Moskaluk, Christopher A, Qureshi, Abdul Khalique, Ragahavan, Shyam S, Rahman, Masudur, Rahman, Najeeb, Sadiq, Kamran, Sarker, Shafiqul Alam, Sullivan, Peter B., Tarr, Phillip I., Tearney, Guillermo J., Umrani, Fayaz, and Yilmaz, Omer H.
- Abstract
Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a precursor of growth faltering in children living in impoverished conditions who are frequently exposed to environmental toxins and enteropathogens, leading to small bowel inflammatory, malabsorptive, and permeability derangements and low-grade chronic systemic inflammation.
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- 2024
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12. Phxnlme: An R package that facilitates pharmacometric workflow of Phoenix NLME analyses
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Lim, Chay Ngee, Liang, Shuang, Feng, Kevin, Chittenden, Jason, Henry, Ana, Mouksassi, Samer, and Birnbaum, Angela K.
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- 2017
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13. Totality of Evidence of the effectiveness of repurposed therapies for COVID‐19: Can we use Real‐World Studies alongside Randomised Controlled Trials?
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Mandema, Jaap, primary, Montgomery, Hugh, additional, Dron, Louis, additional, Fu, Shuai, additional, Russek‐Cohen, Estelle, additional, Bromley, Christina, additional, Mouksassi, Samer, additional, Lalonde, Amy, additional, Springford, Aaron, additional, Tsai, Larry, additional, Ambery, Phil, additional, McNair, Doug, additional, Qizilbash, Nawab, additional, Pocock, Stuart, additional, and Zariffa, Névine, additional
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- 2023
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14. Meropenem in children receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: Clinical trial simulations using realistic covariates
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Nehus, Edward J., Mouksassi, Samer, Vinks, Alexander A., and Goldstein, Stuart
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- 2014
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15. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of ceftolozane/ tazobactam in healthy volunteers and patients.: 120.
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Chandorkar, Gurudatt, Mouksassi, Samer, Hershberger, Ellie, and Krishna, Gopal
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- 2013
16. Model‐informed drug repurposing: A pharmacometric approach to novel pathogen preparedness, response and retrospection
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Dodds, Michael, primary, Xiong, Yuan, additional, Mouksassi, Samer, additional, Kirkpatrick, Carl M., additional, Hui, Katrina, additional, Doyle, Eileen, additional, Patel, Kashyap, additional, Cox, Eugène, additional, Wesche, David, additional, Brown, Fran, additional, and Rayner, Craig R., additional
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- 2021
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17. Modeling and Simulation Analysis of Aprepitant Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients With Postoperative or Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
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Chain, Anne, primary, Wrishko, Rebecca, additional, Vasilinin, Grygoriy, additional, and Mouksassi, Samer, additional
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- 2020
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18. MODELING AND SIMULATION TO PREDICT OPTIMAL DOSES OF A NOVEL FLLORO-QUINOLONE, DC-159a IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS AND SPECIAL POPULATION: 47
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Zahir, Hamim, Rohatagi, Shashank, Falcoz, Christine, Kshirsagar, Smita, Kharilon, Tatiana, Mouksassi, Samer, and Kuwabara-Wagg, Jon
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- 2008
19. Safety and Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Intravenous Acetaminophen in Neonates, Infants, Children, and Adolescents With Pain or Fever
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Zuppa, Athena F., primary, Hammer, Gregory B., additional, Barrett, Jeffrey S., additional, Kenney, Brian F., additional, Kassir, Nastya, additional, Mouksassi, Samer, additional, and Royal, Mike A., additional
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- 2011
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20. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Correlation Between Teduglutide, an Analog of GLP-2, and Citrulline, a Biomarker of Small Intestinal Enterocyte Functional Mass in Short Bowel Patients
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Messing, Bernard, primary, Mouksassi, Samer, additional, Jeppesen, Palle Bekker, additional, Joly, Francisca, additional, Demchyshyn, Lidia, additional, Cyran, J., additional, and Marier, Jean-Francois, additional
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- 2008
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21. Pharmacometric Analysis to Describe Pharmacokinetics and Exposure‐Efficacy Response of Ivermectin in Adolescents Infected with Trichuris trichiura.
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Ajayi, David T., Orherhe, Ochuko M., Pillai, Goonaseelan (Colin), Mouksassi, Samer, Steffens, Britta, Bräm, Dominic, Sprecher, Viviane, Hofmann, Daniela, Buettcher, Michael, Coulibaly, Jean T., Ali, Said M., Keiser, Jennifer, and Pfister, Marc
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TREATMENT effectiveness , *IVERMECTIN , *REGRESSION analysis , *ALBENDAZOLE , *WHIPWORMS - Abstract
The efficacy of the combination therapy of albendazole and ivermectin against
Trichuris trichiura infection is higher in Tanzania than in Côte d'Ivoire. This study therefore aimed to investigate the difference between the population pharmacokinetics (PK) at these study sites and to determine if an exposure‐response analysis could explain the low efficacy of the combination therapy in Côte d'Ivoire. Twenty‐four participants (aged 12‐19 years) receiving single doses of ivermectin (200 µg/kg) and albendazole (400 mg) were included in the population PK modeling. A regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the reduction of fecal whipworm eggs and different exposure metrics (peak concentration, area under the plasma drug concentration‐time curve [AUC], and time above a certain threshold). The PK profile of ivermectin was best described by a one‐compartment model, first‐order absorption, and no delay in absorption, with the absorption rate constant estimated as 0.26 per h, an apparent volume of distribution of 162.43 L, and an apparent clearance of 7.82 L/h. In Tanzania, all patients showed a very high reduction in egg count independent of exposure. In Côte d'Ivoire, a relationship was found between higher ivermectin exposure and egg reduction, although not statistically significant. There was no significant difference between the PK profiles at both study sites, despite a difference in clinical outcome. Model‐based simulations indicate that higher ivermectin doses such as 400 and 600 µg/kg may be associated with reduced egg count. Larger clinical studies are warranted to explore further the exposure‐efficacy response relationship at 200 µg/kg and higher ivermectin doses in adults and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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22. Tramadol in the elderly : pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling in healthy young and elderly subjects
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Skinner-Robertson, Sybil, Varin, France, and Mouksassi, Samer
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Gériatrique ,O-desmethyltramadol ,Analyse non compartimentale ,Seuil de tolérance de douleur ,PK/PD ,geriatric ,Analyse populationnelle pharmacodynamique ,elderly ,Douleur ,population pharmacokinetics ,enantiomer ,pain tolerance threshold ,Énantiomère ,pain ,Personnes âgées ,non-compartmental analysis ,Analyse populationnel pharmacocinétique ,Tramadol ,population pharmacodynamics - Abstract
Même si la douleur est très fréquente chez les personnes âgées et que ces dernières sont parmi les plus grands utilisateurs d'analgésiques, les preuves factuelles supportant les décisions médicales sont limitées. Récemment, une revue systématique des essais cliniques portant sur les douleurs aigues au bas du dos a permis de constater que les adultes de plus de 65 ans étaient systématiquement exclus des essais cliniques randomisés en dépit des incitations règlementaires à inclure de tels patients dans ces études. Les données en pharmacocinétique (PK) et pharmacodynamie (PD) concernant les analgésiques chez les patients du troisième âge, particulièrement les personnes âgées de plus de 75 ans, sont rares. Comprendre la relation pharmacocinétique-pharmacodynamique (PK/PD) des médicaments employés pour traiter les conditions qui affectent communément nos ainés est fondamentale pour un traitement optimal leur permettant de conserver une bonne qualité de vie et leur dignité et ce, tout en minimisant les effets secondaires délétères. Le tramadol est un opioïde faible communément employé chez les personnes âgées pour soulager la douleur. Pourtant, il y a peu de données sur sa relation PK/PD chez ces mêmes personnes. Plusieurs essais cliniques visant à établir l’efficacité d’un médicament, et en particulier les analgésiques, produisent des résultats non concluants ou négatifs; les modèles expérimentaux de douleur offrent l'opportunité de comprendre la PD des analgésiques au moyen d’études de plus petite échelle qui minimisent les circonstances environnementales pouvant introduire un biais. Les analyses PK/PD par approche de population permettent d'optimiser les régimes posologiques et de concevoir des essais cliniques qui prennent en considération les connaissances acquises. Le modèle expérimental de douleur employé dans ce programme de recherche nous donne une façon d'évaluer les différences de tolérance à la douleur entre sujets jeunes et âgés de façon quantitative. L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer au savoir en caractérisant la relation PK/PD du tramadol et de son métabolite actif, ODM, chez les patients de 75 ans et plus, afin de déterminer s'il existe des différences reliées à l'âge. Nous avons conduit une étude PK et PD à répartition aléatoire, contrôlée par placébo, comportant deux périodes en chassé-croisé. Treize sujets âgés de plus de 75 ans ayant une insuffisance rénale légère et 16 sujets âgés entre 18 et 40 ans ont été recrutés. Des échantillons de sang et d'urine ont été recueillis sur une durée de 48 heures post-dose. Un modèle expérimental de douleur à base de stimulation électrique a été employé pour évaluer le seuil de tolérance à la douleur (PTT), soit l'intensité maximale qu'un sujet est en mesure de tolérer et ce, employant un stimulus douloureux mais non blessant appliqué au doigt non dominant. Le PTT a été testé à des fréquences de 250 et 5 Hertz et ce, à 17 moments sur une période de 30 heures post-dose. Une analyse PK noncompartimentale (NCA) approfondie des concentrations plasmatiques et urinaires du (+) et (-) tramadol et du (+)- et (-)-ODM de même qu'une analyse PK par approche de population du tramadol ont d’abord été exécutées. Ces analyses ont démontré que l'exposition générale au tramadol chez les patients âgés est comparable à celle des plus jeunes. Aucunes différences dans les processus d'absorption n'ont été observées. Cependant, une différence significative a été observée au niveau de la demi-vie d’élimination du tramadol chez les personnes âgées, probablement à cause d’une augmentation de sa distribution corporelle. Les différences les plus notables se situent au niveau de la PK de l'(+)-ODM, le métabolite ayant une activité opioïde. Ses concentrations plasmatiques maximales ont été observées plus tard et ont décru plus lentement chez les personnes âgées que chez les jeunes. L'exposition à l' (+)-ODM était significativement plus grande chez les sujets âgés, et tant la clairance rénale que la clairance corporelle totale étaient plus lentes. L’analyse PK populationnelle a confirmé ces observations et identifié qu'une distribution supérieure de même qu'une élimination moyenne de 50% plus longue pour le tramadol chez les sujets âgés. Il est important de souligner que, dans notre groupe de personnes âgées, l'insuffisance rénale était plus fréquente que l'insuffisance hépatique. Par la suite, avant de procéder à l’analyse populationnelle pour établir une relation entre les concentrations de l’ODM et les seuils de tolérance à la douleur, nous avons analysé les données pharmacodynamiques sous les périodes placébo et tramadol afin de valider le nouveau modèle expérimental de douleur proposé. Nous souhaitions sélectionner le stimulus électrique (5 Hz ou 250 Hz) qui soit le plus sensible pour détecter un changement au niveau de hla tolérance à la douleur. Tant les jeunes sujets que les plus âgés ont démontré des valeurs de base similaires pour le seuil de tolérance à la douleur et ce, aux deux fréquences sous administration active et placébo. Chez les personnes âgées, la valeur maximale du PTT était de 30% supérieure sous tramadol comparativement au placébo et ce, tant à 5 Hz que 250 Hz; toutefois, la réponse était plus variable pour la dernière fréquence. La tolérance à la douleur, telle que mesurée par la surface sous la courbe de l’effet en fonction du temps (AUEC) sur une période de 24 heures, était significativement plus élevée (au-delà de 160%) chez les personnes âgées pendant le traitement actif comparativement au placebo pour les deux fréquences de stimulation; toutefois, aucune différence significative au niveau de la tolérance n'a été observée chez les plus jeunes. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que cette différence pouvait résulter de la plus grande exposition des sujets âgés à l' (+)-ODM. Par conséquent, une analyse PK/PD devenait nécessaire pour déterminer si ces changements au niveau du seuil de tolérance à la douleur chez les personnes âgées étaient reliés à une plus grande exposition à l'(+)-ODM. Finalement, en utilisant des concentrations plasmatiques de (+)-ODM et les données PTT obtenues avec le stimulus de 5 Hz, nous avons conduit une analyse populationnelle exploratoire pour déterminer tout effet de l'âge sur la relation entre les concentrations plasmatiques de (+)-ODM et la tolérance à la douleur. En dépit de valeurs de base semblables pour la tolérance à la douleur, l'effet maximal possible relié au traitement était de 15% supérieur chez les sujets âgés, ce qui pourrait s’expliquer par une exposition plus élevée au métabolite actif, confirmant son mécanisme d'action opioïde. La concentration plasmatique associée à 50% de l’effet maximal n’était pas différente chez le sujet jeune et âgé, indiquant que l’âge n’est pas associé avec une plus grande sensibilité à l’ (+)-ODM. En conclusion, ceci est le premier programme de recherche ayant étudié extensivement la PK et PD du tramadol chez les patients de 75 ans et plus. La valeur de ce programme de recherche va au-delà d'une meilleure compréhension de la PK du tramadol, en améliorant notre compréhension des contributions relatives des clairances rénale et totale au niveau des changements survenant avec l'âge pour la PK du tramadol et de son métabolite actif chez les personnes âgées en relativement bonne santé. Ce programme contribue également au développement de modèle permettant d’effectuer davantage de recherches chez les personnes âgées puisqu’il est le premier modèle PK/PD populationnel de (+)-ODM chez les sujets de 75 ans et plus. Nos analyses démontrent que les changements reliés à l'âge dans la clairance rénale peuvent résulter en un accroissement proportionnel de l'exposition à l'ODM, et pourraient expliquer les observations faites par certains cliniciens dans la littérature qui rapportent une augmentation des effets (secondaires) à des doses équivalentes chez les personnes âgées. Ceci est d’autant plus de pertinence clinique que l'efficacité et les effets secondaires du tramadol découlant de sa nature opiacée, notamment la sédation, sont principalement reliés à l’(+)-ODM et le seraient davantage chez des patients âgés fragilisés souffrant d’une insuffisance rénale plus prononcée que celle des sujets étudiés au cours de notre recherche., Although pain is highly prevalent among the elderly and they are amongst the highest users of analgesics, research to support evidence based treatment decisions is limited. Recently a systematic review of clinical trials in low back pain found that elderly adults older than 65 were systematically excluded from randomised clinical trials despite calls to include elderly subjects in such studies. Pharmacokinetic (PK) and Pharmacodynamic (PD) data on analgesics in elderly patients, especially those older than 75 years, is sparse. Understanding the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship (PK/PD) of medicines used to treat conditions that commonly affect elderly people is key to treating them effectively, allowing them to live with quality of life and dignity and minimising the side effects that can interfere with this. Tramadol is a weak opioid commonly used in elderly patients for pain relief. Yet there is little data on its PK/PD in the elderly. Many later phase clinical trials, especially in analgesics produce inconclusive or negative results; experimental pain models offer the opportunity to understand the PD of analgesics on a smaller scale and minimise confounding environmental circumstances. Population PK/PD analyses of early research data permit the optimisation of dosing regimens and of the design of phase III clinical trials by taking into account what is learned. The pain model utilised in this research program gives us a way to look at the differences in pain tolerance between young and elderly in a quantitative fashion. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge about age-related differences in the PK/PD of tramadol and its active metabolite O-desmethyltramadol (ODM) in subjects 75 years and older in order to examine whether there are age-related differences. We conducted a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover study including 13 elderly subjects (≥75 years) with mild renal insufficiency and 16 young (18-40 years) subjects. Blood samples and urine were collected for 48 hours post-dose. An electrically stimulated pain model (ESPM) was used to test pain tolerance threshold (PTT), the maximum intensity a subject is willing to tolerate, using a painful but non-injuring electrical stimulus applied to the non-dominant middle finger. PTT was tested at both 250 and 5 Hz at each of 17 time-points over 30 hours after a 200 mg dose of extended release tramadol . An in depth noncompartmental analysis of the PK of (+)- and (-)-tramadol and (+)- and (-)-ODM plasma and urine concentrations as well as a population PK analysis of tramadol were performed. Maximum plasma concentrations of (+)-ODM, the active metabolite, occurred later and plasma concentrations declined more slowly in the elderly than in young subjects. These analyses showed that overall exposure to tramadol in elderly subjects is comparable to that in young subjects. No differences in absorption processes were observed. However, there was a significant difference in tramadol elimination half-life, most probably due to increased distribution in elderly subjects. The most remarkable differences were in the PK of (+)-ODM, the metabolite with opioid activity. Exposure to ODM was significantly greater in elderly subjects and both renal and overall clearance from the body were slower. The population PK analysis supported our findings and identified that a higher distribution and a 50% longer mean elimination half-life was associated with age of 75 or older. A key observation was that in our study population renal insufficiency was more prevalent in the elderly subjects than hepatic insufficiency. Subsequently, in preparation for a population analysis of the PK and pain tolerance effect of tramadol’s active metabolite, (+)-ODM, we analysed pain tolerance data under placebo and tramadol administration to validate the exploratory experimental pain model that we used. We wanted to select the electrical stimulus (5 Hz or 250 Hz) that was most sensitive to detect changes in pain tolerance. Young and elderly subjects showed similar baseline pain tolerance at both 5 Hz and 250 Hz before administration of active and placebo, suggesting that pain tolerance is similar in either frequency. In the elderly, the peak pain tolerance was 30% greater for both 5 and 250 Hz after administration of tramadol as compared to placebo, but the response was noisier for the last frequency. The net pain tolerance over the 24 hours, as measured by area under the effect-time curve (AUEC) during active treatment was significantly higher (over 160%) compared to placebo for both 5 and 250 Hz stimulations in the elderly but no significant difference was observed in the young. We hypothesised that this difference might be due to the higher exposure of elderly subjects to ODM. And therefore, a PK/PD analysis was required to determine whether these age-related changes were due to altered sensitivity in elderly subjects to PTT or to a greater exposure to the active (+)-ODM metabolite. Finally utilising plasma concentrations of (+)-ODM and the PTT data from the 5 Hz stimulus, we conducted an exploratory population analysis to determine any age-related effects on the relationship between (+)-ODM concentrations and pain tolerance threshold. Although pain tolerance was similar between young and elderly subjects at baseline, there was a 15% higher maximum possible treatment-related effect that may be associated with the higher systemic exposure to ODM., the active metabolite, thereby confirming its opioid mechanism of action. The concentration at which 50% of effect was achieved was not reduced between the young and elderly, indicating that age was not associated with greater sensitivity to (+)-ODM. In conclusion, this is the first research program to extensively report the PK and PD of tramadol in subjects 75 and older. The value of this research program goes beyond that of a better understanding of the PK of tramadol, by delineating the relative contribution of renal clearance versus overall clearance to age-related alterations in the PK of tramadol and ODM in generally healthy elderly people. This research program also contributes to the development of population models to support further research in the elderly being the first population PK/PD model developed for (+)-ODM in subjects 75 and older. Our findings show that age-related changes in renal clearance versus overall clearance can result in a proportional increase in ODM exposure, and may explain the observation of some clinicians and literature that there is increased side effects at equivalent doses in the elderly. This is potentially of clinical significance since opioid-related efficacy and side effects of tramadol, among them sedation, are primarily linked to (+)-ODM and the risk of side effects would likely be greater in frail elderly subjects with greater renal impairment than those studied in our research.
- Published
- 2018
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