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Organisé dans le cadre du Réseau Thématique Pluridisciplinaire « Paysage et Environnement » du CNRS et dans le but affiché de favoriser les échanges disciplinaires ainsi que la diffusion des recherches de jeunes chercheurs, le colloque « Paysages et environnement. De la reconstitution du passé aux modèles prospectifs » a rassemblé une large communauté scientifique ainsi que de nombreux représentants d’organismes publics impliqués dans l’étude, la gestion ou la conservation des paysages et de l’environnement. Articulé autour de trois thèmes principaux : « Le passé : reconstitutions, transmission et nouveaux indicateurs des dynamiques environnementales » ; « Représentations sociales et formes de l’action » et enfin « Modélisation, scénarios prospectifs et rétro-prospectifs », ce volume réunit trente-six articles. Il brosse un tableau représentatif du dynamisme et de la richesse des recherches menées aujourd’hui dans ces domaines, qu’il s’agisse d’études mono-disciplinaires ou d’approches interdisciplinaires intégrées. Les contributions, originales pour la plupart, résultent de travaux ou de programmes de recherches collectifs faisant appel à des approches traditionnelles ainsi qu’à des démarches innovantes visant à la reconstitution des environnements et des paysages du passé mais aussi, dans le cadre d’approches prospectives, à la détermination de leurs évolutions futures.

The Seine (France) drains a catchment area of 80 000 m2 and is one of the main rivers in western Europe. Despite being well known for its palaeolithic frequentation and major European sites such as Tourville-La-Riviere and Saint-Pierre-Les-Elbeuf sediment sequences, few work focused on the temporalities of the river landscape evolution. Most of the chronological constraints were associated with prehistoric data and lower fluvial levels, until recently.We present here the results of an ESR on quartz dating campaign that was associated with magnetostratigraphic measurements on fluvial deposits in terraces and inside cave levels, in the Seine lower course (Normandy). The coupling of chronological constraints and morphometric analysis of the lower Seine paleo-meanders highlights the river landscape evolution between the first incision stages in the Normandy plateau and its present-day course.Chronological and morphometric results are discussed altogether regarding middle and long-term processes such as uplifting dynamics and climate-driven forcings.

The natural environment conditions experienced in the past are of great importance in paleogeographic and geoarchaeological researches. Diverse approaches (e.g. methods, technics) are applied in these researches, that currently examine Holocene climatic conditions and their relationships with human, climatic, geomorphological, hydrographic, soil and vegetation conditions. Studies of stalagmites, a type of secondary carbonate formed in limestone caves (speleothems), contribute to these approaches.Stalagmites are increasingly important geological archives for paleoclimate research. They present advantages such as a wide spatial distribution, a suitability for various dating methods, the presence of several climate proxies, the capacity of recording long intervals, a record continuity (including discontinuity, that expresses humidity decrease or drought). In addition, sampling cost is low, comparably to some other approaches.Methods of study of stalagmite samples comprise uranium-series aging, stable isotope analyses of oxygen and carbon, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thin section analyzes. Dating, compared to laminae thicknesses and stratigraphic characteristics, allow calculating annual growth rates of the laminae. In addition, the number of light and dark coloured laminae calcite, provide together with spectral analyzes, important data on climatic conditions over the terrain above the cave system, such as: surface temperatures, high-frequency changes in solar activity, climate cycles and seasonal variation of soil CO2.The case study presented here aims mainly at evidencing climatic changes since the Last Glacial, their relationships with paleogeographic evolution, as well as on human life and civilizations on the regional scale. For this purpose, we identified two caves in the orogenic belt at the southern skirts of the Southeast Taurus Mountains in the north of the Diyarbakır basin: the Bozoba cave (Kulbeyn, in the Dicle district), and the Birkleyn cave (in the vicinity of Lice). The limestone massif were the caves formed, is the birth place of the Dibni Stream, one of the northern branches of the Tigris river.Our talk will expose our initial findings (especially the evaluation of time periods concerned), and a discussion about analyses projected and results expected.

Geçmişte yaşanan doğal ortam koşulların ortaya konması, paleocoğrafya araştırmalarında, özellikle jeoarkeolojik çalışmalarda büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu amaçla, daha çok Holosen çevre koşulları ve insana etkilerini ele alan ve ortamın klimatik, jeomorfolojik, hidrografik, toprak ve bitki örtüsü özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde birçok yöntem ve teknik uygulanmaktadır. Bunlardan biri de kireçtaşı mağaralarında bulunan speleotemler (dikitler = stalagmite) üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar, eski paleo-iklim araştırmak amaçlı için önemli bir arşivdir. Avantajları arasında: (a) geniş mekânsal dağılımı vermesi; (b) tarihleme teknikleri için uygun olması; (c) iklim proksileri açısından zengin olması; (e) süreklilik gösterebilmesi, uzun zaman aralığı ve karşılaştırılabilirlik özelliklerine sahip olması sayılabilir. Araştırma için kullanılan metotlar ve teknikler şunlardır: -Yaşlandırma: dikit örneklerinden Uranyum-Toryum serileri; - Paleo-iklim şartları: (1) oksijen izotopları (sıcaklık için) ve (2) karbon izotopları (nemlilik için) duraylı analizleri -İç yapısını (yıllık?) anlamak için: (1) taramalı elektron mikroskop (SEM) ve (2) ince kesit analizleri. Bunun yanı sıra laminalar, içlerindeki yıllık büyüme oranları açık / koyu renkli kalsit laminalarının sayısı ve kalınlıkları, spektral analizleri kullanılarak, yüzey iklim koşulları, yüzey sıcaklıkları, güneş aktivitesindeki yüksek frekanslı değişiklikler, iklim döngüler ve toprak CO2'nin mevsimsel değişimi gibi konularda önemli veriler sağlayabilir. Diyarbakır havzasında paleo-coğrafik koşulların insan yaşamı ve uygarlıklarla ilişkisini belirleme konusunda söz konusu teknik ve yöntemlerin uygulanması için bir vaka çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla Diyarbakır havzasının kuzeyinde Güneydoğu Torosların güney eteklerindeki orojenik kuşakta yer alan iki mağara tespit edilmiştir. Bunlar; Diyarbakır ili Dicle ilçe merkezi civarındaki Bozoba (Kulbeyn) mağarası ile Lice civarındaki, Dicle Nehri’nin kuzey kollarından biri ve ikinci kaynağı olan Dibni Çayı’nın bulunduğu Birkleyn mağarasıdır. Bu bildiride her iki mağaradan alınan ve oluşumu devam eden dikit örneklerine ilişkin ilk bulgu ve değerlendirmeler ele alınmış ve sunulmuştur. Natural environment conditions experienced in the past are of great concern in paleogeographic and geoarchaeological researches. Diverse approaches (methods, technics) are applied in these researches, that currently examine Holocene climatic conditions and their relationships with human, geomorphological, hydrographic, soil and vegetation conditions. Among these paleoenvironmental researches, the study of stalagmites, a type of secondary carbonate formed in limestone caves (where speleothems grow), is a performing approach. Among palaeoclimatic researches, stalagmites have become increasingly important among other geological archives. Stalagmites present indeed advantages such as a wide spatial distribution, a suitability for various dating methods, the presence of several climate proxies, the capacity of recording long intervals, a continuity in the record growth or/and discontinuities expressing humidity increase/decrease, or even drought. In addition, sampling cost is low comparably to some other approaches. Methods and technics for the study of stalagmite samples, comprise: (a)uranium-series dating, (b) analyses of oxygen and carbon stable isotopes of, (c) scanning electron microscope (SEM), and (d) thin section analyses (morphology; structure; grains). Compared with laminae thicknesses and stratigraphic characteristics, high resolution U-Th dating allows calculating annual growth rates of stalagmites in-between the dated points. In addition, the number of light and dark coloured laminated calcite provides, when completed with spectral analyzes, important data on climatic/environmental conditions for the formation of lamination such as: (a) surface temperatures, (b) drip rate related to effective infiltration, (c) seasonal variation of soil actitivty and CO2 concentration. The case study presented here aims mainly at evidencing climatic changes since the Last Glacial, their relationship with the sub-regional to regional paleogeographic evolutions, as well as providing data fort the study of the relationships between climate and human life and civilizations on the regional scale. In the frame of these aims, we identified two caves in the orogenic belt at the southern skirts of the Southeastern Taurus Mountains, north of the Diyarbakır sedimentary basin. These caves are: * the Bozoba cave system (Kulbeyn, in the Dicle district) * the Birkleyn cave system (in the Lice district). The limestone massif where the caves formed, is the birth place of the Dibni Stream, one of the northern branches of the Tigris river. In this presentation, our aim is to expose our initial findings, especially the evaluation of the time periods concerned, as well as the presentation of projected analyses and expected results. Keywords: Paleogeography, Speleothem, Stalagmite, Birkleyn Caves, Bozoba Cave.

International audience

The study of past societies requires describing and explaining patterns and their dynamics (diffusion of materials, settlement organization, raw material exchanges, biological indicators of landscape changes, etc.) in a multi-dimensional spatio-temporal environment from incomplete, ambiguous and heterogeneous datasets, which often lead to (retro)prediction.Though traditional methods remain important to investigate material culture complexes and past human societies over time and space, novel quantitative approaches based on computational modeling are rapidly gaining momentum. Researchers can rely nowadays on multi-modelling approaches from various backgrounds, including conceptual models, data mining and data- driven analysis (e.g. machine learning and stochastic models), spatial analysis and computer simulations, at different stage of the work process.In such context, this special collection aims at exploring challenges and opportunities offered by bringing together traditional archaeological questions with the most cutting edge technological applications.

International audience; Concept importé de la géographie économique (Gemaca, 1996 ; Hall, Pain, 2006), le terme « mégarégion » désigne les aires d’influence des grandes métropoles ou conurbations ayant un rayonnement à l’échelle globale. Du fait de leur poids démographique et économique, ces mégarégions transcendent les limites administratives. Cette dissociation entre l’espace polarisé par les villes et les mailles de l’action territoriale se pose avec une intensité particulière pour les mégarégions. Celles-ci sont en effet confrontées à des enjeux de cohérence et d’efficience exacerbés par leurs importantes dimensions et la complexité des systèmes spatiaux qui les structurent.Au sein de l’espace européen, la mégarégion parisienne occupe une place particulière. Elle est avec Londres l'une des seules mégarégions polarisées par une mégapole globale. À ce titre, elle apparaît comme un espace flou dont les limites géographiques varient selon les thématiques et les enjeux abordés. Par conséquent, le parti pris de l’Atlas n’est pas de proposer des limites territoriales à cet objet, mais plutôt de mettre en lumière les liens qui le structurent, les enjeux qui en découlent et la nécessité de penser une nouvelle forme d’action collective à cette échelle mégarégionale.Le projet Paris mégarégion, animé par l’UMR CNRS IDEES 6266, a pour but de constituer un réseau de spécialistes, académiques et institutionnels, des divers enjeux et dynamiques (économiques, politiques, environnementales, culturelles, sanitaires, démographiques, industrielles…) qui ont cours dans ce vaste ensemble aux contours flous. Ce projet se concrétise, publiquement, par la mise en ligne d’un atlas numérique collaboratif proposant de réunir dans un site dédié l’ensemble des travaux menés sur la mégarégion parisienne. La ligne éditoriale de l’Atlas ainsi que les profils des contributeurs (chercheurs, doctorants, professionnels…) sont et resteront ouvert.

International audience

Située à la limite du Massif armoricain et du Bassin parisien, la forêt d’Écouves, de par sa topographie, son évolution diachronique et ses spécificités biopédologiques, s’écarte du corpus des forêts de plaines et de plateaux étudiées ces dernières années en France métropolitaine. L’étude géohistorique du massif forestier d’Écouves repose sur une démarche pluridisciplinaire s’appuyant sur des méthodes propres à l’histoire (dépouillement des archives), l’archéologie (prospection pédestre), l’archéobotanique (palynologie, datation 14C) et la géographie (carto-interprétation, intégration des informations sous SIG). Cet article propose un premier schéma de l’évolution du paysage forestier d’Écouves sur les cinq derniers siècles illustrant la construction de l’espace (dynamiques sylvicoles, transmission des formes) sur la longue durée. Si les traces d’anthropisation semblent plus ténues qu’ailleurs, ce travail souligne néanmoins la nécessité d’appréhender l’espace forestier comme un palimpseste spatial conservant des héritages anthropiques surimposés et des dynamiques biogéographiques qu’il convient de révéler. Situated at the limits of the Armorican Massif and the Paris Basin, the Écouves Forest, due to its topography, its diachronic evolution and its special bio-pedological characteristics, differs from the corpus of forests found on plains and plateaus studied in recent years in metropolitan France. The geohistorical study of the Écouves Forest Massif is based on a multidisciplinary approach using methods employed in the fields of history (archive analysis), archaeology (prospecting on foot), archaeobotany (palynology, carbon-14 dating) and geography (the interpretation of maps and the integration of information generated by GISs). This article proposes an initial outline of the evolution of the Écouves Forest landscape over the last five centuries illustrating the construction of space (silvicultural dynamics, the transmission of forms) over a long period. Although the traces of anthropization appear to be more tenuous than elsewhere, this work stresses the need to understand the forest as a spatial palimpsest preserving superimposed anthropic legacies and bio-geographic dynamics which are of scientific interest.

International audience

International audience

International audience

As understood from the artifacts found in the archaeological excavation areas, the obsidian belonging to the volcanic areas of the Eastern Anatolian Region spread to a very wide area by being traded in prehistoric times. For this reason, it is important to carry out a study on obsidian diffusion and volcanic-geomorphological features in the Eastern Anatolia Region.

International audience; Identifying exchange networks, often through the study of raw materials or skill diffusion, needs an efficient reconstruction of past human movements. Movements are done through physical landscape, the main issue for the geographer is therefore to reconstruct relevant pathways and a relevant network. Obsidian sourcing enables a precise identification of geological outcrops and is a useful method to understand raw materials and lithic skills diffusion. We present an exchanges analysis of obsidian materials and artefacts during the Neolithic and Bronze Age from Anatolian geological sources to the archaeological sites throughout the Middle East. Obsidian movements show evidence of these exchanges and human mobility, but also of an early structuration of this territory with archaeological sites and circulation routes. These routes can be highlighted with GIS technologies like cost surface analysis (cost-distance, shortest path) and flow analysis (current and centrality maps).; Rendre compte des réseaux d'échanges de matières premières et de propagation de savoir-faire entre une série de sites archéologiques nécessite une représentation pertinente des réseaux passés. Comme ces échanges sont inscrits dans un territoire défini, l'enjeu dès lors pour le géographe est de fournir une dimension spatiale pertinente du réseau décrivant les transferts d'obsidiennes (du Néolithique à l'Âge du Bronze) depuis les sources géologiques d'Anatolie vers les sites archéologiques du Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilité de l'obsidienne témoigne non seulement des transferts de matière première, de la mobilité des hommes et des techniques, mais aussi d'une structuration précoce de ce vaste territoire par des sites archéologiques et des axes de circulation. En nous appuyant sur l'étude de ces transferts d'obsidienne, nous exposerons les principales méthodes SIG fondées sur les analyses de coûts (cost-distance, shortest path) et sur les analyses de flux (current et centrality maps).

Identifying exchange networks, often through the study of raw materials or skill diffusion, needs an efficient reconstruction of past human movements. Movements are done through physical landscape, the main issue for the geographer is therefore to reconstruct relevant pathways and a relevant network. Obsidian sourcing enables a precise identification of geological outcrops and is a useful method to understand raw materials and lithic skills diffusion. We present an exchanges analysis of obsidian materials and artefacts during the Neolithic and Bronze Age from Anatolian geological sources to the archaeological sites throughout the Middle East. Obsidian movements show evidence of these exchanges and human mobility, but also of an early structuration of this territory with archaeological sites and circulation routes. These routes can be highlighted with GIS technologies like cost surface analysis (cost-distance, shortest path) and flow analysis (current and centrality maps)., Rendre compte des réseaux d'échanges de matières premières et de propagation de savoir-faire entre une série de sites archéologiques nécessite une représentation pertinente des réseaux passés. Comme ces échanges sont inscrits dans un territoire défini, l'enjeu dès lors pour le géographe est de fournir une dimension spatiale pertinente du réseau décrivant les transferts d'obsidiennes (du Néolithique à l'Âge du Bronze) depuis les sources géologiques d'Anatolie vers les sites archéologiques du Moyen-Orient. Cette mobilité de l'obsidienne témoigne non seulement des transferts de matière première, de la mobilité des hommes et des techniques, mais aussi d'une structuration précoce de ce vaste territoire par des sites archéologiques et des axes de circulation. En nous appuyant sur l'étude de ces transferts d'obsidienne, nous exposerons les principales méthodes SIG fondées sur les analyses de coûts (cost-distance, shortest path) et sur les analyses de flux (current et centrality maps).

International audience; Archeological studies have demonstrated that many Prehistoric artefacts in obsidian found in the Near East have a chemical affinity with obsidian outcropping in the Nemrut volcano. In the archaeological literature, Mount Nemrut is considered as one of the most important obsidian sources used by prehistoric societies. During our two field works in 2013 and 2014, we prospected a wide area on and around Nemrut volcano. Our findings confirm the location of the obsidian outcrops described in the literature. According to our observation, obsidian on Mount Nemrut volcano is generally not exploitable for chopping tools. Most of the studied obsidians we defined on the field, present a facies with numerous phenocrysts and cracks, which is not compatible with a good knapping quality. However, we identified a new outcrop associated with obsidian artefacts such as nuclei and rough flakes. Geological samples of the obsidian from this outcrop present all a very different facies compare to those of others Mount Nemrut obsidians: obsidian from this area does not show any phenocryst or cracks, and they are very homogeneous and uniform. These characteristics are in favor to knapping criteria. Comparatively to the other known obsidian outcrops in the Nemrut volcano, we can assume here that this obsidian outcrop is, to date, the only source one that could have been exploited, by Prehistoric people on the Nemrut volcano. Our work, using chemical analyzes (LA-ICP-MS), petrology and field observation enhances characteristics for workable obsidian that depends on the modality of emplacement. This last one should have been different from the other outcrops to provide a different facies.; Dans de nombreux sites du Proche-Orient, des artefacts archéologiques en obsidienne ont été retrouvés et attribués aux sources géologiques du Nemrut. Les publications sur la géologie du Nemrut montrent que des affleurements d’obsidienne sont présents sur les flancs sud, est, ouest et nord du volcan. Lors de deux missions de terrain (2013, 2014), nous avons prospecté une large partie du volcan et repéré les affleurements décrits dans la littérature ; notre prospection n’a cependant pas été exhaustive. La grande majorité des obsidiennes étudiées présente en effet un faciès à phénocristaux et craquelures marquant une piètre qualité pour la taille. De plus, une grande partie de ces obsidiennes affleure sous forme de lits de faible épaisseur, ne permettant pas leur exploitation. Nous avons localisé un seul affleurement d’obsidienne taillable. Associé à un atelier de taille, son faciès, très différent de celui rencontré ailleurs dans le volcan, est uni et homogène, sans phénocristaux ni craquelures. Ces caractéristiques sont compatibles avec la taille pour la confection d’objets. Cet affleurement n’a jamais été décrit dans la littérature. Comparativement aux autres affleurements d’obsidienne connus aujourd’hui, nous pouvons affirmer que cet affleurement d’obsidienne homogène est le seul taillable connu sur le volcan Nemrut. À partir des données de terrain, de l’étude des faciès, d’analyses chimiques en LA-ICP-MS et d’une étude pétrologique, nous pouvons émettre deux hypothèses concernant les modalités de mise en place d’un affleurement exploitable repéré. Ces modalités en effet ont un rapport étroit avec l’accessibilité de la ressource et de ces espaces pour l’homme de la Préhistoire (du Paléolithique au Chalcolithique).